Converting Oak Woodland Or Savanna to Vineyards May Stress Groundwater Supply in Summer

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Converting Oak Woodland Or Savanna to Vineyards May Stress Groundwater Supply in Summer RESEARCH ARTICLE ▼ Converting oak woodland or savanna to vineyards may stress groundwater supply in summer by Mark Grismer and Caitlin Asato Water resources are important to land- use planning, especially in regions where YinYang/iStockphoto converting native oak woodlands or savannas to wine grape vineyards may affect the amount of water available for restoring salmon runs. Research has shown that woodland conversion to grasslands (for possible rangeland graz- ing) leads to greater and more sustained stream flow and groundwater recharge; however, little information is available about woodland conversion to vine- yards. To inform resource managers and planners, we developed a water balance model for soil and applied it to vine- yards, native oak woodlands and annual grasslands to evaluate their relative use In areas where oak woodlands are converted to vineyards, the recharge of groundwater to streams may change. The authors developed a water balance model for soil, which they applied to vineyards, of groundwater. We applied the model oaks and grasslands. Water use, groundwater recharge to Sonoma County, using climate data savanna conversions have been raised in from 1999 to 2011, and determined that terms of losses in landscape ecological Hydrologists have long been interested oak tree canopy coverage of 40% to 60% diversity (Heaton and Merenlender 2000), in the impacts on soil water conditions results in annual groundwater extrac- adverse impacts on soils (Jackson et al. and groundwater recharge when convert- 1990), soil erosion, water quality (Hinck- ing native grasslands or woodland to tion equivalent to that of an established ley and Matson 2011) and water quantity. agriculture in the world’s semiarid and irrigated vineyard. However, vineyard One community concerned about vine- arid regions. Hydrologic analyses con- groundwater use far exceeded that of yard expansions referred to them as the ducted decades ago at the UC Hopland “tentacles of the wine-grape octopus” Research and Extension Center in coastal oak woodlands in late summer to early (Parrish 2011), and local scientists in So- Mendocino County considered land con- fall, which could further stress already noma County have raised concerns about version in terms of watershed water yields affected groundwater resources. We also biodiversity (Community Foundation (see page 145); Burgy and Adams (1977) evaluated the prediction sensitivity of 2009). These concerns are amplified by cli- characterized the focus at that time: mate change, which increases plant water the model to key parameters associated demands, possibly resulting in decreased Quantitative studies of the hy- with rain levels, soil water–holding ca- groundwater availability. And yet, wine drologic responses of watersheds pacity and irrigation management. grape (and associated wine) production where dense vegetative cover has is the leading agricultural commodity in been replaced with range and for- California in terms of net dollar value. age grasses have consistently shown ine grape production in Califor- In Sonoma County, wine grape pro- increases up to 50% or more (equiva- Wnia coastal counties has increased duction increased from less than 50,000 lent to 3- to 5 acre-inches per acre) in steadily during the past few decades, acres in 1998 (Merenlender 2000) to a peak annual runoff over long periods of often resulting in the conversion of native of 70,000 acres in 2002 and has leveled off measurement. These runoff studies oak woodlands or savannas into vine- at around 60,000 acres during the past cover the variety of conditions found yards. Generally, oak woodlands have decade (fig. 1). Concerns about the impacts tree canopy covers greater than about of vineyard water use on salmon runs are 40% by area, while oak savannas are pre- focused here (Lohse et al. 2008) because Online: http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/ dominantly grasslands interspersed with the county includes a large part of the landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v066n04p144&fulltext=yes oaks. Concerns about oak woodland and Russian River watershed. DOI: 10.3733/ca.v066n04p144 144 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 66, NUMBER 4 in Northern and Central California. 70 About half of the yield increase 65 occurs in the latter portion of the season, giving usable flow in dry pe- 60 riods. The balance of the increase is 55 produced as increased outflow dur- 50 ing the post-storm periods. 45 After oak woodlands were converted 40 to annual grassland, the researchers 35 found increased storm runoff volumes and the establishment of perennial 30 summer stream flows. Base flows had Grape acreage (1,000s) 25 increased and overall groundwater demand dropped when oaks were re- 20 moved. Currently, watershed manage- 15 ment encompasses a broader perspective, White grape 10 Red grape considering the land conversion im- Total wine grape pacts on ecological diversity, soils and 5 water quality. 