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Scaling Enterprise Storage with SAS Hard Drives
Whitepaper | November 2007 Scaling Enterprise Storage with SAS Hard Drives Introduction Data center workloads have increased exponentially in recent years, requiring IT managers to find new ways of scaling their enterprise storage resources in a way that is both highly reliable and cost-effective. With the introduction of complementary serial interface technologies, IT managers now have the flexibility to deploy either high performance SAS drives or cost-effective Serial ATA (SATA) drives in a Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) storage environment. Hardware compatibility between the new interfaces will provide unprecedented design flexibility for server and storage subsystem deployments. SAS was designed to be the successor to parallel SCSI, which has been used effectively as an enterprise storage interface for more than 20 years. SAS supports the SCSI com- mand set and protocol, maintaining compatibility with the last 20 years of application software investment. SAS will support faster data transfer rates and more devices per controller, as well as reduce the size and complexity of the cables and connectors (thus enabling smaller, more densely-packed disk arrays). SAS is a point-to-point serial architecture, meaning that each drive has a dedicated connection to the host. Eliminating the shared (parallel) bus bottleneck results in higher overall performance because the host will deliver full bandwidth to each individual hard drive. These dedicated, point-to-point connections provide full-duplex connectivity at 3Gb/s for superior performance. SAS is a dual-port interface that provides two separate data paths into the drive. This delivers higher levels of performance and eliminates the “single point of failure” that is a drawback of the current parallel SCSI inter- face. -
Fibre Channel Interface
Fibre Channel Interface Fibre Channel Interface ©2006, Seagate Technology LLC All rights reserved Publication number: 100293070, Rev. A March 2006 Seagate and Seagate Technology are registered trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC. SeaTools, SeaFONE, SeaBOARD, SeaTDD, and the Wave logo are either registered trade- marks or trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC. Other product names are registered trade- marks or trademarks of their owners. Seagate reserves the right to change, without notice, product offerings or specifications. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of Seagate Technol- ogy LLC. Revision status summary sheet Revision Date Writer/Engineer Sheets Affected A 03/08/06 C. Chalupa/J. Coomes All iv Fibre Channel Interface Manual, Rev. A Contents 1.0 Contents . i 2.0 Publication overview . 1 2.1 Acknowledgements . 1 2.2 How to use this manual . 1 2.3 General interface description. 2 3.0 Introduction to Fibre Channel . 3 3.1 General information . 3 3.2 Channels vs. networks . 4 3.3 The advantages of Fibre Channel . 4 4.0 Fibre Channel standards . 5 4.1 General information . 6 4.1.1 Description of Fibre Channel levels . 6 4.1.1.1 FC-0 . .6 4.1.1.2 FC-1 . .6 4.1.1.3 FC-1.5 . .6 4.1.1.4 FC-2 . .6 4.1.1.5 FC-3 . .6 4.1.1.6 FC-4 . .7 4.1.2 Relationship between the levels. 7 4.1.3 Topology standards . 7 4.1.4 FC Implementation Guide (FC-IG) . 7 4.1.5 Applicable Documents . -
HP Proliant G6 Intel Xeon Bladesystem C-Class Server Blades
Technologies in HP ProLiant G6 c-Class server blades with Intel® Xeon® processors technology brief Abstract.............................................................................................................................................. 2 ProLiant c-Class server blade architecture................................................................................................ 2 Processor technologies ......................................................................................................................... 3 Multi-level caches............................................................................................................................. 3 QuickPath Interconnect controller ....................................................................................................... 4 Hyper-Threading .............................................................................................................................. 4 Turbo Boost technology..................................................................................................................... 5 Thermal Logic technologies ................................................................................................................... 5 Processor socket technology.................................................................................................................. 6 Memory technologies ........................................................................................................................... 6 I/O technologies -
SAS Enters the Mainstream Although Adoption of Serial Attached SCSI
