DOCSLIB.ORG

Bioavailability of Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Bioavailability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products impact of processing Barba Orellana, Francisco Jose; Nikmaram, Nooshin; Roohinejad, Shahin; Khelfa, Anissa; Zhu, Zhenzhou; Koubaa, Mohamed Published in: Frontiers in Nutrition DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00024 Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Barba Orellana, F. J., Nikmaram, N., Roohinejad, S., Khelfa, A., Zhu, Z., & Koubaa, M. (2016). Bioavailability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products: impact of processing. Frontiers in Nutrition, 3, [24]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2016.00024 Download date: 30. sep.. 2021 REVIEW published: 16 August 2016 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00024 Bioavailability of Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products: Impact of Processing Francisco J. Barba1,2*, Nooshin Nikmaram3, Shahin Roohinejad4, Anissa Khelfa5, Zhenzhou Zhu6 and Mohamed Koubaa5 1 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, València, Spain, 3 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran, 4Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Division of Food and Nutrition, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, 5 Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (UTC/ESCOM, EA 4297 TIMR), Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Compiègne Cedex, France, 6 School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China Glucosinolates are a large group of plant secondary metabolites with nutritional effects, and are mainly found in cruciferous plants. After ingestion, glucosinolates could be partially absorbed in their intact form through the gastrointestinal mucosa. However, the largest fraction is metabolized in the gut lumen. When cruciferous are consumed without Edited by: processing, myrosinase enzyme present in these plants hydrolyzes the glucosinolates António Manuel Peres, in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract to various metabolites, such as iso- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal thiocyanates, nitriles, oxazolidine-2-thiones, and indole-3-carbinols. When cruciferous Reviewed by: are cooked before consumption, myrosinase is inactivated and glucosinolates transit Ligia R. Rodrigues, to the colon where they are hydrolyzed by the intestinal microbiota. Numerous factors, University of Minho, Portugal Ester Betoret, such as storage time, temperature, and atmosphere packaging, along with inactivation Università di Bologna, Italy processes of myrosinase are influencing the bioavailability of glucosinolates and their *Correspondence: breakdown products. This review paper summarizes the assimilation, absorption, and Francisco J. Barba elimination of these molecules, as well as the impact of processing on their bioavailability. [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, bioavailability, brassicaceae, myrosinase, processing Specialty section: This article was submitted to Nutrition and Food Science Technology, INTRODUCTION a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites synthesized by plants. They contain sulfur groups and Received: 03 June 2016 are present in numerous species belonging to Brassicaceae family (1). Chemically, glucosinolates Accepted: 21 July 2016 are composed of thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate group linked to glucose, and an alkyl, aralkyl, or Published: 16 August 2016 indolyl side chain (R) (2) (Figure 1). More than 200 side-groups have been identified and cited in Citation: the literature (2–4). Barba FJ, Nikmaram N, Glucosinolates are relatively stable in plant cell. However, when the plant tissue containing Roohinejad S, Khelfa A, Zhu Z and glucosinolates is damaged, as is the case in the preparation (cutting, chopping, mixing) or chewing Koubaa M (2016) Bioavailability of food, a β-thioglucosidase called myrosinase is released. The enzyme is normally stored separately Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products: Impact of Processing. Front. Nutr. 3:24. Abbreviations: ESP, epithiospecifier protein; ITCs, isothiocyanates; MAP: modified atmosphere packaging; NAC, doi: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00024 N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Frontiers in Nutrition | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2016 | Volume 3 | Article 24 Barba et al. Impact of Processing on Glucosinolates FIGURE 1 | Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of glucosinolates and their breakdown products. Adapted from Ref. (5). ESP, epithiospecifier protein; molecules between brackets indicate instable intermediate. from glucosinolates in different cells, or in different intracellular previous studies also reported their action as inhibitors of mitosis