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Ruch Libertariański W USA Uniwersytet Wrocławski Wydział Nauk Społecznych Dyplomacja Europejska Bartłomiej Grzebyk Ruch libertariański w USA Praca magisterska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. Tadeusza Lebiody Wrocław 2015 Spis treści Wykaz używanych skrótów............................................................................................ 3 Wstęp ................................................................................................................................ 4 Rozdział I Początki myśli wolnościowej ...................................................................... 10 1. Ideologiczne podstawy prawa w stanach Unii ..................................................... 10 2. Anarchizm indywidualistyczny ........................................................................... 17 3. Początki anarchokapitalizmu i darwinizmu społecznego .................................... 25 4. Austriacka Szkoła Ekonomii w USA ................................................................... 30 Rozdział II W świetle amerykańskich teoretyków ..................................................... 38 1. Państwo minimalne Roberta Nozicka .................................................................. 38 2. Filozofia obiektywistyczna Ayn Rand ................................................................. 43 3. Anarchokapitalizm Murraya N. Rothbarda ......................................................... 45 4. Paleolibertarianizm .............................................................................................. 52 5. Pozostałe odmiany libertarianizmu ...................................................................... 58 Rozdział III Fenomen polityczny ................................................................................. 63 1. Partia Libertariańska ............................................................................................ 63 2. Partia Konstytucyjna oraz Partia niepodległości Alaski ...................................... 67 3. Tea Party .............................................................................................................. 70 4. Działalność polityczna Rona Paula ...................................................................... 76 Rozdział IV Rezonans w społeczeństwie ..................................................................... 85 1. Działalność Instytutu Ludwiga von Misesa ......................................................... 85 2. Fundacja Instytutu Katona ................................................................................... 88 3. Fundacja Edukacji Ekonomicznej i The Heritage Foundation ........................... 93 4. Program Free State Project ................................................................................. 99 Rozdział V Odbicie w mediach .................................................................................. 106 1. Media społecznościowe ..................................................................................... 106 2. Gazety ................................................................................................................ 112 3. Serwisy informacyjne ........................................................................................ 120 Zakończenie ................................................................................................................. 125 Bibliografia .................................................................................................................. 129 2 Wykaz używanych skrótów AASS Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Antyniewolnicze (ang. American Anti- Slavery Society) ALF Stowarzyszenie Feministek Libertarian (ang. Association of Libertarian Feminists) APP Amerykańska Partia Podatników ASE Austriacka Szkoła Ekonomii FEE Fundacja Edukacji Ekonomicznej (ang. Foundation for Economic Education) FSP Free State Project GOP jedna z nazw Partii Republikańskiej (ang. Grand Old Party) IM Instytut Misesa IRS Agencja zajmująca się ściąganiem podatków w USA (ang. Internal Revenue Service) LVT podatek od wartości ziemi (ang. Land Value Tax) NAFTA Północnoamerykański Układ Wolnego Handlu (ang. North American Free Trade Agreement) NH New Hampshire PK Partia Konstytucyjna PKB Produkt krajowy brutto PL Partia Libertariańska PNA Partia Niepodległości Alaski RRR Rothbard-Rockwell Report SDI Strategiczny System Obrony (ang. Strategic Defense System) THF The Heritage Foundation TNYT The New York Times TWSJ The Wall Street Journal USA Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki (ang. United States of America) VAT podatek od wartości dodanej (ang. Value Added Tax) VIP Bardzo Natchniony Jeżozwierz (ang. Very Inspired Porcupine) 3 Wstęp Doktryny polityczne mogą być uważane przez wielu naukowców za dziedzinę mało interesującą i niewiele wnoszącą nowego w rozwój nauk humanistycznych. Rzeczywiście