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Collaboration Between Asia and the City of Kitakyushu for a Ns a Ctio Asia andtheCityofKitakyushu Collaboration between IGES DiscussionPaper Actions for a IGES Discussion Paper Actions for a Sustainable Society –Collaboration between Asia and the City of Kitakyushu– Institute for Global Environmental Strategies City of Kitakyushu Foreword This year marks the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). In 2019, the IGES Kitakyushu Urban Centre (formerly, the Kitakyushu Offi ce) will also celebrate its own 20th anniversary since its doors fi rst opened. The Kitakyushu Urban Centre has been raising its level of international recognition by engaging in practical research to contribute to the promotion of sustainable urban development in the Asia-Pacifi c region through collaboration with the City of Kitakyushu, which already made a name for itself in the fi eld international environmental cooperation in the 1980s. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everyone involved, including the City of Kitakyushu, who has offered us their unshakeable support and encouragement. With the adoption and entry into force of the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), eyes are turning once again to the efforts of sustainable cities. Taking this as an opportunity, we investigated and analysed the factors that enabled Kitakyushu to conduct continuous cooperation activities in diverse areas based on case studies of cooperation with fi ve cities in Asia (Dalian, Phnom Penh, Surabaya, Hai Phong, and Mandalay) and a focus on the intercity cooperation schemes that Kitakyushu has been involved in for almost 40 years. The results of these studies and analyses have been compiled to produce this report. I have high hopes that this book will be helpful for anyone who is currently engaged or considering becoming involved in intercity cooperation. This year marks the milestone of Kitakyushu’s 55th year since its incorporation as a municipality. The history of Kitakyushu during this 55-year period was a story of international environmental cooperation utilizing the framework of city-to-city collaboration. Developed under a framework and through partnerships with various stakeholders in the city, national government of Japan and overseas, Kitakyushu’s popularity is a direct result of its strengths that have become assets for the city. The challenge to create a decarbonized and sustainable society has only just begun, and the international community is working together, irrespective of its status as a developing or developed country. There are many cities throughout the world seeking the knowledge and expertise found in Kitakyushu, which advocates itself as a “World Capital of Sustainable Development”. The Kitakyushu Urban Centre will continue its work to contribute to the development of a sustainable society in Asia by promoting practical policy research with the collaboration of various stakeholders in and outside of Kitakyushu, including the Kitakyushu City government. I appreciate your continued and generous support even as we move beyond these milestones. July 2018 Hiroyuki Kage Director, Kitakyushu Urban Centre Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Junko Akagi Chapter 2 Kitakyushu as a “Top-runner of Intercity Cooperation” 5 Junko Akagi Chapter 3 Examples of Cooperation between Kitakyushu and Asian Cities Case Study 1: Collaboration with Dalian, People’s Republic of China 16 Junko Ota Case Study 2: Collaboration with Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia 26 Yatsuka Kataoka Case Study 3: Collaboration with Surabaya, Republic of Indonesia 34 Kohei Hibino Case Study 4: Collaboration with Hai Phong, Socialist Republic of Viet Nam 44 Shiko Hayashi & Junko Ota Case Study 5: Collaboration with Mandalay, Republic of the Union of Myanmar 54 Fritz Akhmad Nuzir Chapter 4 Contributing to a Sustainable Society through Intercity Cooperation in True “Kitakyushu Style” 63 Junko Akagi & Shiko Hayashi Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude to Mr. Hideo Naito, IGES Senior Fellow, who cooperated in the interview surveys, Mr. Reiji Hitsumoto, Administrative Director of the Global Promotion Department of The University of Kitakyushu, who offered valuable feedback during the review process, and all of our colleagues in and outside of IGES, including Kitakyushu City government offi cials, and Mr. Hideyuki Mori, IGES President, for their kind cooperation in making this report possible. Refusal Several documents and literature cited in this report do not have offi cial English titles. The authors have provided tentative translations into English for ease of understanding. These titles may differ from offi cial titles in Japanese. When quoting, please do not use these titles to indicate the offi cial titles of these documents and literature. Abbreviation & Acronym ADB Asian Development Bank JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency AFD Agence Française de Développement KITA Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations LDC Least Developed Country BOP Base of the Economic Pyramid MCDC Mandalay City Development Committee CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants MONREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar CCET IGES- IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Nationally Determined Contributions under the UNEP Environmental Technologies NDCs Paris Agreement CLAIR Council of Local Authorities for International Non-governmental Organization Relations NGO DHSHD Department of Human Settlement and Housing NPO Nonprofi t Organization Department, Myanmar ODA Offi cial Development Assistance ESC Environmentally Sustainable Cities OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and ESD Education for Sustainable Development Development GCUS Japan Global Center for Urban Sanitation PDAM Public Water Utility of Surabaya GDP Gross Domestic Product PPWSA Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority GEGG Myanmar on Green Economy Green Growth SDGs Sustainable Development Goals Forum UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and IGES Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Development (Earth Summit) JAIF Japan-ASEAN Integration Fund UNEP United Nations Environment Programme JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation UNEP-IETC United Nations Environment Programme, International Environmental Technology Centre JCM Joint Crediting Mechanism UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social JETRO Japan External Trade Organization Commission for Asia and the Pacifi c Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction In recent years, international commitments such as to initiate cooperation with cities in developing countries the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development because the benefi ts to its own residents are not clear.3 Goals (SDGs) have been adopted and come into force Even in this situation, a fair number of local governments, with the participation of all countries on an equal including Yokohama, Kawasaki and Osaka, have actively playing field without distinguishing between developed develop intercity cooperation activities. However, it is no and developing countries. Countries have announced exaggeration to say that Kitakyushu has become a top policies for countermeasures as a form of Nationally player in intercity cooperation in Japan in terms of the Determined Contributions (NDC) or Voluntary National number of cooperating cities and target areas, length Reviews (VNR) to contribute to the achievement of the of cooperation periods, and from the perspective of goals of each commitment and are approaching the international recognition. As a government-designated city stage of implementing concrete actions while taking with a population of approximately one million, how did into account the socioeconomic situation of the region. Kitakyushu, just a local city situated far from the capital of In this environment, local governments have become Tokyo, become a key player in intercity cooperation? important actors in the embodiment and implementation This report looks to organize information from of national policies and measures. However, in developing the perspective of how Kitakyushu launched intercity countries in Asia, the actions of cities are not suffi ciently cooperation activities, and continued, expanded and advanced because their position is not clearly stated intensifi ed these activities. Chapter 2 provides an overview in national policies that have been developed based on of Kitakyushu and background information on the city’s such international agreements or the capacity of local commitment to intercity cooperation. Chapter 3 spotlights governments is not suffi cient. Although the positioning of case studies on intercity cooperation with five Asian cities in national policies depends on the intention of the cities (Dalian, Phnom Penh, Surabaya, Hai Phong and national governments, international cooperation based on Mandalay). Chapter 4 summarises the factors of how city-to-city collaboration (or intercity cooperation), where Kitakyushu has continued, expanded and intensifi ed its practitioners exchange information and ideas directly, is intercity cooperation activities and how they have achieved considered to be an effective approach in response to the top-runner status. Future developments in intercity capacity shortage of local governments.1, 2 Movements to cooperation are also discussed. promote intercity cooperation have spread after entering In Japan, the Cabinet decided on the Fifth the ‘era of the city’
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