compartments, depending on the plant species (6). The hydroly- and stimulator of the apoptosis in human tumor cells (13–15). sis of glucosinolate by myrosinase produces a molecule of β-d- ITCs revealed also fungicidal, fungistatic, nematicidal, and glucose and an unstable aglycone; thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate bactericidal activities (16–18). Table 1 shows some biological (Figure 1). Spontaneous reorganization of this intermediate activities of selected glucosinolate breakdown products. Due to (chemical rearrangement of Lossen) results in the release of the biological properties associated with glucosinolates and their sulfate ion and in the formation of metabolites, the structures of breakdown products, especially ITCs, understanding, on the one which depend on the nature of the side chain (R) of glucosinolate, hand, the absorption routes of these molecules and their metabo- and the physico-chemical conditions of the medium (Figure 1). lism and, on the other hand, the impact of processing parameters The formation of nitriles is favored by acidic pH and the presence on their presence in food products is of great importance. This in the environment of ferrous ions (Fe2+), and a particular plant review is, thus, dealing to summarize both aspects. protein called epithiospecifier protein (ESP) (7). In addition, the existence of terminal unsaturation in the side chain of the glucosinolate molecule leads to a distinct form of nitriles called BIOAVAILABILITY OF GLUCOSINOLATES epithionitriles. A neutral pH favors the formation of isothiocy- AND THEIR BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS anates (ITCs) (8). If the side chain has a β-hydroxyl function, ITCs cyclize spontaneously into oxazolidin-2-thione (1, 9, 10). Digestion in the Human Digestive Tract Similarly, ITCs deriving from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates are Bioaccessibility represents the amount or fraction that is released unstable and they easily split into thiocyanate ion and indole- in the digestive tract, from a food product, and is becoming avail- 3-carbinol (Figure 1). able for absorption (90). The digestive transformations of the food Isothiocyanates are highly reactive and present potent in vivo material until assimilation and its enterocytic metabolism are action as inducers of Phase II enzymes (11, 12). Numerous also included in this definition. Bioavailability, on the other hand, Frontiers in Nutrition | www.frontiersin.org 2 August 2016 | Volume 3 | Article 24 Barba et al. Impact of Processing on Glucosinolates TABLE 1 | Some biological activities of selected glucosinolate breakdown instance, intact glucosinolates could be partially absorbed in the products. stomach, the remaining glucosinolates will transit through the Biological Glucosinolate breakdown products Reference gastrointestinal tract to reach the small intestine where they could activities be hydrolyzed by plant myrosinase, and the breakdown products Fungicidal Allyl-ITC (19–24) could be absorbed. The remaining non-hydrolyzed glucosinolates effects Alkenyl aliphatic ITCs (methyl-ITC, propenyl- (22, 25) will then transit to reach the colon where they could be hydro- ITC, butenyl-ITC, pentenyl-ITC) (propenyl-ITC, lyzed with bacterial myrosinase, and the generated breakdown ethyl-ITC) molecules are absorbed or/and excreted. Benzyl-ITC (21, 25–28) It has been shown that the incubation of human feces in Butenyl-ITC (19, 23) Glucoerucin-derived ITC (29) presence of pure glucosinolates or cruciferous vegetable juices, in Glucoiberin-derived ITC (28) which myrosinase was inactivated by heating, leads to the forma- 3-Indolylacetonitrile (30) tion of ITCs (94, 98). These metabolites are also formed in the 3-Methylsulfinylpropyl ITC (28) germ-free colon of rats, following the colonization with human Propenyl-ITC (19, 31–34) intestinal bacteria, and feeding with a pure glucosinolate (99). Phenylethyl-ITC (25, 35, 36) In humans, urinary excretion of conjugated metabolites of ITCs Sinalbin (p-Hydroxybenzylglucosinolate) (37) derived-ITC was observed following the consumption of cruciferous cooked Sinigrin (prop-2-enylglucosinolate)-derived ITC (38) vegetables (94, 95, 97). 5-Vinyloxazolidine-2-thione (39) The formation of other breakdown products from glucosi- Bactericidal Allyl-ITC (40–45) nolates by intestinal microbiota is very likely, but still poorly effects Benzyl-ITC (45) documented. The formation of amines from the secondary 2-Phenylethyl-ITC (45) degradation of ITCs has been demonstrated after the incuba- 4-hydroxybenzyl-ITC (46, 47) tion of human feces with glucosinolates (100). Bifidobacterium Methyl-ITC (42) strains belonging to the human intestinal microbiota are able
Recommended publications
  • Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from Two Broccoli Sprout Beverages: Results of a Short-Term, Cross-Over Clinical Trial in Qidong, China

    Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from Two Broccoli Sprout Beverages: Results of a Short-Term, Cross-Over Clinical Trial in Qidong, China

    Cancer Prevention Research Article Research Bioavailability of Sulforaphane from Two Broccoli Sprout Beverages: Results of a Short-term, Cross-over Clinical Trial in Qidong, China Patricia A. Egner1, Jian Guo Chen2, Jin Bing Wang2, Yan Wu2, Yan Sun2, Jian Hua Lu2, Jian Zhu2, Yong Hui Zhang2, Yong Sheng Chen2, Marlin D. Friesen1, Lisa P. Jacobson3, Alvaro Muñoz3, Derek Ng3, Geng Sun Qian2, Yuan Rong Zhu2, Tao Yang Chen2, Nigel P. Botting4, Qingzhi Zhang4, Jed W. Fahey5, Paul Talalay5, John D Groopman1, and Thomas W. Kensler1,5,6 Abstract One of several challenges in design of clinical chemoprevention trials is the selection of the dose, formulation, and dose schedule of the intervention agent. Therefore, a cross-over clinical trial was undertaken to compare the bioavailability and tolerability of sulforaphane from two of broccoli sprout–derived beverages: one glucoraphanin-rich (GRR) and the other sulforaphane-rich (SFR). Sulfor- aphane was generated from glucoraphanin contained in GRR by gut microflora or formed by treatment of GRR with myrosinase from daikon (Raphanus sativus) sprouts to provide SFR. Fifty healthy, eligible participants were requested to refrain from crucifer consumption and randomized into two treatment arms. The study design was as follows: 5-day run-in period, 7-day administration of beverages, 5-day washout period, and 7-day administration of the opposite intervention. Isotope dilution mass spectrometry was used to measure levels of glucoraphanin, sulforaphane, and sulforaphane thiol conjugates in urine samples collected daily throughout the study. Bioavailability, as measured by urinary excretion of sulforaphane and its metabolites (in approximately 12-hour collections after dosing), was substantially greater with the SFR (mean ¼ 70%) than with GRR (mean ¼ 5%) beverages.
  • Download Product Insert (PDF)

    Download Product Insert (PDF)

    PRODUCT INFORMATION Glucoraphanin (potassium salt) Item No. 10009445 Formal Name: 1-thio-1-[5-(methylsulfinyl)-N- O (sulfooxy)pentanimidate]-β-D- OH O- glucopyranose, potassium salt O S MF: C H NO S • XK O 12 22 10 3 OH FW: 436.5 O N Purity: ≥95% UV/Vis.: λmax: 225 nm OH S S Supplied as: A crystalline solid OH O Storage: -20°C • XK+ Stability: ≥2 years Information represents the product specifications. Batch specific analytical results are provided on each certificate of analysis. Laboratory Procedures Glucoraphanin (potassium salt) is supplied as a crystalline solid. A stock solution may be made by dissolving the glucoraphanin (potassium salt) in the solvent of choice. Glucoraphanin (potassium salt) is soluble in the organic solvent DMSO, which should be purged with an inert gas, at a concentration of approximately 1 mg/ml. Further dilutions of the stock solution into aqueous buffers or isotonic saline should be made prior to performing biological experiments. Ensure that the residual amount of organic solvent is insignificant, since organic solvents may have physiological effects at low concentrations. Organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of glucoraphanin (potassium salt) can be prepared by directly dissolving the crystalline solid in aqueous buffers. The solubility of glucoraphanin (potassium salt) in PBS, pH 7.2, is approximately 10 mg/ml. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. Description Glucoraphanin is a natural glycoinsolate found in cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli.1 It is converted to the isothiocyanate sulforaphane by the enzyme myrosinase.1 Sulforaphane has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects.1,2 It acts by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which induces the expression of phase II detoxification enzymes.3,4 References 1.
  • List of Cruciferous Vegetables