0 Similar observations have been made 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 of increased groundwater recharge fol- Fig. 1. Annual wine grape production in Sonoma County, CA. Source: County annual agricultural lowing the conversion of native land crop reports. use (rangeland) to agriculture in the U.S. Southwest, Central Plains and High Plains (Gurdak et al. 2007; McMahon et al. Glossary 2006; Scanlon et al. 2005), and the Murray- Darling basin of Australia following con- Crop coefficient c(K ): Ratio of actual below; such recharge typically occurs version of native woodland (mallees) to crop water use to reference ETo; used to later in the rainy (winter) season. dryland farming and pasture (Thorburn determine irrigation water demand in Runoff: That part of the precipitation et al. 1991). vineyards and other crops. that appears in surface streams; may Scanlon et al. (2005) noted that ground- Effective rainfall: Fraction of total come either from the surface, or from water recharge under rangeland use is rain that infiltrates the soil after losses shallow groundwater (the latter is usu- typically nonexistent in arid regions and to leaf interception, surface runoff, de- ally referred to as interflow). quite small in some semiarid regions pression storage and evaporation. Soil water balance: Relatively simple (~ 1 millimeter per year); it increases to Evapotranspiration, plant: Sum of model that accounts for daily changes roughly tens of millimeters annually in soil water and canopy (leaf) evapora- in water storage in the root zone, as- dryland agriculture and hundreds of mil- tion, plus plant transpiration, a pro- sociated with such processes as root limeters in irrigated agriculture. The an- cess in which water moves through a water extraction (ETc), infiltration by nual recharge rate in semiarid regions is plant or tree and is subsequently lost rain or irrigation, and seepage losses to likely rainfall dependent; for example, in through stomata in the leaves. groundwater. a drip-irrigated coastal orchard, Grismer Evapotranspiration, consumptive use Water inputs to the root zone: et al. (2000) measured rainfall-driven (ETc): Root extraction of available soil Include effective rainfall (the fraction groundwater recharge rates of about 180 water used in plant transpiration. of total rain that infiltrates the soil after millimeters per year in both irrigated and Evapotranspiration, reference (ETo): losses to leaf interception, surface run- fallow areas from 1996 to 1998. Evapotranspiration possible from a tall off, depression storage, and evapora- Clearly, when regional water supply fescue grass crop when there is no limi- tion) and irrigation (in vineyards only allocations are based on water balances tation on available soil water. in this study). that include groundwater resources, rates Groundwater: Soil water stored in Water yield: Runoff from the drain- of groundwater recharge and lag times the root zone, or the combination of age basin, including groundwater to the depths associated with differ- this and deep groundwater below the outflow that appears in the stream ent land uses are critical (Grismer 2012; root zone, stored in water tables or plus groundwater outflow that leaves Sophocleous 2005). Scanlon et al. (2005) aquifers. the basin underground. Roughly, underscored that developing “sustainable Groundwater recharge: In the model, at the basin scale, water yield is the land-uses requires quantitative knowl- infiltration water that exceeds the ca- net precipitation minus the total edge of the linkages between ecosystem pacity of the root zone compartment evapotranspiration. change, recharge and groundwater qual- and percolates to deep groundwater ity.” An effort to understand water use in http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu • OctOBER–DEcEMBER 2012 145 oak woodlands or savannas in terms of (2008) and Chen, Rubin et al. (2008) for while ETc for grasslands was about 300 these linkages has been under way during California oak savannas. millimeters. the past several years. Baldocchi et al. (2004) quantified the Miller et al. (2010) recorded ground- rates of canopy evaporation to soil mois- water uptake by California oak trees at Water use in oak woodland, grassland ture in California oak woodland and rates ranging from 4 to 25 millimeters While an understanding of vineyard grasslands and found that ETc rates for per month during June, July and August, water use has developed during the past the grasslands declined when volumet- representing about 80% of total ETc. They few decades, only in the past several ric water content dropped below 15%,
Recommended publications
  • El Dorado County Oak Woodland Management Plan
    El Dorado County Oak Woodland Management Plan April 2008 Planning Commission Recommended Version El Dorado County Development Services Department – Planning Services 2850 Fairlane Court, Placerville, CA 95667 OAK WOODLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN Table of Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 A. Purpose ....................................................................................................................1 B. Goals and Objectives of Plan...................................................................................2 C. Oak Woodland Habitat in El Dorado County..........................................................3 D. Economic Activity, Land, and Ecosystem Values of Oak Woodlands ...................4 E. California Oak Woodlands Conservation Act .........................................................4 2. Policy 7.4.4.4.................................................................................................................5 A. Applicability and Exemptions.................................................................................5 B. Replacement Objectives ..........................................................................................7 C. Mitigation Option A ................................................................................................7 D. On-Site Mitigation...................................................................................................8 E. Mitigation Option B.................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Determining Significance and Report Format and Content Requirements
    COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCE AND REPORT FORMAT AND CONTENT REQUIREMENTS BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENT GROUP Department of Planning and Land Use Department of Public Works Fourth Revision September 15, 2010 APPROVAL I hereby certify that these Guidelines for Determining Significance for Biological Resources, Report Format and Content Requirements for Biological Resources, and Report Format and Content Requirements for Resource Management Plans are a part of the County of San Diego, Land Use and Environment Group's Guidelines for Determining Significance and Technical Report Format and Content Requirements and were considered by the Director of Planning and Land Use, in coordination with the Director of Public Works on September 15, 2O1O. ERIC GIBSON Director of Planning and Land Use SNYDER I hereby certify that these Guidelines for Determining Significance for Biological Resources, Report Format and Content Requirements for Biological Resources, and Report Format and Content Requirements for Resource Management Plans are a part of the County of San Diego, Land Use and Environment Group's Guidelines for Determining Significance and Technical Report Format and Content Requirements and have hereby been approved by the Deputy Chief Administrative Officer (DCAO) of the Land Use and Environment Group on the fifteenth day of September, 2010. The Director of Planning and Land Use is authorized to approve revisions to these Guidelines for Determining Significance for Biological Resources and Report Format and Content Requirements for Biological Resources and Resource Management Plans except any revisions to the Guidelines for Determining Significance presented in Section 4.0 must be approved by the Deputy CAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Quercus ×Coutinhoi Samp. Discovered in Australia Charlie Buttigieg
    XXX International Oaks The Journal of the International Oak Society …the hybrid oak that time forgot, oak-rod baskets, pros and cons of grafting… Issue No. 25/ 2014 / ISSN 1941-2061 1 International Oaks The Journal of the International Oak Society … the hybrid oak that time forgot, oak-rod baskets, pros and cons of grafting… Issue No. 25/ 2014 / ISSN 1941-2061 International Oak Society Officers and Board of Directors 2012-2015 Officers President Béatrice Chassé (France) Vice-President Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven (Belgium) Secretary Gert Fortgens (The Netherlands) Treasurer James E. Hitz (USA) Board of Directors Editorial Committee Membership Director Chairman Emily Griswold (USA) Béatrice Chassé Tour Director Members Shaun Haddock (France) Roderick Cameron International Oaks Allen Coombes Editor Béatrice Chassé Shaun Haddock Co-Editor Allen Coombes (Mexico) Eike Jablonski (Luxemburg) Oak News & Notes Ryan Russell Editor Ryan Russell (USA) Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven International Editor Roderick Cameron (Uruguay) Website Administrator Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven For contributions to International Oaks contact Béatrice Chassé [email protected] or [email protected] 0033553621353 Les Pouyouleix 24800 St.-Jory-de-Chalais France Author’s guidelines for submissions can be found at http://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/author-guidelines-journal-ios © 2014 International Oak Society Text, figures, and photographs © of individual authors and photographers. Graphic design: Marie-Paule Thuaud / www.lecentrecreatifducoin.com Photos. Cover: Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven (Quercus macrocalyx Hickel & A. Camus); p. 6: Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven (Q. oxyodon Miq.); p. 7: Béatrice Chassé (Q. acerifolia (E.J. Palmer) Stoynoff & W. J. Hess); p. 9: Eike Jablonski (Q. ithaburensis subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Evaluation: Guidance for the Review of Environmental Impact Assessment Documents
