Chapter V HISTORY of RESEARCH and FIELD WORK Saurashtra Is Dotted with Many Late and Degenerate Harappan Sites. the Districtwise

C h a p t e r V

HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND FIELD WORK

Saurashtra is dotted with many late and degenerate

Harappan sites. The districtwise distribution of these sites has been mentioned in the charts (Table X ). H o w e v e r , some areas and many river valleys as shown in the map ( Pi- h ) unexplored.

Among the unexplored rivers are the Shatrunji and her tributaries, the lower part of river Bhadar and her tributaries, the Megal, Hiran, Saraswati, Shingavadi, Raval, Keri, Malan,

Kulubhar, Ghelo and all their tributaries, and the Utavali, Und and their tributaries. The Limbdi-no-Bhogavo and Wadhwan-no-

Bhogavo, the Dmai, Chandrabhaga, Kankavati, Bhabhan, AJi, and their tributaries are also unexplored as are almost all the rivers of north and northeast Saurashtra. Apart from all these rivers, the districts of Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Amreli, Surendranagar and parts of Jamnagar, still remain unexplored. Nevertheless, the available number of sites shows wide distribution of the Harappan and post-Harappan cultures in the peninsula.

Saurashtra has yielded many Harappan sites but a very few of them are excavated- Lothal, Rangpur, Somnath and Rojdi are the important excavated sites, whereas a few others are excavated on a small scale. Here, a short description of the sites visited has been given, and details of the znaterials culture 81

including pottery have been given in chapters VI and V I I a s

archaeological evidences. Pottery from most of the sites has

been included in Chapter IX and is discussed as a part of the

relative chronology of ehalcolithic sites of Saurashtra.

The extension of the Harappan culture to Saurashtra was

first brought to light by a small-scale excavation of the late

Madho Sarup Vats.^ His excavation at Rangpur (1934-1935) revealed

a Harappan occupation for the first time in Saurashtra. ■ later

Rangpur was subjected to excavations which were successively under

taken by Ghurye^ (1937), Sankalia and Dikshit (1960)^ and S.R. Rao

(l953-5fe)»^ Further explorations and excavations carried out by

other scholars brought to light many more sites.

I. A u t h o r ' s f i e l d w o r k

Field work was carried out by the author in two Instalments

covering a period of over four months. The first season lasted from

February to April 1970 and the second during October and November

1971.

The first trip was devoted to a preliminary study of the ethnography and present-day ceramic traditions of Bhavnagar district.

Apart from this, a few Harappan sites were explored-

In the course of the second exploration the ethnography of

Bhavnagar district was studied in greater detail- The study was

concentrated on the social organization of the people, their economic 8 ‘>

and religious traditions, and their material culture. Special attention was paid to the study of their ceramic industry and the pottery of Bhavnagar district was studied in detail*

For ethnographic study, emphasis was put on tribes such as Adodiya, Jat-Fakir, Vadi, Madari, Kangashiya, Vedva Vaghari the untouchables and the rest of the Hindu communities of the district. For getting this information a number of villages and hamlets were visited and people from different walks of life were interviewed at length with a view to gaining a clear understanding of the present-day culture.

For studying the present-day potters' crafts of T^havnagar district, Bhavnagar town^Ghogha, Vangadhra, Budhel, Gadhada, and

Bhandariya were visited and the traditions, in the manufacture of clay vessels were noted.

In the courses of this tour, a few more Harappan sites viz.

Jivani-no-tirabo, Vaharvo-timbo, Charan-no-timbo, Keravalo,

Rangpur and Pasegam, which were previously explored by the Depart ment of Archaeology, were visited by the author and the necessary collections made from the surface. Another Harappan site named

Budhel (Bhavnagar district) was examined and a surface collection was made, the details of which appear in later chapters.

During the second season's work which lasted for two months^ the author visited other important places of pot manufactur ing and a number of other villages to collect ethnographic data.

Special attention was paid to the study of Kharva, Mer, Bhopa, V-/

Rabari, Ahir, Kanthal Koli and other backward coimnunitles.

Dwarka, Porbandar, Gondal, and Dhranghadhra as well as their surrounding peripheral regions were explored for this purpose.

This extensive tour gave a good idea of the present-day culture and ceramic traditions in Saurashtra- It also helped in understanding the ecology of Saurashtra in relation to protohistoric culture settlements.

