A Guide for Probation and Parole MOTIVATING Offenders to Change

U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Corrections A Guide for Probation and Parole O F F E N D E R S T O C H A N G E U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Corrections 320 First Street, NW Washington, DC 20534 Morris L. Thigpen Director Thomas J. Beauclair Deputy Director George M. Keiser Chief, Community Corrections/Prisons Division Michael Guevara Project Manager National Institute of Corrections http://www.nicic.org A Guide for Probation and Parole O F F E N D E R S T O C H A N G E S C O T T T. W A LT E R S , P H . D . M I C H A E L D . C L A R K , M . S . W. R AY G I N G E R I C H , B . A . M E L I S S A L . M E LT Z E R , M . A . , M . P. H . J U N E 2 0 0 7 NIC Accession Number 022253 This publication was developed through funding from the National Institute of Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view stated in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or the National Institute of Corrections. C O N T E N T S Message From the Director . vii Foreword . ix Acknowledgments . xi Commentary . xiii Introduction . xvii Chapter 1. How Motivational Interviewing Fits In With Evidence-Based Practice . 1 What Is the Goal of Supervision?. 2 What Is Evidence-Based Practice? . 2 Where Did Evidence-Based Practice Come From? . 2 Why Does Evidence-Based Practice Matter? . 4 What Are the Principles of Effective Interventions? . 5 Risk . 6 Criminogenic Needs . 6 Responsivity . 8 How Does Motivational Interviewing Fit in With Evidence-Based Practice? . 9 Chapter 2. How and Why People Change . 11 Old Assumptions About Motivation . 11 New Findings on Motivation . 12 How People Change . 14 Why People Change . 16 Chapter 3. The Motivational Interviewing Style . 21 What Is Motivational Interviewing? . 21 What Are the Basic Assumptions of Motivational Interviewing? . 23 How Does Motivational Interviewing Facilitate Change? . 24 It Reduces Resistance . 24 It Raises Discrepancy . 25 It Elicits Change Talk . 25 For Whom Is Motivational Interviewing Best Suited? . 27 | iii C O N T E N T S Chapter 4. Preparing for Change . 29 Ask Open-Ended Questions . 29 Affirm Positive Talk and Behavior . 33 ReflectWhat You Are Hearing or Seeing . 36 Summarize What Has Been Said . 41 An Example: Good Things and Not-So-Good Things . 42 Exercise: Rolling with Resistance . 47 Useful Questions for Motivational Interviews . 48 Useful Statements for Motivational Interviews . 49 Chapter 5. Building Motivation for Change . 51 Pick a Focus . 51 Look For and Emphasize Things That Motivate . 52 Ask Questions That Raise Interest . 52 Follow Up on Productive Talk . 53 Use Forward-Focused Questions . .56 Ask Scaled (Rather Than Yes/No) Questions . 57 Strengthen Commitment To Change . 60 Ask an Action Question . 61 Give Advice Without Telling What To Do . 61 Help Connect Talk to Action . 64 Exercise: Asking Good Questions . 67 Communication Examples . 68 Chapter 6. Navigating Tough Times: Working With Deception, Violations, and Sanctions . 69 Lying and Deception . 69 Why Do People Lie? . 69 What Can Be Done About It? . 71 Addressing Violations and Sanctions . 71 Explain the Dual Role . 71 Be Clear About the Sanctions . 72 Address Behavior With an “Even Keel” Attitude . 72 When the Offender Denies the Initial Offense . 74 Chapter 7. From Start to Finish: Putting Motivational Interviewing Into Practice . 77 Moving From Motivation to Commitment . 77 Adapting Motivational Interviewing to Different Kinds of Interviews . 80 iv | C O N T E N T S The First Meeting . 80 Motivational Interviewing and the Case-Planning Interview . 82 Motivational Interviewing and Routine Meetings . 84 Motivational Interviewing and the Postviolation Interview . 88 Managing Time Constraints . 89 References . 91 About the Authors . 99 List of Exhibits Exhibit 1–1. Pendulum Swings in Correctional Policy . 3 Exhibit 2–1. Short-Term Markers of Long-Term Change . 13 Exhibit 2–2. The Stages of Change . 14 Exhibit 2–3. Issues and Strategies in the Stages of Change. 15 Exhibit 2–4. Motivational Continuum . 17 Exhibit 3–1. Probability of Behavior Change . 23 Exhibit 3–2. Agent Confrontation and Offender Resistance . 24 Exhibit 3–3. Movement Along the Motivational Continuum. 26 Exhibit 3–4. Flow of Change Talk . 27 Exhibit 4–1. Closed Versus Open-Ended Questions . 30 Exhibit 4–2. Rolling With Resistance . 40 Exhibit 5–1. Transforming Backward-Focused to Forward-Focused Questions . 56 Exhibit 5–2. Transforming Yes/No Questions to Scaled Questions . 57 Exhibit 5–3. Importance and Confidence Rulers . 58 Exhibit 5–4. Two Phases of Motivation . ..

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