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In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence
In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Crystal Joesell Radford, BA Graduate Program in Education The Ohio State University 2011 Thesis Committee: Professor Beverly Gordon, Advisor Professor Adrienne Dixson Copyrighted by Crystal Joesell Radford 2011 Abstract This study critically analyzes rap through an interdisciplinary framework. The study explains rap‟s socio-cultural history and it examines the multi-generational, classed, racialized, and gendered identities in rap. Rap music grew out of hip-hop culture, which has – in part – earned it a garnering of criticism of being too “violent,” “sexist,” and “noisy.” This criticism became especially pronounced with the emergence of the rap subgenre dubbed “gangsta rap” in the 1990s, which is particularly known for its sexist and violent content. Rap music, which captures the spirit of hip-hop culture, evolved in American inner cities in the early 1970s in the South Bronx at the wake of the Civil Rights, Black Nationalist, and Women‟s Liberation movements during a new technological revolution. During the 1970s and 80s, a series of sociopolitical conscious raps were launched, as young people of color found a cathartic means of expression by which to describe the conditions of the inner-city – a space largely constructed by those in power. Rap thrived under poverty, police repression, social policy, class, and gender relations (Baker, 1993; Boyd, 1997; Keyes, 2000, 2002; Perkins, 1996; Potter, 1995; Rose, 1994, 2008; Watkins, 1998). -
Hip-Hop Timeline 1973 – Kool Herc Deejays His First Party in the Bronx
Hip-hop Timeline ➢ 1973 – Kool Herc deejays his first party in the Bronx, where his blending of breaks is first exhibited. The break dancers in attendance began to discover their style and form. ➢ 1975 – Grandmaster Flash begins the early forms of Turntabilism by blending and mixing, while Grandwizard Theodore invents what we now know as scratching. The first Emcee crews are formed. ➢ 1979 – The Sugarhill Gang, under the guidance of record label owner and former vocalist Sylvia Robinson, release Rapper’s Delight, the first commercially recognized rap song. *There is much debate over the first recorded rap song, but it’s widely believed to have been done sometime in 1977 or 1978. ➢ 1980 – Kurtis Blow releases the first best selling hip-hop album, The Breaks, and becomes the first star in hip-hop music. ➢ 1983 – Herbie Hancock, in collaboration with pioneer DeeJay GrandMixer DST (now known as GrandMixer DXT), creates the Grammy Award-winning song Rockit, which is the first time the public ever hears a DeeJay scratching on record. Pioneer hip-hop duo Run DMC releases their first single Sucker Emcee’s. ➢ 1988 – This year is considered the first golden year in hip-hop music with releases such as Public Enemy’s It Takes A Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, Big Daddy Kane’s Long Live The Kane, Slick Rick’s The Great Adventures of Slick Rick, Boogie Down Production’s By All Means Necessary, Eric B And Rakim’s Follow the Leader and the first highly regarded non-New York hip-hop record, N.W.A.’s Straight Outta Compton. -
Here She Is ... Miss Bennett Move Not Only with New Many Artists Shy Away Firom Chilee’ Hailes Music but a New Look
NOVEMBER 4, 1993 • BENNETT BANNER • 3 D’CHERIPS MUSIC REVIEW Salt N' Pepa is back By D’Cherie Lofton platinum. Bennett Banner Salt N’ Pepa have been If you’re searching for in the rap scene since 1986 flavor, search no more. and maturity has encom Salt N* Pepa is serving passed an impact on all of mad flavor with their new them. release “Very Necessary.” ‘We have to be more The first single from the al serious about the future with bum “Shoop” is keeping the children. We have to think request lines hot. Along with about the future because you their all-star cut “Whatta have someone depending on man” which is a collabora you," Salt said. tion with the funky divas Their concern for the EnVouge, “VeryNecessary” future is evident by the pub- has all the makings of what Uc service announcements I call “phat jams,” from the included in their new album pulsing reggae groove of that deal with AIDS. (It's Salt N‘ Pepa is back on the scene with their new release "Shoop, Shoop, Shoop." “Groove Me” to “Somma performed by WEATOC, a Time Man” to “Bresdc of teen outreach/activism Dawn.” group from Boston.) The ladies are on the "It’s a subject than Here she is ... Miss Bennett move not only with new many artists shy away firom Chilee’ Hailes music but a new look. These when recording." ing." tured Tammi McCall, a se Banner Reporter three mothers, business Salt N’ Pepa are fac Penny Speas, chair nior communications major Splendor, elegance, women and performers are ing reahty and deeding with person of the English and who presented a dramatic beauty and grace are just a committed to having as it with the skit called “I’ve Foreign Language Depart reading of Nikki Giovanni’s few words that come to mind much control over their ca Got AIDS." ment, and Miss Bennett Col “Ego-Trippin." when one thinks of the Coro reers and their lives as pos Salt N’Pepa brought lege 1985-1986 said, “This One of the most touch nation of Miss Bennett Col sible. -