    List of Cruciferous Vegetables

    LIST OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES Arugula Bok choy Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage Cauliflower Chard Chinese cabbage Collard greens Daikon Kale Kohlrabi Mustard greens Radishes Rutabagas Turnips Watercress Research of this family of vegetables indicates that they may provide protection against certain cancers. Cruciferous vegetables contain antioxidants (particularly beta carotene and the compound sulforaphane). They are high in fiber, vitamins and minerals. Cruciferous vegetables also cantain indole-3-carbidol (I3C). This element changes the way estrogen is metabolized and may prevent estrogen driven cancers. Cruciferous vegetables also contain a kind of phytochemical known as isothiocyanates, which stimulate our bodies to break down potential carcinogens (cancer causing agents). People who have hypothyroid function should steam cruciferous vegetables. Raw cruciferous vegetables contain thyroid inhibitors known as goitrogens. Goitrogens like circumstances that cause goiter, cause difficulty for the thyroid in making its hormone. Isothiocyanates appear to reduce thyroid function by blocking thyroid peroxidase, and also by disrupting messages that are sent across the membranes of thyroid cells. The materials and content contained on this form are for general holistic nutrition information only to help support and enhance the body’s own healing properties and are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment for any medical condition. You should not rely exclusively on information provided on this or any other nutritional guidelines for your health needs. All specific medical questions should be presented to the appropriate medical health care provider Reference: http://www.marysherbs.com/Miscellaneous/CruciferousVegetablesP.htm .
  • MINI-REVIEW Cruciferous Vegetables: Dietary Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention

    MINI-REVIEW Cruciferous Vegetables: Dietary Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention

    DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.3.1565 Glucosinolates from Cruciferous Vegetables for Cancer Chemoprevention MINI-REVIEW Cruciferous Vegetables: Dietary Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis1*, Noramaliza Mohd Noor2 Abstract Relationships between diet and health have attracted attention for centuries; but links between diet and cancer have been a focus only in recent decades. The consumption of diet-containing carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines is most closely correlated with increasing cancer risk. Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that consumption of dietary phytochemicals found in vegetables and fruit can decrease cancer incidence. Among the various vegetables, broccoli and other cruciferous species appear most closely associated with reduced cancer risk in organs such as the colorectum, lung, prostate and breast. The protecting effects against cancer risk have been attributed, at least partly, due to their comparatively high amounts of glucosinolates, which differentiate them from other vegetables. Glucosinolates, a class of sulphur- containing glycosides, present at substantial amounts in cruciferous vegetables, and their breakdown products such as the isothiocyanates, are believed to be responsible for their health benefits. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive effect of these compounds are likely to be manifold, possibly concerning very complex interactions, and thus difficult to fully understand. Therefore,
  • Anti-Carcinogenic Glucosinolates in Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Antagonistic Effects on Prevention of Cancers

    Anti-Carcinogenic Glucosinolates in Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Antagonistic Effects on Prevention of Cancers

