Vietnamkriget – Ett Rättfärdigt Krig? En Normativ Studie Om USA:S Krigsföring I Vietnamkriget

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Vietnamkriget – Ett Rättfärdigt Krig? En Normativ Studie Om USA:S Krigsföring I Vietnamkriget Lunds Universitet STVA21 Statsvetenskapliga institutionen HT10 Handledare: Anna Sundell Vietnamkriget – ett rättfärdigt krig? En normativ studie om USA:s krigsföring i Vietnamkriget Malin Christiansen Susanna Olsson Alvebro Abstract Vietnamkriget är ett omdebatterat krig. Det som framförallt har diskuterats är USA:s krigsföring. Uppsatsen behandlar huruvida USA:s krigsföring i Vietnam kan rättfärdigas eller inte utifrån Walzers Just War Theory med fokus på Jus in Bello. Jus in Bello behandlar två olika kriterier. Det första är om de medel som används är i proportion till de mål man har (Proportionalitetsprincipen). Det andra är hur icke-stridande ska behandlas i strid (Diskriminering av icke-stridande). För att vi skulle kunna komma fram till en slutsats om det går att rättfärdiga USA:s krigsföring har vi valt att välja ut tre betydande operationer; Operation Rolling Thunder, Operation Crimp och Operation Linebacker II. Alla dessa bedrevs av USA. Då vi har analyserat dessa operationer som bedrevs utifrån de två kriterierna inom Jus in Bello har det visat på en orättfärdig krigsföring i samtliga fall. Vi har kommit fram till detta genom att vi vägt de olika argumenten mot varandra och operationerna har inte uppfyllt något av kriterierna inom Jus in Bello. Nyckelord: Vietnamkriget, Operation Rolling Thunder, Operation Crimp, Operation Linebacker II, Jus in Bello, rättfärdigt krig, proportionalitetsprincipen, diskriminering av icke-stridande Antal ord: 9939 Innehållsförteckning Abstract...................................................................................................................2 Innehållsförteckning..............................................................................................3 1. Inledning.............................................................................................................5 1.1 Syfte och Frågeställning.....................................................................................6 1.2 Metod.................................................................................................................7 1.2.1 Intersubjektivitet.....................................................................................8 1.2.2 Operationalisering av begrepp................................................................8 1.2.3 Avgränsningar.........................................................................................9 1.3 Teori.................................................................................................................10 1.3.1 Jus in Bello............................................................................................10 1.4 De två kriterierna för Jus in Bello...................................................................11 1.4.1 Proportionalitetsprincipen.....................................................................11 1.4.2 Diskriminering av icke-stridande..........................................................12 2. Vietnamkriget – De tre operationerna...........................................................14 2.1 Krigsföringen i Operation Rolling Thunder.....................................................15 2.2 Krigsföringen i Operation Crimp.....................................................................16 2.3 Krigsföringen i Operation Linebacker II..........................................................17 3. Analys................................................................................................................18 3.1 Operation Rolling Thunder...............................................................................18 3.1.1 Proportionalitetsprincipen.....................................................................18 3.1.2 Diskriminering av icke-stridande..........................................................19 3.2 Operation Crimp..............................................................................................20 3.2.1 Proportionalitetsprincipen.....................................................................20 3.2.2 Diskriminering av icke-stridande..........................................................21 3.3 Operation Linebacker II..................................................................................22 3.3.1 Proportionalitetsprincipen.....................................................................22 3.3.2 Diskriminering av icke-stridande..........................................................23 4. Slutsats .............................................................................................................25 5. Referenser.........................................................................................................27 1 