"Now I Ain't Sayin' She's a Gold Digger": African American Femininities in Rap Music Lyrics Jennifer M
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 "Now I Ain't Sayin' She's a Gold Digger": African American Femininities in Rap Music Lyrics Jennifer M. Pemberton Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES “NOW I AIN’T SAYIN’ SHE’S A GOLD DIGGER”: AFRICAN AMERICAN FEMININITIES IN RAP MUSIC LYRICS By Jennifer M. Pemberton A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sociology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Jennifer M. Pemberton defended on March 18, 2008. ______________________________ Patricia Yancey Martin Professor Directing Dissertation ______________________________ Dennis Moore Outside Committee Member ______________________________ Jill Quadagno Committee Member ______________________________ Irene Padavic Committee Member Approved: ___________________________________ Irene Padavic, Chair, Department of Sociology ___________________________________ David Rasmussen, Dean, College of Social Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii For my mother, Debra Gore, whose tireless and often thankless dedication to the primary education of children who many in our society have already written off inspires me in ways that she will never know. Thank you for teaching me the importance of education, dedication, and compassion. For my father, Jeffrey Pemberton, whose long and difficult struggle with an unforgiving and cruel disease has helped me to overcome fear of uncertainty and pain. Thank you for instilling in me strength, courage, resilience, and fortitude. -
Lyric, Affect, and Ethics in British and Irish Elegy, 1960
DEATH MATTERS: LYRIC, AFFECT, AND ETHICS IN BRITISH AND IRISH ELEGY, 1960-2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Nathaniel Myers _________________________________ Romana Huk, Director Graduate Program in English Notre Dame, Indiana July 2015 © Copyright by NATHANIEL MYERS 2015 All rights reserved DEATH MATTERS: LYRIC, AFFECT, AND ETHICS IN BRITISH AND IRISH ELEGY, 1960-2012 Abstract by Nathaniel Myers The elegy is a poetic genre situated between personal and public spheres. The critical literature of the genre often privileges one sphere over the other, whether it be the personal work of mourning undertaken by the elegist in writing the poem, or the public and cultural work of memorialization that is fundamental to the genre. My project examines the work of five poets – Geoffrey Hill, Seamus Heaney, Paul Muldoon, Medbh McGuckian, and Denise Riley – whose elegies require a distinct critical apparatus, one that considers the personal and the public jointly because these poets’ elegies trouble the very distinction between the two. In the ethical concerns voiced by the poets – which range from the aestheticization of death and violence to the potential profit motives (artistic, commercial) of writing elegy – as well as in the formal techniques that can either mitigate these ethical concerns or, in some cases, generate them, these elegies betray the inextricability of private and cultural modes of grief. Nathaniel Myers In order to bring disparate parts together – the personal and the private, the ethical and the aesthetic – I implement a critical methodology that uses as its central tool the notion of “linguistic affect,” which I define (slightly modifying Riley’s own definition) as “the force of language on the body,” a force made possible through language’s historically rich materiality. -
Outkast'd and Claimin' True
OUTKAST’D AND CLAIMIN’ TRUE: THE LANGUAGE OF SCHOOLING AND EDUCATION IN THE SOUTHERN HIPHOP COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE by JOYCELYN A. WILSON (Under the direction of Judith Preissle) ABSTRACT The hiphop community of practice encompasses a range of aesthetic values, norms, patterns, and traditions. Because of its growth over the last three decades, the community has come to include regionallyspecific networks linked together by community members who engage in meaningful practices and experiences. Expressed through common language ideologies, these practices contribute to the members’ communal and individual identity while simultaneously providing platforms to articulate social understandings. Using the constructs of community of practice and social networks, this research project is an interpretive study grounded primarily in the use of lyrics and interviews to investigate the linguistic patterns and language norms of hip hop’s southern network, placing emphasis on the Atlanta, Georgia southern hiphop network. The two main goals are to gain an understanding of the role of school in the cultivation of the network and identify the network’s relationship to schooling and education. The purpose is to identify initial steps for implementing a hiphop pedagogy in curriculum and instruction. INDEX WORDS: Hiphop community of practice, social network, language ideology, hiphop generation, indigenous research, schooling, education OUTKAST’D AND CLAIMIN’ TRUE: THE LANGUAGE OF SCHOOLING AND EDUCATION IN THE SOUTHERN HIPHOP COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE by JOYCELYN A. WILSON B.S., The University of Georgia, 1996 M.A., Pepperdine University, 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 ã 2007 Joycelyn A. -