    molecules Review Anti-Carcinogenic Glucosinolates in Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Antagonistic Effects on Prevention of Cancers Prabhakaran Soundararajan and Jung Sun Kim * Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Gautam Sethi Received: 15 October 2018; Accepted: 13 November 2018; Published: 15 November 2018 Abstract: Glucosinolates (GSL) are naturally occurring β-D-thioglucosides found across the cruciferous vegetables. Core structure formation and side-chain modifications lead to the synthesis of more than 200 types of GSLs in Brassicaceae. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are chemoprotectives produced as the hydrolyzed product of GSLs by enzyme myrosinase. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane ([1-isothioyanato-4-(methyl-sulfinyl) butane], SFN) are potential ITCs with efficient therapeutic properties. Beneficial role of BITC, PEITC and SFN was widely studied against various cancers such as breast, brain, blood, bone, colon, gastric, liver, lung, oral, pancreatic, prostate and so forth. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor limits the tumor progression. Induction of ARE (antioxidant responsive element) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) mediated pathway by Nrf2 controls the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). NF-κB has a double edged role in the immune system. NF-κB induced during inflammatory is essential for an acute immune process. Meanwhile, hyper activation of NF-κB transcription factors was witnessed in the tumor cells. Antagonistic activity of BITC, PEITC and SFN against cancer was related with the direct/indirect interaction with Nrf2 and NF-κB protein.
  • Anti-Inflammatory Diet Guidelines

    Anti-Inflammatory Diet Guidelines

    Anti-Inflammatory Diet Guidelines Inflammation is the root of many autoimmune and pain-related issues, and anti-inflammatory diet can be helpful for the prevention and treatment of these issues. Fiber It is important to try to get 20-30 grams of fiber daily. Fiber helps to supply natural anti-inflammatory compounds to the body. Some great sources of fiber are: ● Lentils (15g per cup) ● Black Beans (15g per cup) ● Peas (8g per cup) ● Raspberries, Blackberries, Blueberries (8g per cup) ● Sweet Potatoes (8g per cup cooked) ● Avocado (7g per ½) Alliums and Cruciferous Vegetables Alliums include garlic, onions, leeks and scallions. Try to incorporate these into meals 4+ times per week. Cruciferous Vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and brussels sprouts. Try to incorporate these into meals 4 times per week. Omega 3s Try to have fish 2-3 times per week. Fish like salmon, mackerel, sardines, oysters, anchovies are all great. Also, include other foods like walnuts, beans (kidney, black, navy) and flax seeds. Omega 3s have been proven to be very powerful anti-inflammatories in the body, so eat these foods often! Anti-Inflammatory Spices The best anti-inflammatory spices are turmeric, sage, cloves, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary and thyme. Try to include them in meals often, especially if you are eating a meal with red meat. Reduce Saturated Fat, Refined Sugar and Dairy Try to keep saturated fat under 20 grams. Foods high in saturated fat include fried foods, red meat, eggs, and butter. Refined sugars are found in pastries, desserts, soft drinks and baked goods (to name a few!).
  • The Effect of Processing on the Glucosinolate Profile of Mustard Seed

    The Effect of Processing on the Glucosinolate Profile of Mustard Seed

    The effect of processing on the glucosinolate profile of mustard seed Katherine Cools, and Terry, L.A.* Plant Science Laboratory, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (L.A. Terry) Tel.: +44-7500-766-490 Co-author e-mail address: [email protected] (K.Cools) Abstract Brassica juncea mustard seed are used to make mustard paste or condiment. Mustard seed contains glucosinolates which are converted to isothiocyanates following cell disruption by the enzyme, myrosinase. Isothiocyanates are sulphur-containing compounds which give a pungent flavour to the mustard condiment. Three mustard seed cultivars from two seasons were processed into Dijon- and wholegrain-style mustard and glucosinolates and isothiocyanates analysed. Canadian cv. Centennial tended to contain higher glucosinolates compared with the French cv. AZ147 and Ukrainian cv. Choraiva. Conversion of the mustard seed into a wholegrain condiment had less effect on total isothiocyanates and sinigrin content compared with the Dijon preparation. The Canadian mustard cultivars produced wholegrain-style mustard with higher total isothyocyantes and sinigrin compared with the French and Ukrainian cultivars. In summary, results herein suggest that Canadian mustard seed cvs. Centennial and and Forge, and wholegrain processing may result in a condiment with greater bioactive composition. Keywords: Brassica juncea, condiment, cultivar, isothiocyanate, sinigrin. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Brassica juncea L. (syn. Sinapis juncea L.) is a hydrid between B. rapa and B. nigra giving it the characteristics of rapid growth from B. rapa and the mustard oil of B. nigra. There are two forms of B. juncea; the oilseed type and the vegetable type which is used for its edible leaves, stems and roots (Dixon, 2007).
  • Glucoraphanin - an Indirect Antioxidant Found Naturally in Broccoli That Supports Cell Integrity and Protects Against Free Radical Damage by Jeremy Bartos, Ph.D