Inledning Vietnamkriget började långt innan USA:s inblandning 1963. USA såg konflikten i Vietnam som en aggression från en kommunistisk regerings syn (Nordvietnam) mot en icke-kommunistisk regerings syn (Sydvietnam) (Nye Jr 2007 s. 218). USA fruktade att en dominoeffekt skulle uppkomma i Sydvietnam på grund av kommunismens kraftiga expansion (Ibid s. 218). Det var detta som USA ville förhindra (Ibid). Krig har genom tiderna alltid skapat civilt lidande, men kostnaderna i form av döda och lidande av de civila i Vietnamkriget var ovanligt stort (Ibid s. 217). Operationerna som USA genomförde var många till antalet (Smedberg 2008 s. 124). Några av operationerna var mer betydande och större än andra. Operation Rolling Thunder, Operation Crimp och Operation Linebacker II hör till några av de mest betydande i Vietnamkriget. Vietnamkriget och framförallt USA:s inblandning har varit och är fortfarande omdiskuterat (Dowswell 2004 s. 20). Våldsamma protester hördes under de senare åren av krigen och det fanns även soldater som vägrade att tjänstgöra i Vietnam. Många ville även att USA skulle dra sig ur Vietnam (Smedberg 2008 s. 201). Den lilla flickan som springer undan efter en Napalmattack har knappast undgått någon och det är bara ett exempel på hur de civila drabbades i kriget (Moorcraft, Taylor 2008 s. 86). Många barn föddes med missbildningar på grund av den napalm som USA släppte över Vietnams skogar och marker (Smedberg 2008 s. 197). Många är nog överens om att den krigföring som USA förde i Vietnamkriget var grym och skadade många civila. USA framförde ett argument för sin krigsföring att de ville rädda Sydvietnam från de hemskheter som den kommunistiska regimen i Nordvietnam skulle utsätta dem för (Smedberg 2008 s. 125). Vi är medvetna om att Vietnamkriget redan är mycket ifrågasatt på grund av den krigsföring som bedrevs. Just på grund av att Vietnamkriget är ett så omdebatterat krig skulle det vara intressant att faktiskt undersöka om krigsföringen på något vis skulle kunna rättfärdigas med hjälp av Jus in Bello. Vietnamkriget är även intressant på grund av att det var det första kriget som ledde till så mycket protester från allmänheten som det faktiskt gjorde. Alla dessa argument är vår motivering till varför det är intressant att undersöka Vietnamkriget. För att kunna föra en argumentation kring huruvida USA:s krigföring i Vietnamkriget var rättfärdigat eller ej kommer vi att använda oss av Walzers Just War Theory och då med inriktning på Jus in Bello. Just War Theory tar upp både hur länder rättfärdigar att gå in i krig (Jus ad Bellum) och hur länder ska agera vad gäller krigsföringen (Jus in Bello). Vi kommer endast att rikta in oss på Jus in Bello, eftersom vi anser att det är den delen av teorin som är intressant att 5 analysera i fallet Vietnam. Vårt argument till varför vi har valt att fokusera på Jus in Bello är på grund av att vi anser att det som sker i krigsföringen är det som drabbar landet och den civila befolkningen mest. Vi vill därför undersöka hur krigsföringen från ett stridande och dominant land kan påverka en hel befolkning och ett helt land. Argumenten kring hur USA rättfärdigade att gå in i Vietnam är inte lika intressant ur synvinkeln hur den civila befolkningen drabbades, och därför har vi valt att inte lägga så stort fokus på Jus ad Bellum. Vårt fokus på Jus in Bello beror alltså på att vi anser att krigsföringen som fördes under kriget ledde till långvariga effekter för hela befolkningen i Vietnam. Det är effekterna från krigsföringen som har skadat de civila, och det är dessa effekter som vi är intresserade av. Sättet som man valde att föra kriget på har orsakat katastrof i ett helt land även långt efter krigets slut. Walzer tar även upp Jus post Bellum, alltså hur länder ska agera efter krigets slut. Vi kommer endast att kommentera detta mycket övergripande då teorin inte är så utvecklad och då utrymme till en diskussion kring detta inte är möjlig på grund av denna uppsats omfång. Det finns två kriterier som tas upp inom Jus in Bello. Dessa är ”Proportionalitetsprincipen” och ”diskriminering av icke-stridande”. Proportionalitetsprincipen syftar till att de medel som används måste vara proportionella mot målen, det är inte tillåtet att använda överdrivna medel för att uppnå sina mål (Beckman, Mörkenstam 2009 s. 255). Diskriminering av icke- stridande innebär att våldet som används ska rikta sig mot de stridande soldaterna och inte mot civilbefolkningen (Walzer 2004 s. 17-18). Dessa kriterier kommer vi att utveckla under teoridelen (se sidan 8). Michael Walzer är en teoretiker som tar upp diskussionen om hur krig kan rättfärdigas eller inte. Hans argument kring Jus ad Bellum handlar om besluten om att gå i krig, och argumenten om Jus in Bello handlar om hur man ska begränsa krigets omfattning och utförande när det väl startat (Ibid s. xiii). Disponeringen av uppsatsen kommer
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