Al Oh a D Re Am
AAlloohhaa DDrreeaamm March 2008 Vol. 6. Issue 1. Contents 1. “Splendor Anahola ” 2. Contents Page 3. Welcome. The Editor’s usual Jiggery Pokery 4. The Kanui mystery resolved by Les Cook 5. “ “ “ “ “ 6. “ “ “ / Pete Lake New C.D. 7. News from Hawaii, the sad loss of “Genoa Keawe” 8. The 7th Birthday Convention 9. “ “ ““ 10. Felix Mendelssohn's "Trade Winds" By John Marsden 11. “ “ “ “ ““ 12. “ “ “ / Doreena ‘Tahni’ Sugondo 13. Basil’s Steelin’ Tricks of the Trade (The Bear Facts) 14. My Tane tab. 15. “ “ “ 16. Islands of Hawaii by Pat Henriques 17. “ “ “ 18. “ “ “ 19. The Steel Guitar in Early Country Music by Anthony Lis 20. “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 21. “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 22. “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 23. Readers Letters 24. “ “ 25. Readers Letters / Ron Whitaker’s new C.D. 26. Chanos-Curzon Drôme, International Steel Guitar Festival 27. “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 28. Pat’s Landmark 65th Birthday Party !! All ads and enquires to :- Editorial and design:- Pat and Basil Henriques Honorary members Pat Henrick Subscriptions:- Pat Jones (Wales.) Morgan & Thorne U.K. £16:00 per year 286. Lichfield Road Keith Grant (Japan) Europe €25:00 Four Oaks Alan Brookes (USA) Overseas $35:00 Sutton Coldfield ----------------------------- (U.S. dollars or equivalent) Birmingham B74 2UG Hawaiian Musicologist All include P+P (S+H) West Midlands. John Marsden (U.K.) Phone No:- 0182 770 4110. Payment by UK cheque, cash or E Mail - [email protected] money order payable to:- “Pat Henrick” web page www.waikiki-islanders.com Published in the U.K. by Waikiki Islanders Aloha Dream Magazine Copyright 2008 2 AlohaAloha t o y o u a l l Welcome back and thank you for joining us for another year, also a big thank you once again to John Gregory for his kind donation. -
Getting Hip to the Hop: a Rap Bibliography/Discography
Music Reference Services Quarterly. 1996, vol.4, no.4, p.17-57. ISSN: 1540-9503 (online) 1058-8167 (print) DOI: 10.1300/J116v04n04_02 http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wmus20/current http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wmus20/4/4 © 1996 The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Getting Hip to the Hop: A Rap Bibliography/Discography Leta Hendricks ABSTRACT. This bibliographic/discographic essay examines works which may be used to develop a core collection on Rap music. A selected bibliography and discography is also provided. INTRODUCTION Research interest has recently emerged in the popular African-American musical idiom known as Rap and continues to grow as social and cultural scholars have embarked on a serious study of Rap music and culture. Therefore, the student, scholar, and general library patron may seek information on Rap and its relationship with the African-American community. During the 1970's, libraries rushed to include in their holdings culturally diverse materials, especially materials on African-American history, literature, and culture. Today, emphasis is placed on cultural diversity, Rap is sometimes deemed to be low art and may be overlooked in the collecting of diverse materials. However, Rap has already celebrated its sixteenth anniversary and, like Rock and Roll, Rap is here to stay. Rap music research is difficult because (1) the librarian or information provider generally lacks knowledge of the category,' and (2) primary/ephemeral materials are not widely accessible.2 This selective bibliographic and discographic essay examines a variety of Rap resources and materials including biographies, criticisms, discographies, histories, recordings, and serials to help fill the Rap knowledge and culture gap and assist in the development of a core collection on Rap music. -
Black Sexual Politics
BLACK SEXUAL POLITICS BLACK SEXUAL POLITICS AFRICAN AMERICANS, GENDER, AND THE NEW RACISM PATRICIA HILL COLLINS Routledge New York & London Published in 2004 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, New York 10001 www.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE www.routledge.co.uk Copyright © 2004 by Routledge Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or here- after invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collins, Patricia Hill. Black sexual politics : African Americans, gender, and the new racism / Patricia Hill Collins. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-93099-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. African Americans—Social conditions—1975- 2. African American men. 3. African American women. 4. Sex role—United States. 5. African American—Sexual behavior. 6. African American—Race identity. 7. Racism—United States. 8. United States—Race relations. 9. Sexism—United States. I. Title. E185.86.C58167 2004 306.7'089'96073—dc22 2003022841 ISBN 0-203-30950-2 Master e-book ISBN CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii INTRODUCTION: NO TURNING BACK 1 PART I African Americans and the New Racism 1 WHY BLACK -