    HABITAT EVALUATION: GUIDANCE FOR THE REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DOCUMENTS EPA Contract No. 68-C0-0070 work Assignments B-21, 1-12 January 1993 Submitted to: Jim Serfis U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Federal Activities 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 Submitted by: Mark Southerland Dynamac Corporation The Dynamac Building 2275 Research Boulevard Rockville, MD 20850 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ... ...... .... ... ................................................. 1 Habitat Conservation .......................................... 2 Habitat Evaluation Methodology ................................... 2 Habitats of Concern ........................................... 3 Definition of Habitat ..................................... 4 General Habitat Types .................................... 5 Values and Services of Habitats ................................... 5 Species Values ......................................... 5 Biological diversity ...................................... 6 Ecosystem Services.. .................................... 7 Activities Impacting Habitats ..................................... 8 Land Conversion ....................................... 9 Land Conversion to Industrial and Residential Uses ............. 9 Land Conversion to Agricultural Uses ...................... 10 Land Conversion to Transportation Uses .................... 10 Timber Harvesting ...................................... 11 Grazing ............................................. 12 Mining .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Oak Woodland Resources in BLM's Eugene District
    Assessment of Oak Woodland Resources in BLM’s Eugene District Lane County, Oregon Technical Note 406 June 2000 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management December 1999 Assessment of Oak Woodland Resources in BLM’s Eugene District Lane County, Oregon Technical Note 406 By: David G. Chiller Research Biologist, Pacific Wildlife Research Inc. David G. Vesely Senior Forest Ecologist, Pacific Wildlife Research Inc. William I. Dean Wildlife Biologist, Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District Eugene District Office 2890 Chad Drive Eugene, OR 97440-2226 June 2000 BLM/OR/WA/PL-00/052+6635 ABSTRACTABSTRACT Because of the significant loss of oak (Quercus were delineated; and the topographic features, spp.) habitat and the subsequent increased value vegetation structure, and composition of the placed on oak woodlands for wildlife habitat, the sites were characterized. Current conditions preservation and restoration of native oak wood- were then compared with conditions docu- lands has become a priority for land man- mented in historical records. In addition, the agers and conservationists in the Western wildlife species most likely occurring on the United States. In 1998, reconnaissance sur- sites were identified. Literature from oak wood- veys were conducted on 13 oak woodland sites land studies was then reviewed to determine managed by the Bureau of Land Management’s whether certain management and restoration (BLM’s) Eugene District in Lane County, methods, such as eliminating conifer encroach- Oregon. The sites were classified as either ment and thinning closed-canopy stands, would meadow-type communities or woodland-type be effective in addressing conditions observed at communities; oak patches within the sites the BLM sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Monterey County Voluntary Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines
    Monterey County Voluntary Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines Monterey County September 2009 Monterey County Voluntary Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines Monterey County Voluntary Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines Adopted by the Board of Supervisors September 22, 2009 (Resolution No. 09-389) Fernando Armenta, District 1 Louis R. Calcagno, District 2 Simon Salinas, District 3 Jane Parker, District 4 Dave Potter, District 5 Prepared by: Monterey County Planning Department Paula Bradley, MCP, AICP, Associate Planner Technical Information Obtained From: Dr. Mark Stromberg, Director, Hastings Natural History Reserve (University of California) i September 2009 Monterey County Voluntary Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines Table of Contents Page Executive Summary 1 Section 1: Conservation Opportunity 4 Section 2: Status of Oak Woodlands in Monterey County 5 2.1 Oak Species in Monterey County 5 2.2 Oak Woodlands in Monterey County 6 2.3 Threats to Oak Woodlands 9 Section 3: Values of Oak Woodlands to Community 10 3.1 Livestock Grazing 10 3.2 Real Estate and Scenery 10 Section 4: Oak Woodland Natural Resource Values 11 4.1 Wildlife Habitat and Species Diversity 11 4.2 Carbon Sequestration 12 4.3 Additional Resource Values 12 Section 5: Impacts of Oak Woodland Loss 13 Section 6: Participation in the California Oak Woodland Conservation Program 13 6.1 Criteria for Projects in Monterey County 14 6.2 Voluntary Program 16 Section 7: Education and Outreach for Oak Woodland Conservation 16 Section 8: Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines Update 18 Conclusion 18 Exhibit A: References and Resources for Additional Reading 19 Exhibit B: Oak Woodland Conservation Program Application Process 25 ii September 2009 Monterey County Voluntary Oak Woodland Stewardship Guidelines Executive Summary This document is designed to promote the voluntary long-term conservation of Monterey County’s oak woodlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern California Oak Woodland Habitats