    Glucoraphanin - an Indirect Antioxidant Found Naturally in Broccoli That Supports Cell Integrity and Protects Against Free Radical Damage by Jeremy Bartos, Ph.D

    GENERAL INFORMATION TM Glucoraphanin - An Indirect Antioxidant Found Naturally In Broccoli That Supports Cell Integrity And Protects Against Free Radical Damage By Jeremy Bartos, Ph.D. Scientific & Regulatory Affairs Manager Glanbia Nutritionals Glanbia Nutritionals | truebroc® White Paper | June 2015 Glanbia Nutritionals | 5951 Mckee rd., Suite 201 | Fitchburg, WI 53719 | 800.336.2183 | 608.316.8500 | www.glanbianutritionals.com TM introduction Today’s health-conscious consumers are more informed and want to WHAT MAKES TRUEBROCTM A PREMIER understand what they are eating as well as the benefits of the products ANTIOXIDANT they consume. They seek natural ingredients that have no additives or preservatives and are botanical or organic in nature. Currently, there are a large volume of products on the market that have an antioxidant health > truebrocTM boosts Phase II Enzymes, enhancing the claim. In 2015 alone almost 1000 new products with an antioxidant body’s own removal of free radicals and overall position have been released1, but how well do they really work? Recent detoxification of cellsNon-burning and non-irritating scientific research on broccoli has revealed a “next generation” antioxidant to the stomach that will potentially change the way we choose and utilize our ingested antioxidants. truebrocTM glucoraphanin, a naturally derived phytonutrient extracted from broccoli seeds, is a rechargeable antioxidant that works > Standardized to 13% glucoraphanin – highest with the body’s own cellular protection system. Currently, the most widely concentration available accepted source of ingested antioxidants are short-term “one and done” antioxidants, such as Vitamins C and E and polyphenols such as > Made from selected natural broccoli seeds grown resveratrol (grapes and wine) and EGCG (green tea) that last for only a in California and water extracted in Canada short time in the body.
  • Oxidative Stress, NRF2, and Sulforaphane in Chronic Kidney Disease

    Oxidative Stress, NRF2, and Sulforaphane in Chronic Kidney Disease

    nutrients Review Eat Your Broccoli: Oxidative Stress, NRF2, and Sulforaphane in Chronic Kidney Disease Scott E. Liebman and Thu H. Le * Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 675, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The mainstay of therapy for chronic kidney disease is control of blood pressure and proteinuria through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) that were introduced more than 20 years ago. Yet, many chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients still progress to end-stage kidney disease—the ultimate in failed prevention. While increased oxidative stress is a major molecular underpinning of CKD progression, no treatment modality specifically targeting oxidative stress has been established clinically. Here, we review the influence of oxidative stress in CKD, and discuss regarding the role of the Nrf2 pathway in kidney disease from studies using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in animal models and clinical trials. We will then focus on the promising therapeutic potential of sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables that has garnered significant attention over the past decade for its potent Nrf2-activating effect, and implications for precision medicine. Keywords: chronic kidney disease; oxidative stress; Nrf2; sulforaphane; GSTM1 1. Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects about 14% of the United States population [1]. Citation: Liebman, S.E.; Le, T.H. Eat Your Broccoli: Oxidative Stress, NRF2, Individuals with CKD disease have a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and Sulforaphane in Chronic Kidney and this risk increases with CKD severity [2].
  • Benzyl Isothiocyanate As an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mary Allison Wolf Teter6@Marshall.Edu