II. S i t e s

A short description of the sites which the author visited is given below. Amongst them a few are known by their respective excavation reports. A few other sites which have been excavaged on a small scale have been included to get an idea of the distribution of the protohistoric pottery.

1. R a n g p u r

i The site derives its name from the village Rangpur situated on the northwestern edges of the mound. The site is situated on the left bank of river Sukbhadar (not to be confused with the river

Bhadar) which flows along the southern periphery of the site. It is

6 km northwest of Dhandhuka railway station and is situated in Limbdi taluka (Surendranagar district). The site lies about 46 km southwest of Lothal. A road running from Dhandhuka cuts the site into two on its eastern side. The mound covers an area about 350 x 400 m and rises 5 m above the surrounding fields. There are deep rain c 0

gullies on its eastern side and as a result the mound lies partly exposed and abounds in potsherds. The eastern and western parts of the mound are already under cultivation. The

surrounding area comprises agricultural fields-

Rangpur was a little known village before the mound felt the touch of the archaeologist’s spade, though a few legends were current about it amongst the local people.

On the basis of material culture, Rangpur has been divided into three periods, i.e. Rangpur period I, Rangpur period II, and Rangpur period III. Rangpur period II is sub divided into Rangpur period II-A, II-B, and II-C. Period II and

III represent the chalcolithic culture. Period II-A and ir-3 represent the Harappan culture whereas from period II-G changes have been noticed. Further details have been given in later c h a p t e r s .

2. L o t h a 1

The large-scale excavations at Rangpur proved fruitful, and inspired the excavator to explore the region to learn more about the extention of the Harappan expansion. The explorations carried out by S.R.Rao, from 1953-1956 brought to light lothal.

The site has been excavated on a large scale. The site lies 90 km south of Ahmedabad in Dholaka talutca (Ahmedabad district), 2 km northeast of the nearest village Saragwala. It is approachable by road or by the railway from the station .8 .

Lothal-'Bhurakhi on the Bota4-Ahmedabad meter gauge railway

as the site lies 6 km southeast from this station.

The word 'Lethal' has been said to mean "a village on

the mound",hut it sounds more as if it has some connection

with dead bodies or with a place where people might have fought

and some died, so that as other scholars feel, it would there

fore mean 'mound of the dead' .

The site is situated on the flat land of 3hal- The

literary meaning of 'Bhal' is forehead. The area is surrounded

by fertile coastal aluminium which is very rich for growing wheat

and cotton as the soil retains water for a long period. Therefore

the crop does not require any irrigation. Politically and

culturally Lothal falls into the mainland of Gujarat but geogra

phically it is situated on the northeast coast of the Saurashtra

peninsula as the little Rann of Kutch separates the mainland

from peninsula.

Before the excavations the mound was about 650 m long,

34 m wide and 7-l/2 m high. On its southern side the river

Bhogavo flows at a distance of 9 km, while the river Sabarmati

flows at a distance of 8 km.

On the basis of the material culture Lothal has been

divided into two periods - Period A and Period B. These are 7 again sub-divided into five phases. Period A has yielded a

mature Harappan settlement, while from period B towards changes

have been noticed. The material culture has been presented in chapters VI and VII whereas an attempt has been made In chapter IX to see how far Lethal has yielded Harappan culture.

3. Rojdl (Shrlnathgadh)

The site of Bojdl is situated about 2 km westward from 8 village Shrinathgadh (Rojdi). It is situated on the left bank of the river Bhadar and is about 2 1 km southwest from Gondal and

50 km south of Rajkot in Gondal taluka (Rajkot district).

The mound runs parallel to the river and is about 3 m high from the surrounding area. A rivulet flows around the site on its northeastern side. The very sparse vegetation includes a few babul bushes and small thorny trees. The river 'Rhadar washes the site on its western side, but the greater part of the site is still preserved and is approehable by Jeep.

The site was excavated twice. First it was excavated 9 by the late P.P.Pandya in two seasons of work, and subsequently this excavation was renewed by Shri J.M. Nanavati.^^ Both the excavations were carried out on a small scale.

Here, Period I represents the Harappan culture, which on the basis of material evidence has been further divided into three:

Rojdi I-A, 1-B, and 1-C.^^

4. S o m n a t h

The site derives its name from the town of Somnath Patan 8 ^

which is locally known as Pa tan, in Verava 1-Pa tan taluka

(Janagadh district). Locally the site is known as Nagara-no-

timbo or Sitala-no-timbo as there is a shrine of goddess Sitala.