    Southern California Oak Woodland Habitats Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Synthesis An Important Note About this Document: This document represents an initial evaluation of vulnerability for oak woodland habitats based on expert input and existing information. Specifically, the information presented below comprises habitat expert vulnerability assessment survey results and comments, peer- review comments and revisions, and relevant references from the literature. The aim of this document is to expand understanding of habitat vulnerability to changing climate conditions, and to provide a foundation for developing appropriate adaptation responses. Executive Summary As defined by the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System (CWHR), the southern California study region contains primarily coastal oak woodlands and montane hardwoods, with coast live oak dominating the former (CWHR 2015a), and black oak and canyon live oak dominating the latter (CWHR 2015b). Engelmann oak, interior live oak, scrub oak, and other species can Photo by Noah Elhardt (Public Domain) co-occur with these dominants in oak canopies (Bartolome 1987; CWHR 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, 2015d), and many oak species occur as sub- dominants in other habitat types (Los Angeles County 2011). The northern zones of the study area also contain blue oak and valley oak woodlands, which reach the southern end of their distribution in this region (CWHR 2015c, 2015d; Hoagland et al. 2011; Plumb and McDonald 1981). As dominant canopy species, oaks create favorable microclimates for diverse understory vegetation and provide habitat for many wildlife species (Howard 1992; Tietje et al. 2005; Verner 1987). The relative vulnerability of oak woodland habitats in southern California was evaluated to be low-moderate1 by habitat experts due to low-moderate sensitivity to climate and non-climate stressors, low-moderate exposure to projected future climate changes, and moderate adaptive capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Coast Range Natural Community Account
    LSA ASSOCIATES INC. PUBLIC DRAFT SOLANO HCP SOLANO COUNTY WATER AGENCY NATURAL COMMUNITY AND SPECIES ACCOUNTS INNER COAST RANGE NATURAL COMMUNITY ACCOUNT The Inner Coast Range lies in the western margin of the County, and includes the Sky Valley and Sulphur Springs Mountain area (Tri-City/County Planning Area), the area west of Green Valley (e.g. West Hills), the volcanic hills of the Rockville area, and the Vaca Mountains/Blue Ridge. This community association is distinguished from the lowland, valley floor or vernal pool grassland association by geographic location, elevation and soils. Consisting of ridges and valleys that trend in a northwestern direction, this natural community is better characterized as a geographical region because it combines a number of plant communities, including grassland, oak woodland, oak savanna, and mixed chaparral/scrub that form a continuum/mosaic over the entire Inner Coast Range. This mosaic of different plant communities at various successional stages and ecotones provide a diverse array of habitat types for plants and wildlife. Conserving, maintaining and managing for the continued existence of this mosaic is critical for preserving the highest levels of biodiversity within the region. This section identifies the covered species associated with this natural community, defines the specific habitat types covered within the natural community and the distribution of these specific habitat types within the Plan Area. A preliminary narrative conceptual model is presented for the purpose of outlining and discussing the essential ecological processes, habitat variables and significant pressures affecting the natural community. Associated Covered Species Two Covered Species from the Solano HCP are primarily associated with the Inner Coast Range Natural Community, the red-legged frog and the callippe silverspot butterfly (Table 4-1).
    [Show full text]
  • Oak Woodlands
    OAK WOODLANDS CalVeg types included: MHC-Montane Hardwood-Conifer: Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Incense Cedar, California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii); MHW-Montane Hardwood: Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis), California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii), Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana); ASP-Aspen: Aspen (Populus tremuloides), Willow (Salix spp.), Alders (Alnus spp.) Sensitivity Assessment 1. Direct sensitivities to changes in temperature and precipitation § Temperature o Means and extremes § Historical • Black oak series are associated with cool upland sites, while blue oak are found on sites with lowest tree cover, and at lower elevation. Of black, blue and white oak, the white oak series generally found on the highest elevation, warmest sites, with highest mean slope (Jimerson and Carothers 2002). Acorn production may be influenced by rainfall and temperature (see: Koenig et al. 1999) § Future • Early life stages may not tolerate the same range of conditions as adults § Precipitation o Means and extremes § Historical: Precipitation is a key discriminant variable determining oak woodland type (Waddell and Barrett). • § Future 2. Sensitivity of component species § Dominant species o Precipitation: § Mean significant discriminant function analysis of sites in northwest California showed highest precipitation is associated with black oak woodlands in northwest California (Jimerson and Carothers 2002). Two- thirds of the forest type was found in areas with between 39 – 52 inches of precipitation per year (Waddell and Barrett 2005). § Blue oak series had the lowest average annual precipitation of common forest types, with a median precipitation of 21 inches, and was found at inland and southern sites. 2/3 of blue oak forest type surveyed experienced precipitation between 19 – 25 inches per year (Waddell and Barrett 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Avian Hemosporidian Parasites from Northern California Oak Woodland and Chaparral Habitats
    Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 44(2), 2008, pp. 260–268 # Wildlife Disease Association 2008 AVIAN HEMOSPORIDIAN PARASITES FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA OAK WOODLAND AND CHAPARRAL HABITATS Ellen S. Martinsen,1,4 Benjamin J. Blumberg,1 Rebecca J. Eisen,2,3 and Jos J. Schall1 1 Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA 2 Division of Insect Biology, 201 Wellman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 3 Current Address: Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 2087, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA 4 Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: During spring–summer 2003–2004, the avian community was surveyed for hemosporidian parasites in an oak (Quercus spp.) and madrone (Arbutus spp.) woodland bordering grassland and chaparral habitats at a site in northern California, a geographic location and in habitat types not previously sampled for these parasites. Of 324 birds from 46 species (21 families) sampled (including four species not previously examined for hemosporidians), 126 (39%) were infected with parasites identified as species of one or more of the genera Plasmodium (3% of birds sampled), Haemoproteus (30%), and Leucocytozoon (11%). Species of parasite were identified by morphology in stained blood smears and were consistent with one species of Plasmodium, 11 species of Haemoproteus, and four species of Leucocytozoon. We document the presence of one of the parasite genera in seven new host species and discovered 12 new parasite species–host species associations. Hatching-year birds were found infected with parasites of all three genera. Prevalence of parasites for each genus differed significantly for the entire sample, and prevalence of parasites for the most common genus, Haemoproteus, differed significantly among bird families.
    [Show full text]
  • Calaveras County Oak Woodlands Management Plan February 2007
    Calaveras County Voluntary Oak Woodland Management Plan INTRODUCTION Oak woodlands are an integral part of the Calaveras County landscape. The oak covered rolling hills are valued for their beauty and function. Oak woodlands are rich in wildlife and are a favored place for people to recreate, build their homes, and pursue their livelihoods. In Calaveras County, approximately 89 percent of the county's hardwood rangelands are privately held (CDF FRAP 2003a). Data summarized by the University of California Cooperative Extension for the period from 1991-2001 shows that there was a net loss in acres of Hardwood Canopy Cover in Calaveras County (Frost and Churches, 2004). Much of this loss can be attributed to wildfire or thinning projects. The percentage of oak woodland with a decrease in oak canopy cover from 1996-2001 was 0.72% of the total oak woodland area (Frost and Churches, 2004). It is estimated that Calaveras County’s population will grow from its current level of approximately 44,000 residents to over 92,000 by 2050 (Department of Finance 2004). Based on U.S. Census Bureau figures and current development trends, Calaveras County was the sixth fastest growing county in California, with more than 9% growth from 2001 through 2003. At the current rate of growth, the county could reach the 92,000 population threshold on or before January 2024. As the county's population grows, there is increasing pressure to construct homes and businesses in areas that currently support oak woodlands. The problems associated with development in woodlands, including fire safety and loss of functional wildlife habitat, are clearly demonstrated in Sierra foothill counties and other places where woodlands have been highly fragmented by development (Wacker 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Yolo County Oak Woodland Conservation and Enhancement Plan Was Funded by a Grant from the California State Wildlife Conservation Board
    Yolo County Oak Woodland Conservation and Enhancement Plan Prepared by: Yolo County Parks and Natural Resources Management Division Yolo County Planning, Resources, and Public Works Department 292 West Beamer Street Woodland, CA 95695 January 16, 2007 The Yolo County Parks and Natural Resources Management Division gratefully acknowledges the California Wildlife Conservation Board for its generous support of this project. 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Yolo County Board of Supervisors District 1 – Mike McGowan District 2 – Helen Thomson District 3 – Matt Rexroad District 4 – Mariko Yamada District 5 – Duane Chamberlain Yolo County Parks and Natural Resources Management Division Julia McIver, Deputy Director Petrea Marchand, Water Resources Coordinator Jill Baty, Assistant Planner Ezra Neale, Research Assistant Holly Malcolm, Administrative Assistant Yolo County Information Technology Department Mike Martinez, Geographic Information System Coordinator Phytosphere Research Ted Swiecki, 1027 Davis Street, Vacaville, CA 95687 Cover photo courtesy of: Audubon California The Yolo County Oak Woodland Conservation and Enhancement Plan was funded by a grant from the California State Wildlife Conservation Board. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 3 I. GOALS ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]