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Is There Any Potential Health Risk of Heavy Metals Through Dietary Intake of Olive Oil That Produced in Morphou, Cyprus Seray Kabaran1, Atilla Güleç2, H

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Is There Any Potential Health Risk of Heavy Metals Through Dietary Intake of Olive Oil That Produced in Morphou, Cyprus Seray Kabaran1, Atilla Güleç2, H Progress in Nutrition 2020; Vol. 22, N. 3: e2020018 DOI: 10.23751/pn.v22i3.8098 © Mattioli 1885 Original articles Is there any potential health risk of heavy metals through dietary intake of olive oil that produced in Morphou, Cyprus Seray Kabaran1, Atilla Güleç2, H. Tanju Besler1 1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, T.R. North Cyprus via Mersin 10 Turkey - E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Summary. Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess concentrations of heavy metals in olive oils, and to assess the potential health risks using the Daily Intake of Metal (DIM) and the Health Risk Index (HRI) of these metals via dietary intake of olive oil. Methods and Study Design: A total of 500 adults aged 30-49 years were included in the study to investigate the average dietary intake of olive oil, and the average body weight of the study population. In addition, a total of 27 natural olive oil samples were analyzed for heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer with three replications. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined in olive oils produced in Morphou and Lefka. Furthermore, potential health risks of heavy metals via dietary intake of olive oil were calculated. Results: The results showed that the mean levels of 52Cr, 59Co, 60Ni, 75As, 111Cd, 208Pb, 57Fe, 65Cu, and 66Zn in the olive oil samples were 123.83±44.70 ng/ml, 0.81±2.20 ng/ml, 30.18±9.77 ng/ml, 0.87±1.46 ng/ml, 1.53±2.02 ng/ml, 27.72±28.77 ng/ml, 875.06±806.85 ng/ml, 7.85±13.54 ng/ml, and 469.36±312.86 ng/ml, respectively. Also, HRI was cal- culated as less than 1 for all heavy metals. Conclusions: According to the results of the current study, although health risk assessment showed no potential risk for the local population through the consumption of olive oil, it is very important to assess the health risks of ingesting heavy metals with dietary intake of other frequently consumed foods in the studied region. Keywords: Olive oil consumption, potential health risk, public health nutrition, local population, heavy metals Introduction copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are required for biochemical processes (9), but excessive Dietary intake of olive and olive oil is an important concentrations can prevent normal vital functions of feature of the traditional Mediterranean diet (1). Olive an organism and can be harmful to human health (10). oil contains mainly oleic acid and some biologically ac- Heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), tive phenolic compounds that protect the human health arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are considered to be the from chronic diseases (2). Besides this, it was stated that most toxic metals for humans. Toxic heavy metals can heavy metals could pass into and contaminate the olive cause modification of biological molecules and oxida- oils. The presence of heavy metals in olive oils depend tive stress, and can lead to cell damage or death (11, mainly on contamination of the soil and the environ- 12). According to these effects, some heavy metals are ment. Moreover, heavy metals could pass through to ol- known as carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and ive oils from fertilisers, metal containing pesticides, and endocrine disruptors, while others cause neurological metal processing equipments (3-8). and behavioral disorders (11). Furthermore, exposure Living organisms require varying amounts of es- of heavy metals may lead to intrauterine growth re- sential heavy metals, namely iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), tardation, psycho-social behavioral disorders, immune 2 S. Kabaran, A. Güleç, H. T. Besler functions failure, and upper gastro-intestinal system University (date:17.04.2014, decision no:431-1391). cancers (13, 14). Furthermore, contamination of foods Written informed consent was obtained from all sub- with heavy metals impairs the absorption of some es- jects/patients. sential nutrients (15). Heavy metals are normal compartments of the Dietary Intake of Olive Oil ecosystem and are present in soil, water, and air. Heavy A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used metals enter the human body via respiration and der- to quantize the participants’ dietary intake of olive oil. mal contact, and via contaminated food and drinking The FFQ was performed face to face. Daily avarage water (16). Heavy metals accumulate in the environ- dietary intake of olive oil was assessed by examinining ment and subsequently contaminate the food chain. the consumption frequency and consumption amount This contamination poses a risk to the