SAS enters the mainstream By the InfoStor staff http://www.infostor.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ARTCL&C=Newst&ARTICLE_ID=295373&KEYWORDS=Adaptec&p=23 Although adoption of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is still in the infancy stages, the next 12 months bode well for proponents of the relatively new disk drive/array interface. For example, in a recent InfoStor QuickVote reader poll, 27% of the respondents said SAS will account for the majority of their disk drive purchases over the next year, although Serial ATA (SATA) topped the list with 37% of the respondents, followed by Fibre Channel with 32%. Only 4% of the poll respondents cited the aging parallel SCSI interface (see figure). However, surveys of InfoStor’s readers are skewed by the fact that almost half of our readers are in the channel (primarily VARs and systems/storage integrators), and the channel moves faster than end users in terms of adopting (or at least kicking the tires on) new technologies such as serial interfaces. Click here to enlarge image To get a more accurate view of the pace of adoption of serial interfaces such as SAS, consider market research predictions from firms such as Gartner and International Data Corp. (IDC). Yet even in those firms’ predictions, SAS is coming on surprisingly strong, mostly at the expense of its parallel SCSI predecessor. For example, Gartner predicts SAS disk drives will account for 16.4% of all multi-user drive shipments this year and will garner almost 45% of the overall market in 2009 (see figure on p. 18). -
AMD Opteron™ Shared Memory MP Systems Ardsher Ahmed Pat Conway Bill Hughes Fred Weber Agenda
AMD Opteron™ Shared Memory MP Systems Ardsher Ahmed Pat Conway Bill Hughes Fred Weber Agenda • Glueless MP systems • MP system configurations • Cache coherence protocol • 2-, 4-, and 8-way MP system topologies • Beyond 8-way MP systems September 22, 2002 Hot Chips 14 2 AMD Opteron™ Processor Architecture DRAM 5.3 GB/s 128-bit MCT CPU SRQ XBAR HT HT HT 3.2 GB/s per direction 3.2 GB/s per direction @ 0+]'DWD5DWH @ 0+]'DWD5DWH 3.2 GB/s per direction @ 0+]'DWD5DWH HT = HyperTransport™ technology September 22, 2002 Hot Chips 14 3 Glueless MP System DRAM DRAM MCT CPU MCT CPU SRQ SRQ non-Coherent HyperTransport™ Link XBAR XBAR HT I/O I/O I/O HT cHT cHT cHT cHT Coherent HyperTransport ™ cHT cHT I/O I/O HT HT cHT cHT XBAR XBAR CPU MCT CPU MCT SRQ SRQ HT = HyperTransport™ technology DRAM DRAM September 22, 2002 Hot Chips 14 4 MP Architecture • Programming model of memory is effectively SMP – Physical address space is flat and fully coherent – Far to near memory latency ratio in a 4P system is designed to be < 1.4 – Latency difference between remote and local memory is comparable to the difference between a DRAM page hit and a DRAM page conflict – DRAM locations can be contiguous or interleaved – No processor affinity or NUMA tuning required • MP support designed in from the beginning – Lower overall chip count results in outstanding system reliability – Memory Controller and XBAR operate at the processor frequency – Memory subsystem scale with frequency improvements September 22, 2002 Hot Chips 14 5 MP Architecture (contd.) • Integrated Memory Controller -
Architecture and Application of Infortrend Infiniband Design
Architecture and Application of Infortrend InfiniBand Design Application Note Version: 1.3 Updated: October, 2018 Abstract: Focusing on the architecture and application of InfiniBand technology, this document introduces the architecture, application scenarios and highlights of the Infortrend InfiniBand host module design. Infortrend InfiniBand Host Module Design Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................. 2 What is InfiniBand .............................................................................................................................. 3 Overview and Background .................................................................................................... 3 Basics of InfiniBand .............................................................................................................. 3 Hardware ....................................................................................................................... 3 Architecture ................................................................................................................... 4 Application Scenarios for HPC ............................................................................................................. 5 Current Limitation .............................................................................................................................. 6 Infortrend InfiniBand Host Board Design ............................................................................................ -
Performance and Innovation of Storage Advances Through SCSI Express © 2014 Storage Networking Industry Association
