Hybrid Vehicles: Insane Study Aravind.A.K *, Aravind Sai**
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Imperial International Journal of Eco-friendly Technologies Vol.- 1, Issue-1 (2016), pp.52-57 IIJET HYBRID VEHICLES: INSANE STUDY ARAVIND.A.K *, ARAVIND SAI** Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology Abstract Vehicle”, “Hydrogen Fuel Cell”, etc. while Hybrid Solar Vehicle has lower efficiency than vehicle running on With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been Petrol/Diesel/CNG. So, this technology is for drivers who increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like want to cover less distance. To overcome this constraint, Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle” came into existence. etc. In an effort to promote public awareness, this paper reviews hybrid vehicle technology as a logical step towards sustain- able, efficient future and environment friendly transportation. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars and their types”. Paper concludes on the advantages and dis-advantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become the alternative for Petrol and Diesel Cars. Keywords - hybrid electric vehicle; hybrid solar vehicle; II. Working Principle of Hybrid Vehicle environment; Astrolab; SLS Electra Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism I. Introduction which slows down a vehicle by converting its kinetic energy into another form, normally into electrical energy, which can With the invention of Internal Combustion Engine by Nicolas be used immediately or stored until needed in high voltage Otto, there was revolution in Automobile field. Later on, batteries. The electric motor is operated in reverse during Petrol and Diesel became the main source of fuel for these braking or coasting, acting as generator. The rotors of electric vehicles. This technology made Human Efforts very easy traction motor are coupled with wheels; they experience through commercializing in the market. Due, to which it opposing torque as current is induced in the motor coils. The became the commercial success and its use in the day to day wheels transfer kinetic energy via drivetrain to generator. At period increased. As we know everything has its own the same time, generator resistance produced from the positive and negative side. The rate of Carbon Monoxide electricity created, slows the vehicle. When more braking (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) suddenly increased at the torque is required than the generator alone can provide, dangerous level in the beginning of 21st Century which made additional braking is accomplished by friction brakes. a negative impact on Ecosystem, reason for Global Warming, Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and Health related issues, etc. This forced Scientist, Researchers engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, and Policymakers to focus or made them start thinking for series or combined HEVs. Depending on the share of the Green Technology or the technology which can stop the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish adverse effect happening on Nature. Hence, the 21st Century between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power will become the Century for Evolution in various assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid. Depending on technologies with the main focus in Automobile Sector. The the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can technologies which will change the face of Automobile distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power.In the first case, the ICE Sector would be “Hybrid Electric Vehicle”, “Hybrid Solar is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition 52 Imperial International Journal of Eco-friendly Technologies Vol.- 1, Issue-1 (2016), pp.52-57 IIJET direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, engine (ICE) and an electric motor in parallel connected to a methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other mechanical transmission. Most designs combine a large alternative fuels. electrical generator and a motor into one unit, often located between the combustion engine and the transmission, III. Types by drive train structure replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator The battery can be recharged during regenerative A. Series hybrid breaking, and during cruising. As there is a fixed mechanical link between the wheels and the motor (no clutch), the In a series hybrid system, the combustion engine drives an battery cannot be charged when the car isn’t moving. When electric generator instead of directly driving the wheels. The the vehicle is using electrical traction power only, or during electric motor is the only means of providing power to the brake while regenerating energy, the ICE is not running (it is wheels. The generator both charges a battery and powers an disconnected by a clutch) or is not powered (it rotates in an electric motor that moves the vehicle. When large amounts of idling manner). power are required, the motor draws electricity from both the batteries and the generator.Series hybrid configurations C. Operation modes already exist a long time: diesel-electric locomotives, hydraulic earth moving machines, diesel-electric power The parallel configuration supports diverse operating modes: groups, and loaders. Series hybrids can be assisted by ultra- Electric power only: Up to speeds of usually 40 caps, which can improve the efficiency by minimizing the losses in the battery. They deliver peak energy during km/h, the electric motor works with only the energy of the batteries, which are not recharged by the ICE. acceleration and take regenerative energy during braking. Therefore, the ultra-caps are kept charged at low speed and This is the usual way of operating around the city, as almost empty at top speed. Deep cycling of the battery is well as in reverse gear, since during reverse gear the reduced; the stress factor of the battery is loweredSome speed is limited. vehicle designs have separate electric motors for each wheel. ICE power only: At speeds superior to 40 km/h, Motor integration into the wheels has the disadvantage that only the heat engine operates. This is the normal the unsprang mass increases, decreasing ride performance. operating way at the road. Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified ICE + electric power: if more energy is needed traction control (no conventional mechanical transmission (during acceleration or at high speed), the electric elements such as gearbox, transmission shafts, differential), motor starts working in parallel to the heat engine, all-wheel drive, and allowing lower floors, which is useful achieving greater power for buses. Some 8x8 all-wheel drive military vehicles use ICE + battery charging: if less power is required, individual wheel motors A fuel cell hybrid electric always excess of energy is used to charge the batteries. has a series configuration: the engine-generator combination Operating the engine at higher torque than is replaced by a fuel cell. necessary, it runs at a higher efficiency. Regenerative breaking: While braking or decelerating, the electric motor takes profit of the kinetic energy of the he moving vehicle to act as a generator. Sometimes, an extra generator is used: then the batteries can be recharged when the vehicle is not driving, the ICE operates disconnected from the transmission. But this system gives an increased weight and price to the HEV. Example of PHEV Honda Civic. Honda's IMA (Integrated Motor Assist) uses a B. Parallel hybrid rather traditional ICE with continuously variable 53 Imperial International Journal of Eco-friendly Technologies Vol.- 1, Issue-1 (2016), pp.52-57 IIJET transmission, where the flywheel is replaced with an electric boost is needed. Others can run with just the electric system motor. operating. Influence of scale: A Volvo 26-ton truck (12-ton own weight, 14-ton max load) equipped with 200 kg of batteries can drive on pure electric power for 2 minutes only! Because of space constraints, it is not possible to build in more batteries. BMW 7Series Active Hybrid E. Strong hybrid (full hybrid) The Toyota Prius, Auris and Lexus are full hybrids, as these cars can be moved forward on battery power alone. The Toyota brand name for this technology is Hybrid Synergy D. Combined hybrid Drive. A computer oversees operation of the entire system, determining if engine or motor, or both should be running. Combined hybrid systems have features of both series and The ICE will be shut off when the electric motor is sufficient parallel hybrids. There is a double connection between the to provide the power. engine and the drive axle: mechanical and electrical. This split power path allows interconnecting mechanical and F. Medium hybrid (motor assist hybrid) electrical power, at some cost in complexity. Power-split devices are incorporated in the powertrain. The power to the Honda's hybrids including the Civic and the Insight use this wheels can be either mechanical or electrical or both. This is design, leveraging their reputation for design of small, also the case in parallel hybrids. But the main principle efficient gasoline engines; their system is dubbed Integrated behind the combined system is the decoupling of the power Motor Assist (IMA). Starting with the 2006 Civic Hybrid, the supplied by the engine from the power demanded by the IMA system now can propel the vehicle solely on electric driver. In a combined hybrid, a smaller, less flexible, and power during medium speed cruising. A variation on this highly efficient engine can be used. It is often a variation of type of hybrid is the Saturn VUE Green Line hybrid system the conventional Otto cycle, such as the Miller or Atkinson that uses a smaller electric motor (mounted to the side of the cycle.