environment of olive oil (28). and human health (11). Food chain contamination is one of the important pathways for human exposure Body Weight to these toxic elements (17, 18). For this reason, it is Body weights were taken with a TANITA BC420 important to evaluate the heavy metal concentrations, MA body composition analyzer. All of the partici- avarage daily intakes, and potential human health risks pants’ body weights were taken after a minimum of in commonly consumed foods, especially in develop- 3 hours fasting period, without footware, and with ing countries (19-26). thin clothes (28). Body composition measurements The aim of this study was to investigate the con- were also taken with the TANITA BC420 MA body centrations of Chromium (Cr), Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, composition analyzer, but the data obtained was not As, Cd, and Pb in olive oils, and secondly assess the included in this study. potential health risks using the Daily Intake of Metal (DIM) and the Health Risk Index (HRI) of these Heavy Metal Analysis of Olive Oils metals via dietary intake of olive oil produced in Mor- A total of 27 olive oil samples were taken to de- phou and Lefka, Northern part of Cyprus. termine the heavy metal concentrations of olive oils produced in Morphou and Lefka districts. All sam- ples were from the same harvest time. 52Cr, 57Fe, 59Co, Methods 60Ni, 65Cu, 66Zn, 75As, 111Cd, and 208Pb analysis of olive oils were conducted with Inductively Coupled Plasma Study Population – Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific X Series II This study was conducted in Morphou and Lefka ICP-MS). districts. Total population at that area is 30,037 and Prior to analysis by ICP-MS, the samples were 7974 of the them are between the ages of 30-49 years digested using the closed CEM Mars 5 microwave (27). A total of 500 adults (42.2% men, 57.8% women) digestion system [Operation Parameters as follows; between the ages of 30-49 were included in the study Power 1200W, Ramping temperature (15:00 min.), to investigate the average olive oil consumption and Pressure (800 psi), Temperature (200oC), Holding average body weight. time (15:00 min.)]. In order to validate the microwave Concentrations of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, method for accuracy and precision, a certified refer- Cd ve Pb were determined in olive oils produced in ence material (CRM) for oil (109469 Multi-element Morphou and Lefka districts. Furthermore, potential Standard II Oil Dissolved) was analyzed for the cor- health risks of ingesting heavy metals via dietary intake responding elements. of olive oil were calculated. For the quantitative analysis of oils, calibra- This study was conducted according to the guide- tion curves were built on six different concentrations. lines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all Standard solutions were prepared by diluting a multi- procedures involving human subjects/patients were element solution containing As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, approved by the Ethics Committee at the Hacettepe Pb, Ni, and Zn. The working concentration range for Is there any potential health risk of heavy metals through dietary intake of olive oil that produced in Morphou, Cyprus 3 As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was 0.1-100 ng/ Institute of Public Health and the Environment refer- ml, whereas it was 5-200 ng/ml for Fe. ences used for Co and Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of All of the measurements were carried out using Co were estimated as 0.0014 mg/kg Bw/day (31-33). the full quantitative mode analysis. Each analysis was performed three times. Statistical analysis Health Risk Assessment The results are expressed as mean ± SD (mini- mum-maximum). Data analysis and the significance In order to evaluate the potential health risks of differences were determined with independent sam- of consumption of olive oil the DIM and HRI were ples’ T-tests. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. calculated using following formulas: SPSS 20.0 packet program was used for all statistical DIM = (Cmetal X Dfood intake) / Bw analysis. Cmetal= concentration of metal in the olive oil (µg/g) Dfood intake= daily intake of olive oil (kg/day) Bw= human body weight (kg) Results HRI = DIM / RfD Dietary Intake of Olive Oil RfD: Reference oral dose for the metal (mg/kg Average dietary intake of olive oil was found of Bw/day) to be 27.59±15.93 g/day for all participants, and 32.35±17.49 g/day for men, and 25.33±14.63 g/day for DIM shows the amount of heavy metal intake to women respectively. The average body weight of men the human body through consumed food. Reference oral was 86.9±16.48 kg, and that of women was 67.7±13.51 dose (RfD) is an estimation of a daily oral exposure for kg (Table 1). the human population which does not cause deleteri- ous effects during one’s lifetime; generally used in EPA’s Heavy Metal Concentrations of Olive Oils non-cancer health assessments (29).
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