It is situated 3-l/3 km northeast of Patan town. The site

consists of a group of five mounds. The whole area of the site

is 1- 1/2 km long, 1 km broad and rises 6- 1/2 m above the

surrounding fields. The mounds are located on the right bank of

the river Hiran and are surrounded by agricultural fields on

their eastern, western and northern sides, while the southern

side is exposed to the river Hiran. The state coastal highway

from Ahmedabad to Dwarka passes on its southwestern side. A

cart track running from Patan separates on mound from the rest

of the group. The mounds are covered with mango and banyan trees.

Greater part of the mound is intact and is covered with rubble

and brick-bats. On the eastern side there is a Surya temple of

the medieval period and very close to the temple is a small

shrine of the goddess Sitala. There are two step-wells on the

s i t e .

The habitation of Somnath can be traced back to the 12 prehistoric times and is also mentioned in the Mahabharata. It

was the late Father Heras who brought to light its significance 13 as a protohistoric settlement for the first time. To confirm

the view of Father Heras large-scale excavations were carried out 14 by the late P.P.Pandya and Subbarao in two seasons (1956-1957)

In 1971-1972 another excavation was carried out by the Deccan

College Poona and the Archaeology Department of Gujarat State under

the supervision of Dr. H.D* Sankalia and Shri Nanavati, to throw more light on the problem of Krishna and the Yadavas.

During the last excavation (1971-72), mound No.3 has

been opened up and a 20 x 20 area has been selected for excava

tion. Ninteen trenches were laid measuring 5 x 5 and numbered in

alphabetical order.

The material culture of Somnath was divided into five

periods. Out of this the chalcolithic material was again sub-

divided into different phases. However, in order to make it

more easy and specific, the chalcolithic culture here has been

divided into 3 periods on the basis of pottery and other material

remains. The three periods are : Somnath Period I (pre-Prabhas,

Harappan elements) Somnath Period II (Prabhas period) and Somnath

Period III (post-Prabhas i.e. Lusterous Red Ware period).

5. A t k ot

The site is situated 45 km southeast of Rajkot in Jasdan

taluka (Rajkot district) on the left bank of the river %adar close

to Atkot village. A small-scale excavation was carried out by the 17 late P.P.Pandya and has revealed Harappan pottery.

6. B u d h e l

The site is situated 8 km southeast of T^havnagar in

Bhavnagar taluka (Bhavnagar district). It covers an area of about

570 X 420 m. The mound is about I- 1/2 m high at one place where

the present-day graveyard is situated- There is a pond on the 8'> northwestern corner and a factory on the north side of the mound. A road from village T?udhel to Ghogha cuts the site Into two parts on its eastern side. On Its southern side is ^udhel village from which the site takes its name. The state coastal highway from Ahmedabad to Dwarka skirts its southern side. A rivulet flows to its north and west side and merges into the sea.

From its northeast side the sea is hardly 9 km. away and it is reported that during spring tides the water reaches within 4 km. of the site.

The site is badly disturbed by the local people as the clay has been dug out for birck making. The site was reported by Mr. Himatbhai Trivedi, Curator of the Bhavnagar Museum. The author visited the site three times and made the necessary collection.

The site seems to be of a single culture and reauired to be excavated in detail.

From its geographical location and typological peculia rities we may assume that the site might have played some role in maritime activities during Harappan times and it could have been a Harappan settlement from where in later times the Harappans might have migrated towards the interior*

7. Moti Dharai

This site is situated 15 km. northwest of Valabhipur in

Valabhlpur taluka(Bhavnagar district), on the left baiJk of the river Keri. It is surrounded by agricultural fields. 0 0

18 The site was excavated by the late P.P. Pandya and his excavation revealed Harappan pottery.

S. Plthadla

The mound is situated I- 1/2 km. northwest of village

Pithadia in Jetpur taluka (Rajkot district). The mound is surrounded by agricultural fields and is badly disturbed by the farmers and the local people. The late P.P.Pandya excavated the site on a small scale and discovered evidence of the Harappan 19 c u l t u r e .

9. Vaharvo-timbo

The site is situated on the right bank of the river

Kalubhar, about 1 km. northwest of the village Vangadhra in

Umrala taluka (Bhavnagar district). It covers an area about 600 x

200 m. and rises about 1 above the surrounding fields. A large area of the site is under cultivation and Is surrounded by cotton and wheat fields. On its western side passes the railway line from Dhola to Botad. An unmetalled road from Vangadhra to

Bhojavadar cuts the site into two parts. On its western side flows a rivulet which merges with the river Kalubhar. Three irrigation wells are present on the site. There is a small shrine of the goddess Sitala on the site close to the river.