    Benzyl Isothiocyanate As an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mary Allison Wolf [email protected]

    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2014 Benzyl Isothiocyanate as an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mary Allison Wolf [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity Commons, Medical Biochemistry Commons, Medical Cell Biology Commons, and the Oncology Commons Recommended Citation Wolf, Mary Allison, "Benzyl Isothiocyanate as an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma" (2014). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 801. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Benzyl Isothiocyanate as an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Sciences By Mary Allison Wolf Approved by Pier Paolo Claudio, M.D., Ph.D., Committee Chairperson Richard Egleton, Ph.D. W. Elaine Hardman, Ph.D. Jagan Valluri, Ph.D. Hongwei Yu, PhD Marshall University May 2014 DEDICATION “I sustain myself with the love of family”—Maya Angelou To my wonderful husband, loving parents, and beautiful daughter—thank you for everything you have given me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Pier Paolo Claudio. He has instilled in me the skills necessary to become an independent and successful researcher.
  • Moringa Spp.) Received: 12 January 2018 Jed W

    Moringa Spp.) Received: 12 January 2018 Jed W

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The Diversity of Chemoprotective Glucosinolates in Moringaceae (Moringa spp.) Received: 12 January 2018 Jed W. Fahey 1,2,3,4, Mark E. Olson5,6, Katherine K. Stephenson1,3, Kristina L. Wade1,3, Accepted: 3 May 2018 Gwen M. Chodur 1,4,12, David Odee7, Wasif Nouman8, Michael Massiah9, Jesse Alt10, Published: xx xx xxxx Patricia A. Egner11 & Walter C. Hubbard2 Glucosinolates (GS) are metabolized to isothiocyanates that may enhance human healthspan by protecting against a variety of chronic diseases. Moringa oleifera, the drumstick tree, produces unique GS but little is known about GS variation within M. oleifera, and even less in the 12 other Moringa species, some of which are very rare. We assess leaf, seed, stem, and leaf gland exudate GS content of 12 of the 13 known Moringa species. We describe 2 previously unidentifed GS as major components of 6 species, reporting on the presence of simple alkyl GS in 4 species, which are dominant in M. longituba. We document potent chemoprotective potential in 11 of 12 species, and measure the cytoprotective activity of 6 purifed GS in several cell lines. Some of the unique GS rank with the most powerful known inducers of the phase 2 cytoprotective response. Although extracts of most species induced a robust phase 2 cytoprotective response in cultured cells, one was very low (M. longituba), and by far the highest was M. arborea, a very rare and poorly known species. Our results underscore the importance of Moringa as a chemoprotective resource and the need to survey and conserve its interspecifc diversity.
  • The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Diseaseand Pest

    The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Diseaseand Pest

    plants Review The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Disease and Pest Resistance Zeci Liu 1,2, Huiping Wang 2, Jianming Xie 2 , Jian Lv 2, Guobin Zhang 2, Linli Hu 2, Shilei Luo 2, Lushan Li 2,3 and Jihua Yu 1,2,* 1 Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] 2 College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.X.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (L.H.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (L.L.) 3 Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua 617000, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-931-763-2188 Abstract: With the expansion of the area under Cruciferae vegetable cultivation, and an increase in the incidence of natural threats such as pests and diseases globally, Cruciferae vegetable losses caused by pathogens, insects, and pests are on the rise. As one of the key metabolites produced by Cruciferae vegetables, glucosinolate (GLS) is not only an indicator of their quality but also controls infestation by numerous fungi, bacteria, aphids, and worms. Today, the safe and pollution-free production of vegetables is advocated globally, and environmentally friendly pest and disease control strategies, such as biological control, to minimize the adverse impacts of pathogen and insect pest stress on Cruciferae vegetables, have attracted the attention of researchers. This review explores the mechanisms via which GLS acts as a defensive substance, participates in responses to biotic stress, Citation: Liu, Z.; Wang, H.; Xie, J.; and enhances plant tolerance to the various stress factors.