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Feminismos 5 Habitar / escribir / conquistar el espacio Teresa Gómez Reus (ed.) Feminismo/s 5 FEMINISMO/S Revista del Centro de Estudios sobre la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante Número 5, junio de 2005 Habitar / escribir / conquistar el espacio Teresa Gómez Reus (ed.) FEMINISMO/S Revista del Centro de Estudios sobre la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante Revista Semestral Editada por el Centro de Estudios sobre la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante con la colaboración del Vicerrectorado de Calidad y Armonización Europea Número 5, junio de 2005 CONSEJO EDITORIAL Dirección: Mónica MORENO SECO (Universidad de Alicante) Secretaria: Helena ESTABLIER PÉREZ (Universidad de Alicante) Vocales: Silvia CAPORALE BIZZINI (Universidad de Alicante) Clarisa RAMOS FEIJÓO (Universidad de Alicante) CONSEJO ASESOR BURÍN, Mabel (Universidad de Buenos Aires) CARABÍ, Angels (Universitat de Barcelona) CUDER DOMÍNGUEZ, Pilar (Universidad de Huelva) DE JUAN, Joaquín (Universidad de Alicante) ESQUEMBRE, Mar (Universidad de Alicante) FRAU LLINARES, Mª José (Universidad de Alicante) GIL DE MEJÍA, Eddy (Fachhochschule Oldenburg/Ostfriesland/ Wilhelmshaven University of Applied Sciences) GORDILLO ÁLVAREZ-VALDÉS, Mª Victoria (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) GRAS, Albert (Universidad de Alicante) MAYORAL, Marina (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) MONTESINOS SÁNCHEZ, Nieves (Universidad de Alicante) PALAU, Montserrat (Universitat Rovira i Virgili) RAMOS, Mª Dolores (Universidad de Málaga) REVENTÓS, Mª Dolores (Universidad de Murcia) RIERA, Carmen (Universitat de Barcelona) SÁNCHEZ TORRES, Ana (Universitat de València) SEGARRA, Marta (Universitat de Barcelona) SEGURA GRAIÑO, Cristina (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) SEVILLA, Julia (Universitat de València) SIMÓN, Mª Carmen (CSIC) TEUBÁL, Ruth (Universidad de Buenos Aires) TORRAS, Meri (Universitat de Barcelona) REDACCIÓN Centro de Estudios sobre la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante Campus de Sant Vicent del Raspeig Apdo. 99 E-03080 Alicante Tel. 965 90 94 15 - Fax 965 90 96 58 e-mail: [email protected] - web: http://www.ua.es/cem SUSCRIPCIÓN Centro de Estudios sobre la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante Campus de Sant Vicent del Raspeig Apdo. 99 E-03080 Alicante Tel. 965 90 94 15 - Fax 965 90 96 58 e-mail: [email protected] - web: http://www.ua.es/cem Precio de cada ejemplar: 12€ Edita: Centro de Estudios sobre la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante con la colaboración del Vicerrectorado de Calidad y Armonización Europea Preimpresión e impresión: ISSN: 1696-8166 Depósito Legal: A-910-2003 Feminismo/s no se identifica necesariamente con los contenidos de los artículos firmados. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de los artículos sin la autorización previa. ÍNDICE Introducción a Habitar/escribir/conquistar el espacio ........................................ 11 Teresa Gómez Reus * * * COLABORACIONES «Imagined Space: Interiors in the Work of L.M. Montgomery» ................. 23 Marilyn Casto «Public Women, Private Stage?: The Debate on ‘Separate Spheres’ in Victorian Women’s ‘Actress Novels’» ........................ 39 Corinne Francois Deneve «The Invasion of Fleet Street: Women and Journalism in England 1880-1950» ................................................................................... 57 Loretta Stec «Negotiating Boundaries: The Economics of Space and Gender in Mina Loy’s Early Poems» ............................................................................... 71 Laura Scuriatti «Walking the Imperial Metropolis: Janet Frame’s The Envoy from Mirror City» ............................................................................................................. 85 Lourdes López Ropero «Finestra endins i enfora: sobre algunes protagonistes de Montserrat Roig» ........................................................................................ 97 Maria Àngels Francés Díez «Re-inhabiting Private Space: Carmen Martín Gaite’s El cuarto de atrás» .... 117 Carmiña Palerm 7 «Homeward Bound: Domestic Space, Identity and Political Agency in Maya Angelou’s Autobiography» ............................................................ 133 Amaya Fernández Menicucci «How Green Was My Valley: The Critique of the Picturesque by Irish and Galician Women Poets» .......................................................................... 157 Manuela Palacios González «‘The Inner Geography of Home’: The Ecofeminist Ethics of Daphne Marlatt’s Taken» .............................................................................................. 177 Eva Darias-Beautell * * * Resúmenes ...................................................................................................... 