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Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organisations A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Madsen, Sari F.; Strange, Niels; Schou, Jesper S. Working Paper Motivations of volunteers in Danish grazing organisations IFRO Working Paper, No. 2019/09 Provided in Cooperation with: Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO), University of Copenhagen Suggested Citation: Madsen, Sari F.; Strange, Niels; Schou, Jesper S. (2019) : Motivations of volunteers in Danish grazing organisations, IFRO Working Paper, No. 2019/09, University of Copenhagen, Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO), Copenhagen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/211086 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Motivations of volunteers in Danish grazing organisations Sari F. Madsen Niels Strange Jesper S. Schou 2019 / 09 IFRO Working Paper 2019 / 09 Motivations of volunteers in Danish grazing organisations Authors: Sari F. Madsen, Niels Strange, Jesper S. Schou JEL-classification: Z18, Z32 Published: December 2019 See the full series IFRO Working Paper here: www.ifro.ku.dk/english/publications/ifro_series/working_papers/ Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO) University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 25 DK 1958 Frederiksberg DENMARK www.ifro.ku.dk/english/ Motivations of Volunteers in Danish grazing organisations Sari F. Madsen, Niels Strange1 and Jesper S. Schou1* 1Department of Food and Resource Economics, Rolighedsvej 25, 1858 Frederiksberg, Denmark *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Global biodiversity is under pressure from human activities, and despite the expansion of protected areas, investment in nature conservation and restoration, and allocation of economic resources for managing existing conservation is insufficient. Therefore, volunteers can play an important role as a resource in nature conservation projects if their recreational activities interact with the objectives of nature management. In recent years, the number of volunteers in conservation work has increased in Denmark, with more people volunteering to contribute to nature conservation projects. Ensuring that volunteers remain motivated and engaged is crucial to the success of such conservation projects. In this study, we evaluate the motivation among members of grazing organisations, an activity which represent the most prominent voluntary nature conservation initiatives in Denmark. We apply exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and ordinal regression to analyse survey data from 25 Danish grazing organisations. We find that five motivational factors are determining the engagement of the volunteers, namely social, nature value, instrumental, identification, and personal benefit. Whereas the social, nature value and personal benefit are factors also identified in the existing literature, the instrumental and identification factors add new perspectives to the motivation of environmental volunteers. We find that place attachment is an important driver, and that the chairpersons/coordinators of the grazing organisations especially emphasized the sharing of values and knowledge with their members as a driver. Last, volunteers were reluctant to support the idea of forming a more formal setup in terms of a “Grazing organisation union”. Keywords: Volunteers, Motivational Factors, Conservation, Grazing Organisations. 1. Introduction Global biodiversity is under huge pressure from human activities and nature is declining globally at rates not seen before in human history (Ceballos et. al. 2015). The IPBES global assessment (2019) reveals that more than a third of the world surface is devoted to crop or livestock production. Despite an increase in the numbers of protected areas (Kuempel et al., 2018) and global spending on nature restoration and preservation (Waldron et al., 2013), funding and efforts on existing protected areas are still considered insufficient (Le Saout et al., 2013) and the lack of financial resources is one of the main barriers. One way of addressing the lack of resources is to increase attention to non-financial and voluntary activities to enhance both biodiversity and improve human livelihood (Rode et al., 2016). Especially in areas close by urban settlements, urban conservation efforts matter and offer a solution to the lack of resources for nature conservation as it offers possibilities for rerouting volunteers who devote their time and other resources to restore and conserve biodiversity for altruistic reasons and to gain socio-psychological benefits (Asah & Blahna 2012). Substantial research has focused on investigating landowners’ motivation or willingness to contribute to nature and landscape conservation mainly performed by the land owner (Paloniemi et al., 2017; Selinske et al., 2014), or on what motivates volunteers to participate in citizen science projects (Rotman et al., 2012), conservation tourism, or conservation and wildlife initiatives (Asah et al., 2014; Bramston et al., 2010). Environmental volunteers have been studied in various contexts such as the conservation of forests (Adhikari et al., 2007; Messier et al., 2014) freshwater (Kreutzwiser et al., 2011), grasslands and rangelands (Appiah-Opoku, 2007; Henderson et al., 2014; Sayre et al., 2013) but few studies have focused on the diversity of motivations for volunteering. Understanding what motivates individuals to participate in volunteering could play a significant role in ensuring the success of conservation projects and empower the role of volunteers in nature conservation. Therefore, citizens’ motivation for participating in practical nature management on public and private areas still needs to be understood (Larese-casanova and Hill, 2018), and additionally understanding why they continue to volunteer (Liarakou et al., 2011; Omoto and Packard, 2016). The contribution of our study builds on previous research on voluntarism by exploring witch factors that motivate volunteers for nature conservation and sustain their motivation, by exploring Danish nature volunteers organised in grazing organisations managing public and privately owned land. In this paper, we explore the motivational properties of members participating in voluntary grazing organisations in Denmark. First, we introduce the general literature of motivational research and then we focus on the literature on motives for environmental and nature volunteering in order to identify the motivational factors to be explored in the case study. Then we present the data and methodology used in the case study followed by the results, and last, we discuss the findings and present the conclusions. 2. Voluntarism 2.1. Motivational research on volunteering Volunteers’ commitment and engagement can be explained by completely different motivational processes (see Table 1). Therefore, forming a universal theory for volunteer motivation is a significant challenge (Hustinx et al., 2010). Clary et al. (1998) applied a volunteer functions inventory (VFI) to identify six socio-psychological benefit of volunteering: 1) understanding, 2) strengthened social ties, 3) expressed altruistic values, 4) protecting the ego from negative feelings, 5) enhancing psychological growth, and 6) career related experience. This inventory has since been used in many studies to investigate volunteers’ motivation (Bruyere and Rappe, 2007; Selinske et al., 2014), as it offers a guide to stakeholders and managers, in need of understanding what this group of contributors can offer and create the most effective and generative collaboration, and as a measure for fulfilment of the nature volunteers’ values. Volunteering is often more attractive to resource-rich individuals, who already have the capital and/or knowledge required for participation (Einolf and Chambré, 2011). In general, volunteers have a job, are well-educated, are wealthier and healthier, and have a large social network than non-volunteers (Choi, 2003; Erlinghagen et al., 2005; Principi et al., 2016; Wymer, 1999). Thus, the level of education is the most consistent predictor of volunteering. The higher a volunteer’s level of education, the more likely they are to volunteer. It may be due to a larger network, and therefore a greater likelihood of being encouraged to volunteer and because well-educated people are more likely to be aware of problems that need attention (Measham and Barnett, 2008; Wilson, 2000). High levels of education were found to be associated with volunteering for altruistic reasons, but
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