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Sedimentary Analysis of Fire History and Paleohydrology SEDIMENTARY ANALYSIS OF FIRE HISTORY AND PALEOHYDROLOGY, EAGLE LAKE, CALIFORNIA ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science in Geosciences Hydrology/Hydrogeology Option ____________ by David Benjamin Calo Summer 2014 SEDIMENTARY ANALYSIS OF FIRE HISTORY AND PALEOHYDROLOGY, EAGLE LAKE, CALIFORNIA A Thesis by David Benjamin Calo Summer 2014 APPROVED BY THE DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND VICE PROVOST FOR RESEARCH: _________________________________ Eun K. Park, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Sharon A. Barrios, Ph.D. David L. Brown, Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ Susan Riggins, Ph.D. _________________________________ Adrienne Edwards, Ph.D. _________________________________ Don Hankins, Ph.D. DEDICATION To all those who dare to dream. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would have been impossible if not for the support of my friends and family. Stephanie tolerated my odd work hours, trips to Eagle Lake and various labs, and helped me cope with the stress from numerous setbacks. My family funded parts of this thesis when all hope was lost. The constant support of Drs. David Brown, Susan Riggins, Don Hankins, and Adrienne Edwards was an essential part of this project. I would like to thank Mike Torresan and Dr. Brian Edwards of the USGS Pacific Coastal Marine Science Center for use of their Sedimentology Lab and Geotek MSCL-S, and to Dr. Eric Ayers of CSU, Chico for his assistance using the CSU, Chico Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences Bruker S2 Ranger. I would like to thank Dr. Susan Zimmerman of the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, for her assistance in obtaining age-dates. Lastly, some funding for this project was provided by the Geological and Environmental Sciences Department, California State University, Chico. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Dedication................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... iv List of Tables.............................................................................................................. vii List of Figures............................................................................................................. viii Abstract....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 Purpose ......................................................................................... 1 Objectives..................................................................................... 3 Fire Interconnections.................................................................... 4 Sedimentary Tracers..................................................................... 15 II. Study Area................................................................................................ 22 Eagle Lake.................................................................................... 22 III. Methods.................................................................................................... 29 Sediment Core Extraction and Processing ................................... 29 Lithostratigraphy .......................................................................... 31 Geochronology ............................................................................. 31 Fire History................................................................................... 34 Paleohydrology............................................................................. 36 Zonation Analysis......................................................................... 37 v CHAPTER PAGE IV. Results...................................................................................................... 39 Geochronology ............................................................................. 39 Lithostratigraphy .......................................................................... 40 Fire History................................................................................... 44 V. Discussion................................................................................................. 49 Paleohydrology of Eagle Lake ..................................................... 49 Fire History of Eagle Lake ........................................................... 51 Regionality ................................................................................... 53 VI. Conclusion................................................................................................ 55 References Cited......................................................................................................... 57 Appendices A. Core Photographs for ELNEC1-1 ............................................................ 67 B. Geochemical Dataset Used to Determine PCA Scores ............................ 70 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Radiocarbon Age-Dates and Calibrated Age-Dates of Core ELNEC1-1 ........................................................................... 40 2. Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) Summary Table of Core ELNEC1-1........ 43 3. Macro-charcoal Concentration (CC) Summary Table of Core ELNEC1-1................................................................................ 44 4. Charcoal Influx (CHAR) Summary Table of Core ELNEC1-1 ............... 45 5. Fire Frequency (FF) Summary Table of Core ELNEC1-1....................... 47 6. Fire-episode Magnitude (FEM) Summary Table of ELNEC1-1.............. 48 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Sediment Transport.................................................................................. 10 2. Effect of Fire on Plants and Soils............................................................. 12 3. Hydrophobic Soils and Hillslope Debris Flows ....................................... 13 4. Solar Radiation and Wind Before and After Fire..................................... 14 5. Fire Induced Dry Ravel ............................................................................ 16 6. Geography of Eagle Lake, California....................................................... 23 7. Hydrography of the Eagle Lake Watershed ............................................. 24 8. Average Annual Water Surface Elevation (1420 - 2012) of Eagle Lake, CA ........................................................................... 27 9. AMS Sludge and Sediment Sampler ........................................................ 30 10. Linear Age-depth Model for Core ELNEC1-1......................................... 40 11. Lithostratigraphic Log of Core ELNEC1-1.............................................. 41 12. Zonation Analysis of Principle Component 1 (PC1) of the X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Dataset for Core ELNEC1-1 ................. 42 13. Charcoal Concentration (CC) and Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) of Core ELNEC1-1 ........................................................................... 43 14. Charcoal Influx (CHAR) of Core ELNEC1-1.......................................... 45 15. Fire Frequency (FF) and Fire-episodes (Peaks) of Core ELNEC1-1....... 46 16. Fire-episode Magnitude (FEM) of Core ELNEC1-1................................ 48 viii ABSTRACT SEDIMENTARY ANALYSIS OF FIRE HISTORY AND PALEOHYDROLOGY, EAGLE LAKE, CALIFORNIA by David Benjamin Calo Master of Science in Geosciences Hydrology/Hydrogeology Option California State University, Chico Summer 2014 This project used a high-resolution sedimentary technique to characterize the fire history of Eagle Lake, California from present to 18 kyrs BP, and considered the ecohydrologic interconnection of fire. In order to understand global fire history trends, and the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors, continued mapping and analysis of fire history as an earth systems process is essential. A previous study analyzed the pa- leoenvironment of Eagle Lake and recommended a high resolution paleofire study be performed at Eagle Lake. Eagle Lake is an endorheic lake located in central Lassen County, California. Fire history and paleohydrology were analyzed using macro-charcoal, magnetic suscepti- bility data, chemostratigraphy (bulk geochemical data), radiochronology (14C), and lithology from a 1 m sediment core (ELNEC1-1). Fire history was characterized by ix entering macro-charcoal data and age-date information into CharAnalysis. Paleohydrol- ogy data was characterized using lithology and magnetic susceptibility data. Chemostratigraphy was used to enhance lithostratigraphy via zonation analysis. Radio- carbon age-dating was used to establish a geochronology of core ELNEC1-1. The fire history of the Eagle Lake can be divided into three periods: 18 to 10 kyrs BP, 10 to 2.8 kyrs BP, and 2.8 kyrs BP to present. Hydrologic activity during the first period (18 to 10 kyrs BP) was low, limiting fuel availability, and supporting small, frequent fires. Hydrologic activity during the second period (10 to 2.8 kyrs BP) was ini- tially low due to limited fuel availability, supporting small frequent fire. The beginning of the second period marks the end of the glacial period. After
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