197 Abstracts ......................................................................................................... 203 Reseña bio-bibliográfica de las colaboradoras del volumen ........................ 209 Normas editoriales de Feminismo/s ................................................................ 213 8 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer al Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de la Universidad de Alicante su ayuda para Grupos de Investigación Emergente (Referencia: GRE03-04) concedida para realizar un estudio sobre «Mujer y espacio público en la literatura escrita por mujeres, 1880-1980». Las reuniones y debates periódicos celebrados con mis compañeros de grupo de investigación fueron enormemente enriquecedores y me dieron el empuje decisivo para llevar a cabo la edición de este volumen. A todos ellos: José Luis Arráez, Maribel Corbí, Àngels Francés y Lourdes López les agradezco su colaboración y su entusiasmo por el tema. También deseo dar las gracias al Centro de Estudios de la Mujer de la Universidad de Alicante por haberme concedido la oportunidad de realizar este número monográfico, en especial a la directora de la Revista Feminismo/s Mónica Moreno por su generosa disposición y su buen hacer profesional. Por último, muchas gracias a Teresa Morell por haber revisado la corrección del inglés de algunos de los ensayos. INTRODUCCIÓN TERESA GÓMEZ REUS Universidad de Alicante Vivimos, crecemos, soñamos y pensamos en espacios; pero el espacio, como el tiempo, no es un elemento objetivo y semánticamente inocente, y su representación artística nunca resulta arbitraria. Como afirma Aranzazu Usandizaga, la antigua convención que presentaba el espacio como un telón de fondo pasivo en el que situar la acción narrativa ya no se sostiene.1 Hoy sabemos que los espacios esconden propósitos tan complejos como los que se encuentran en cualquier otro elemento compositivo: interactúan sobre nuestra subjetividad, crean y moldean formas de identidad a la vez que las reflejan. En su Poética del espacio (1964) el escritor y filósofo francés Gastor Bachelar afirma que los espacios que habitamos trascienden el mero contorno geométrico y se convierten en compartimentos repletos de sentido, «auténticos diagramas de psicología secreta.»2 El diseño de las ciudades o la arquitectura y decoración de las casas, por ejemplo, nunca son neutros e indiferentes a la experiencia humana: proporcionan información sobre las formas de vida de sus habitantes; expresan sus necesidades, sus prácticas sociales, su escala de valores y sus hábi- tos intelectuales o morales. Fredric Jameson, en su ensayo «La arquitectura y la crítica de la ideología», sostiene que el espacio socialmente construido conlleva invariablemente una carga ideológica3, y otros historiadores de la cultura han enfatizado la dimensión ontológica del espacio habitable: repercute en la forma en que vivimos y nos presentamos ante al mundo. En las obras pictóricas y literarias la representación del espacio ofrece pistas fundamentales sobre la organización de una cultura. El uso jerárquicamente asimétrico del espacio según adscripciones de género, raza, etnia o clase social desvela aspectos centrales del orden social, y los efectos que para las mujeres 1. USANDIZAGA, Aranzazu: «Anita Brookner and the Politics of Space», ponencia presentada en el 7º Congreso Internacional de ESSE (English Society for the Study of English), Zaragoza 2004. 2. BACHELARD, Gaston: La poética del espacio, Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1886, p. 25. 3. JAMESON, Fredric: «Architecture and the Critique of Ideology», en J. Ockman (comp.): Architecture, Criticism, Ideology, Princeton, Princeton Architectural Press, 1985, pp. 51-87. Feminismo/s, 5, junio 2005, pp. 11-21 11 Teresa Gómez Reus ha tenido su histórica reclusión en lo doméstico han sido en general demole- dores. La tradicional separación de las esferas públicas y privadas, que durante siglos asignó lugares diferentes a hombres y mujeres, ha hecho casi inviable para las mujeres el cultivo de los patrones clásicos de géneros directamente relacionados con el mundo de la exploración y la aventura, o la elección de de- terminados temas, ángulos de enfoque o escenarios. El Bildungsroman o novela de formación, por ejemplo, ha inscrito de forma muy patente esas diferencias: mientras que en novelas como El aprendizaje de Wilhelm Meister o Huckleberry Finn el proceso de crecimiento personal y el acceso al conocimiento empírico están ligados al desplazamiento literal y geográfico del héroe, en la novela de formación femenina el viaje suele ser simbólico o metafísico. Este viaje interior raramente concluye de manera satisfactoria en la historia de la literatura escrita por mujeres, especialmente en las obras anteriores a la segunda mitad del siglo veinte. La exclusión de la protagonista de la esfera pública de la educación y del trabajo significativo suele desembocar
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