HERE`S a LITTLE STORY THAT MUST BE TOLD Microphone Grandmistresses, Lady Def Jams, Battle Queens, Mixmistresses, Fly Emcees, Spinderellas from the Late 70S to 1990
JEE-NICE PRESENTS: HERE`S A LITTLE STORY THAT MUST BE TOLD Microphone Grandmistresses, Lady Def Jams, Battle Queens, Mixmistresses, Fly Emcees, Spinderellas from the late 70s to 1990. Enjoy & spread the word! This Booklet is dedicated to all the ladies who rock da mike and spin the turntables. This copied fan-mag tries to discover the story of female hiphop activity from the beginning of hiphop culture in the late 70s to 1990. There is a cut in 1990. It was difficult to draw that line, to decide which artists to include and which not. Yo Yo, Queen Mother Rage, Sister Souljah, BWP, Conscious Daughters are not in it because they are more 90s then 80s. Nikki D, Tairrie B. and L.A. Star are on the edge, but I included them, because they are more 80s. What I did was to collect all the lyrics and pictures, which I could find and republish facts which are important for making history. I didn’t want to write anything new, I wanted to collect, to see what you can find out (in Germany), if you want to. In the end it’s not much and nothing that was published in the german language. You will find the source material in an appendix, so that you can check out where it comes from and read more, if you want to. Pictures without numbers are from my own record collection. This compilation can’t be complete and some facts will be wrong, but I have tried to make it as accurate as I can. -
Human Nature in Its Fourfold State
www.biblesnet.com - Online Christian Library Human Nature in its Fourfold State by Thomas Boston, 1676-1732 I. The State of INNOCENCE II. The State of NATURE 1. The SINFULNESS of man's natural state 2. The MISERY of man's natural state 3. The INABILITY of man's natural state III. The State of GRACE 1. Regeneration 2. Mystical Union IV. The ETERNAL State 1. Death 2. Difference between the righteous and the wicked in their death 3. Resurrection 4. Judgment 5. Heaven 6. Hell Human Nature in its Fourfold State Thomas Boston (1676 - 1732) I. The State of Innocence "Lo, this only have I found, that God has made man upright; but they have sought out many inventions." Eccl. 7:29 There are four things very necessary to be known by all who would see heaven: 1. What man was in the state of innocence, as God made him. 2. What he is in the state of corrupt nature, as he has unmade himself. www.biblesnet.com www.biblesnet.com - Online Christian Library 3. What he must be in the state of grace, as created in Christ Jesus unto good works, if ever he be made a partaker of the inheritance of the saints in light. 4. What he will be in his eternal state, as made by the Judge of all, either perfectly happy, or completely miserable, and that forever. These are weighty points, which touch the vitals of practical godliness, from which most men, and even many professors, in these dregs of time, are quite estranged. -
Hip Hop Document Set
Hip Hop Document Set Document 1 - Salt-N-Pepa Biography Salt-N-Pepa are a rap trio consisting of Cheryl “Salt” James, Sandra “Pepa” Denton, and Deidra “Spinderella” Roper. The hip hop group got its start in Queens, New York. James and Denton were best friends attending the same college, and also coworkers. Together with a classmate, they created a response record to a Doug E. Fresh’s song “The Show.” The track eventually got airplay and charted on the Billboard charts. They ended up renaming their group Salt-N-Pepa, with DJ Spinderella eventually joining the group as a full time member, and released their first albumHot, Cool and Vicious in 1986. The album produced the hit single “Push It,” which was nominated for a Grammy. By the 1990s, Salt-N-Pepa were prominent figures in hip hop who used their platform to discuss issues such as sex, body autonomy, equal pay, and gender roles while promoting women empow- erent. Most famously, their song “Let’s Talk About Sex” brought attention to open conversations about sex. In 1993, their third album Very Necessary spawned several singles such as “Shoop,” “None of Your Business,” and “Whatta Man.” Very Necessary was a commercial success and the single “None of Your Business” earned them their first Grammy for Best Rap Performance by a Duo/Group, making them the first women in rap to take home the prestigious award. In addition to using their music to talk about issues, Salt-N-Pepa raised awareness about HIV/AIDs and domestic violence. Document 2 - Fashion/Album Covers Very Necessary, US Release Very