Performance and Innovation of Storage PRESENTATION TITLE GOES HERE Advances through SCSI Express Marty Czekalski President, SCSI Trade Association - Emerging Interface and Architecture Program Manager, Seagate Technology Greg McSorley Vice President, SCSI Trade Association Technical Business Development Manager, Amphenol SNIA Legal Notice The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA unless otherwise noted. Member companies and individual members may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions: Any slide or slides used must be reproduced in their entirety without modification The SNIA must be acknowledged as the source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations. This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. Neither the author nor the presenter is an attorney and nothing in this presentation is intended to be, or should be construed as legal advice or an opinion of counsel. If you need legal advice or a legal opinion please contact your attorney. The information presented herein represents the author's personal opinion and current understanding of the relevant issues involved. The author, the presenter, and the SNIA do not assume any responsibility or liability for damages arising out of any reliance on or use of this information. NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. Performance and Innovation of Storage Advances through SCSI Express © 2014 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. 2 Abstract Performance and Innovation of Storage Advances through SCSI Express SCSI Express represents the natural evolution of enterprise storage technology building upon decades of customer and industry experience. -
Chapter 6 MIDI, SCSI, and Sample Dumps
MIDI, SCSI, and Sample Dumps SCSI Guidelines Chapter 6 MIDI, SCSI, and Sample Dumps SCSI Guidelines The following sections contain information on using SCSI with the K2600, as well as speciÞc sections dealing with the Mac and the K2600. Disk Size Restrictions The K2600 accepts hard disks with up to 2 gigabytes of storage capacity. If you attach an unformatted disk that is larger than 2 gigabytes, the K2600 will still be able to format it, but only as a 2 gigabyte disk. If you attach a formatted disk larger than 2 gigabytes, the K2600 will not be able to work with it; you could reformat the disk, but thisÑof courseÑwould erase the disk entirely. Configuring a SCSI Chain Here are some basic guidelines to follow when conÞguring a SCSI chain: 1. According to the SCSI SpeciÞcation, the maximum SCSI cable length is 6 meters (19.69 feet). You should limit the total length of all SCSI cables connecting external SCSI devices with Kurzweil products to 17 feet (5.2 meters). To calculate the total SCSI cable length, add the lengths of all SCSI cables, plus eight inches for every external SCSI device connected. No single cable length in the chain should exceed eight feet. 2. The Þrst and last devices in the chain must be terminated. There is a single exception to this rule, however. A K2600 with an internal hard drive and no external SCSI devices attached should have its termination disabled. If you later add an external device to the K2600Õs SCSI chain, you must enable the K2600Õs termination at that time. -
Application Note 904 an Introduction to the Differential SCSI Interface
DS36954 Application Note 904 An Introduction to the Differential SCSI Interface Literature Number: SNLA033 An Introduction to the Differential SCSI Interface AN-904 National Semiconductor An Introduction to the Application Note 904 John Goldie Differential SCSI Interface August 1993 OVERVIEW different devices to be connected to the same daisy chained The scope of this application note is to provide an introduc- cable (SCSI-1 and 2 allows up to eight devices while the pro- tion to the SCSI Parallel Interface and insight into the differ- posed SCSI-3 standard will allow up to 32 devices). A typical ential option specified by the SCSI standards. This applica- SCSI bus configuration is shown in Figure 1. tion covers the following topics: WHY DIFFERENTIAL SCSI? • The SCSI Interface In comparison to single-ended SCSI, differential SCSI costs • Why Differential SCSI? more and has additional power and PC board space require- • The SCSI Bus ments. However, the gained benefits are well worth the addi- • SCSI Bus States tional IC cost, PCB space, and required power in many appli- • SCSI Options: Fast and Wide cations. Differential SCSI provides the following benefits over single-ended SCSI: • The SCSI Termination • Reliable High Transfer Rates — easily capable of operat- • SCSI Controller Requirements ing at 10MT/s (Fast SCSI) without special attention to termi- • Summary of SCSI Standards nations. Even higher data rates are currently being standard- • References/Standards ized (FAST-20 @ 20MT/s). The companion Application Note (AN-905) focuses on the THE SCSI INTERFACE features of National’s new RS-485 hex transceiver. The The Small Computer System Interface is an ANSI (American DS36BC956 specifically designed for use in differential SCSI National Standards Institute) interface standard defining a applications is also optimal for use in other high speed, par- peer to peer generic input/output bus (I/O bus). -