w dużej mierze wydawać by się mogło, że świat w pewnym stopniu zatrzymał się w sporze opartym na osi lewica-prawica, trwającym od rewolucji francuskiej. Poglądy lewicowe, z założenia bardziej „rewolucjonistyczne” i „postępowe”, ścierały się z prawicowym konserwatyzmem, bastionem ancient régime. Na przestrzeni wieków ta bipolarność ewoluowała, a w centrum ideologicznego sporu znajdowały się inne kwestie, takie jak demokratyzm, rola państwa w zapewnieniu opieki społecznej, czy nowe problemy natury moralnej i etycznej związane z seksualnością czy religią. Poniekąd osobno, w centrum, wykształciły się poglądy liberalne, które łączyły postępowość w dziedzinie wolności jednostki, przy jednoczesnym konserwatywnym nastawieniu w stosunku do gospodarki i sprzeciwie wobec kolektywizmu. Te trzy główne stanowiska polityczne: lewica, konserwatyzm i liberalizm, wyznaczają pewną podstawę światopoglądową dla każdego obywatela żyjącego w wolnym państwie demokratycznym. Autor pracy zdecydował się podjąć temat stosunkowo młodej ideologii libertariańskiej, która wydaje się stopniowo zdobywać coraz większe poparcie wśród młodej części społeczeństw cywilizacji zachodniej. Libertarianizm cechuje przede wszystkim usytuowanie wolności jako najważniejszej wartości w życiu każdego człowieka. Jego zwolennicy twierdzą, że obecne rządy rozrosły się do stanowczo zbyt dużych rozmiarów i posiadają zbyt wielkie kompetencje, które naruszają tę wolność, a decydenci należący do trzech głównych stanowisk politycznych nie są zainteresowani w rozwiązaniu tego problemu. Libertarianizm zdecydowanie można zaliczyć do swego rodzaju „ruchu oporu” przeciwko systemowi. Ideologia ta nie należy do popularnych. Jej przeciwnicy punktują przede wszystkim jej brutalność, brak solidaryzmu społecznego i niehumanitarność. Często można usłyszeć zarzuty, że jest ona powrotem do prawa dżungli, a jej założenia są całkowicie utopijne i nierealistyczne. Jej zwolennicy wskazują, że koncepcje libertarianizmu są sprawiedliwym systemem społeczno-prawnym, w którym jednostki pracujące najciężej, mogą cieszyć się największymi zarobkami. Ich dorobek nie jest nałożony „karą” w postaci podatku dochodowego (często progresywnego), który promuje raczej lenistwo i próby wyłudzania pieniędzy z systemu 4 opieki społecznej. Libertarianizm traktuje też ludzi jako jednostki rozumne i ponoszące konsekwencje swoich czynów. Wśród sztandarowych postulatów przedstawicieli tej ideologii znajdują się m.in. kwestie obniżenia lub całkowitego zniesienia podatków, legalizacji narkotyków i prostytucji, zmniejszenia rozmiarów rządu oraz biurokracji, a także całkowita wolność wymiany dóbr i usług. Tradycje libertariańskie wywodzą się przede wszystkim z nurtu liberalizmu europejskiego oraz anarchizmu indywidualistycznego, którego ważni przedstawiciele głosili swoje poglądy w Stanach Zjednoczonych w XIX w. Stany, jako kraj imigrantów, oddalony od Europy o tysiące mil morskich, mógł od samego początku swojego istnienia stworzyć podwaliny pod całkowicie nowy ustrój prawny. Bardzo liberalne nastroje ówcześnie żyjących myślicieli i działaczy politycznych pozwoliły na napisanie jednego z najważniejszych dokumentów na świecie – konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych. Z biegiem czasu wprowadzano do niej kolejne poprawki, a ustawodawstwo tworzone przez parlament amerykański wyewoluowało to państwo do stanu, w którym jest obecnie – demokracji prezydenckiej z dwoma silnymi partiami w parlamencie. Autor pracy postanowił zgłębić zagadnienie amerykańskiego ruchu libertariańskiego z dwóch głównych powodów, które zostały pośrednio wskazane powyżej. Przede wszystkim libertarianizm jest wciąż niszową ideologią, która bardzo szybko zdobywa zwolenników zwłaszcza wśród młodego pokolenia wielu narodów Europy oraz Amerykanów. Po drugie USA jest kolebką tego ruchu i miejscem, w którym żyli jego najważniejsi przedstawiciele XX oraz XXI w. W ciągu niecałych 250 latach państwowości Stanów Zjednoczonych ruch wolnościowy był wciąż obecny i podlegał nieustannej ewolucji. Możliwość napisania swoistej monografii dotyczącej jego historii w połączeniu z szansą przybliżenia jego obecnego funkcjonowania odbiorcom w Polsce stanowiły dla autora bardzo ważny powód, dla którego zdecydował się na napisanie pracy. Zasadniczą tezą pracy jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy wzrastające znaczenie współczesnego ruchu libertariańskiego w Stanach Zjednoczonych ma szansę na wpłynięcie na tamtejszą scenę polityczną. Ramy czasowe niniejszej pracy obejmują cały okres państwowości Stanów Zjednoczonych. Autor wychodzi od sytuacji kolonii brytyjskich na kontynencie amerykańskim, czyli od drugiej połowy XVIII w. – okresu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego walkę o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych z Imperium Brytyjskim – a kończy na roku 2014. 5 Z racji specyfiki tematu
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