During the rainy season the northern part of the site exposed to the river Kalubhar and many potsherds are visible. The whole site is badly disturbed because of ploughing and the evidences are mixed up. 9*.

10. fasal

The site takes its name from the village Vasal situated

on the mound itself, 17 km. west of Jamnagar (Jamnagar district).

The southern area of the site is covered with agricultural

fields, while north of Vasai is barren land. The Gulf of Kuteh • ^ is about 6 to 7 km. north of this site-

Most of the mound is disturbed by the local people. The

site was excavated on a small scale by the Government of 20 Saurashtra in 1951 under the supervision of the late P.P. Pandya.

The excavation revealed three periods. Period I is chalcolithic « and has yielded Harappan pottery.

Nearly 8 km. east of ?asai another site named Mandir

Valu IChetar has been noticed. The site is completely disturbed by ploughing and is under cultivation. A few potsherds of late

Harappan wares were collected.

lakhabaval, 13 km. northeast of Jamnagar in Jamnagar taluka (Jamnagar district), and Amra 5 km. southeast from lakha- bava 1 were excavated by the late P.P.Pandya and Subbarao on a 21 small scale. These excavations revealed the evidence of

Harappan culture and the chalcolithic levels of both the sites were analogous to each other-

Five degenerate Harappan sites, four early historical sites and a Middle Stone Age site on the left bank of the river

Kalubhar 2 km. southeast of village Rajpipala (Bhavnagar district)

h 9

have been recently discovered by the author jointly with

Mr. G.L* Possehl-

A few degenerate Harappan and early historical sites

previously explored by the State Department were also visited.

A few more degenerate and transitional Harappan sites

have recently been discovered on the banks of rivers Kalubhar 22 and Ghelo in the area between these two rivers by Mr. G.L.Possehl.

Shri Himmatbhai Trivedi, Curator of ^^havnagar Museum has also discovered two more sites in Bhavnagar dis tric?^ which are not far from Budhel* The pottery has affinity with Budhel ceramics

References

vs 1. Vats, M. S. 1937. "Trial Excations at Rangpur, Limbdi State A Kathiawar", MASI No. pp. 34-38 2. Churye, G. S. 1937. "Two Old Sites in Kathiawar, Vol.8, p.11. I; 3. Dikshit, M. G. 1950. "Excavations at Rangpur : 1947, BDCRI No.11, pp. 3-55 4. Rao, 1963. op.cit.« pp. 7-175 5. Mehta, R. N. 1966. "Lothal-A Place Name" JOIB, 1965-66, Vol.15 pp. 457-58. ‘t

References ♦

6. M . , 1954-1955, p. 12. I 7. Rao S, R, l9$St, Excavations at Lethal", H-> p. 8* The people of Rojdi were addressed as "Rojdi-na" in the Government Offices and by the bus conductors. The word "Rojdi-na" has two meanings. One - "the people who belong to the village RoJdi” and ”theoff-spring of Rojdi - a particular animal**. This w«i^ .idjjA^ng to the people, therefore on their request th^|pi4|p^of the village Rojdi has officially been changed into Shrinathgadh.

9l 1958-59, pp. 19-21. 10. M . , 1962-63, p.8. « 11. M . , 1958-59, p.19, 12. Nanavati, J« M. et al. 1971 Somnath - 1956 p. 4. I 13. Sankalia, H. D. 1972. Somnath-Guide Book (Gujarati) p.6, and Sankalia, H. D. 1972. 'SriKrishna Ane Yadavoni Shodhman’ % Samarpan Dipotsavi Aunk2028 (Gujarati), p. 45. 14. m . , 1955-56, pp. 7-8., 1956-57 pp. 16-17. 15. Sankalia, 1972a, op.cit.; 1972b, op'rcit . 16. M . , 1956-57, p. 16.

17. U R , t 1957-58, p. 20. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. PandyEjP. P. 1954. ’Explorations in Halar and Sorath District, Saurashtra. JMSUB Vol. 3. No. 2, p. 3, 11. 21. lAR.^ 1955-56. p«7. 22. Possehl, G. L. Personal communication 23. Trivedi, Himatbhai. Personal communication. T c t - W l * I

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