Serial ATA the New Drive Interface Standard for the Desktop and Mobile PC
Boston Tec 14/8/03 7:45 PM Page 1 Technology Paper Serial ATA The new drive interface standard for the desktop and mobile PC Table of Contents Background 2 Comparative Performance 3 The Parallel ATA Interface 4 The Serial ATA Interface 4 Features of Serial ATA 5 Implementing Serial ATA 6 Where does Serial ATA fit in the market place? 8 What is iSCSI and why is Serial ATA so well suited? 8 Boston Ltd Unit 5 Curo Park, Frogmore, St. Albans AL2 2DD Tel: +44 (0) 8707 51 59 50 Fax: +44 (0) 8707 51 59 51 e: [email protected] w: www.boston.co.uk Boston Tec 14/8/03 7:46 PM Page 2 Background The parallel ATA (AT Attachment) specification has defined the common standard storage interface for PCs since the protocol was introduced back in the 1980’s. Parallel ATA has maintained its success for many years for three primary reasons: 1) Low Cost, 2) virtually universal operating system support, and 3) the ability to evolve to higher speeds and performance whilst maintaining backwards compatibility with older parallel ATA devices. From its original interface speed of just 3MB/s, parallel ATA has moved up to burst transfer rates of 66MB/s and 100MB/s and beyond. The latest generation of the parallel ATA interface, Ultra ATA-133, goes even further with a burst transfer rate of up to 133MB/s. While parallel ATA has enjoyed an illustrious track record, the specification is now showing its age. Parallel ATA imposes some serious design issues on today’s developers, including a 5 volt signaling requirement, high pin count, major cabling headaches and, perhaps most significantly, limited performance headroom. -
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Interface Manual
Users Guide Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Interface Manual Users Guide Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Interface Manual ©2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Seagate Technology LLC All rights reserved Publication number: 100293071, Rev. B May 2006 Seagate, Seagate Technology, and the Seagate logo are registered trademarks of Seagate Technology LLC. SeaTools, SeaFAX, SeaFONE, SeaBOARD, and SeaTDD are either registered trademarks or trade- marks of Seagate Technology LLC. Other product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their owners. Seagate reserves the right to change, without notice, product offerings or specifications. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of Seagate Technology LLC. Revision status summary sheet Revision Date Writers/Engineers Notes Rev. A 11/11/04 J. Coomes Initial release. Rev. B 05/07/06 C. Chalupa, J. Coomes, G. Houlder All. Contents 1.0 Interface requirements. 1 1.1 Acknowledgements . 1 1.2 How to use this interface manual . 1 1.2.1 Scope . 2 1.2.2 Applicable specifications . 2 1.2.3 Other references . 3 1.3 General interface description. 3 1.3.1 Introduction to Serial Attached SCSI Interface (SAS) . 3 1.3.2 The SAS interface . 3 1.3.3 Glossary . 5 1.3.4 Keywords . 16 1.4 Physical interface characteristics. 17 1.5 Bit and byte ordering . 17 2.0 General . 19 2.1 Architecture . 19 2.1.1 Architecture overview . 19 2.1.2 Physical links and phys . 19 2.1.3 Ports (narrow ports and wide ports) . 20 2.1.4 SAS devices . 21 2.1.5 Expander devices (edge expander devices and fanout expander devices) . -
EMC’S Perspective: a Look Forward
The Performance Impact of NVM Express and NVM Express over Fabrics PRESENTATION TITLE GOES HERE Live: November 13, 2014 Presented by experts from Cisco, EMC and Intel Webcast Presenters J Metz, R&D Engineer for the Office of the CTO, Cisco Amber Huffman, Senior Principal Engineer, Intel Steve Sardella , Distinguished Engineer, EMC Dave Minturn, Storage Architect, Intel SNIA Legal Notice The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA unless otherwise noted. Member companies and individual members may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions: Any slide or slides used must be reproduced in their entirety without modification The SNIA must be acknowledged as the source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations. This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. Neither the author nor the presenter is an attorney and nothing in this presentation is intended to be, or should be construed as legal advice or an opinion of counsel. If you need legal advice or a legal opinion please contact your attorney. The information presented herein represents the author's personal opinion and current understanding of the relevant issues involved. The author, the presenter, and the SNIA do not assume any responsibility or liability for damages arising out of any reliance on or use of this information. NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. 3 What This Presentation Is A discussion of a new way of talking to Non-Volatile