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A REVIEW of the ORNITHOLOGY of TRINIDAD and TOBAGO 1950-1985 Richard Ffrench Toftingal Laurieston Road, Gatehouse of Fleet, Castle Douglas, Scotland DG7 2BE

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A REVIEW of the ORNITHOLOGY of TRINIDAD and TOBAGO 1950-1985 Richard Ffrench Toftingal Laurieston Road, Gatehouse of Fleet, Castle Douglas, Scotland DG7 2BE A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1950-1985 Richard ffrench Toftingal Laurieston Road, Gatehouse of Fleet, Castle Douglas, Scotland DG7 2BE Introduction In presenti ng this historical review of the progress of The first book to attempt to remedy th is situation was ornithology on Trin idad and Tobago over a 35-year pe riod , I produced locally in 1950, not by an ornitho logist but b y an am conscious that I may have omitted mentio n of work elderly Catholic priest, Father Raymund Devas, who lived in unknown to me, or which I have been unable to remember. If Grenada. It cont ai ned virtua ll y no illustrations, was very so, I apologise to those concerned. Nevertheless, I was res i­ short and fairly inaccurate, but it did contain an a l most com­ dent on Trinidad for nearl y 30 of those years and actively plete list of species and it was a start. A s imilar attempt to in volved in ornithology, so I me t, corresponded or worked en li ghten interested visitors was made by Mrs. K. Alford with with the majority of those mentioned be low . I hope 1 have notes on birds in a Tobago guide-book at about thi s time. d o ne them justice. Popular articles illustrated by photographs and very inade­ quate paintings appeared in oil company magazi nes written The Fifties by J o hnson ( 1956-57) and Saunders ( 1956, 1957), and th ese In common with most neolropical cou ntri es at the mid­ may have helped to arouse the latent interest in birds amo ng century, Trinidad and Tobago cou ld produ ce little evidence of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. Two indi vidua ls, R.E. ornithological aeti vi ty up to 1950 other than the wo rk of col­ Johnson ( 1937) a nd E. Chenery, had indeed studi e d local lectors. Even the extraordinarily detailed and valuable work birds s ince the 1930s, but there was little publis hed work. The of Belcher and Smooker (1934- 19 37) was based so le ly on revival of the Trinidad a nd Tobago Field Naturalists' Club for~ the ir collection of nests and eggs. The age of the collector was tunately led to publication of a Club journal at varyin g inter­ indeed not quite over, since sizeable collections of bird speci­ va ls from 1956 up to 1965 , and ever y two years after that. mens were made on Trinidad and Tobago during 1950-1951 This led to early contributions o n birds from Chenery ( 1956) by A. Ra sool and R. Plowden-Wardlaw for the Yale Peabody on nes ting tou cans, and by Quesnel (1956) on the den si ty of Museum in Massachusetts, and by G. F . Mees in 1953-54 for Great Kiskadees in Port of Spain. the Leiden Museum in Holland . During this decade a consid­ It is perhaps not s urpri sing, therefore, to find that the e rable number of bird skin s were also obtained by Wilbur major contributions to ornithological science at thi s time Downs and Thomas Aitken in the course of their work at the emanated from expatriates, mainly Briti sh, for Trinidad and Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (TRVL), a nd deposited in Tobago was th e n s till a co lony, or North American. First to the collect ion now held by the Caribbean Epidemiology appear was a useful volume by Junge and Mees ( 195 8) giving Centre (CAREC) in Port of Spain. This s hould form the basis a n account of the taxonomic work arising from the laller's col­ of a national collection, if s uch a project is ever contemplat­ lections five years earl ier. Brief descriptions of all s pecies ed. were included, but there were no illu stration s. Next came a Apart from Leotaud's work of 1866. written in French book from Geoffrey Herklots, principal of The Imperial and now virtually unobtainable, the re was up to 1950 no College of Tropica l Agriculture (lCTA) which preceded The descriptive account of the birds of Trinidad a nd Tobago. University of the West Indies (U.W.I.) at St Augustine. Dr. James Bond's monumental study of West Indian birds, begun Herklots was a British plant phy sio logist with an inte rest also in the 1920s, pointedly drew a line between the Antilles and in birds a nd painting. He attempted to fill the need for an Tobago, in acknowledgement of the fact that the avifauna of illustrated fi e ld g uide of local birds , but unfortunately the Trinidad a nd Tobago were basically continenta l in nature. work ( 1961) was not a success . The descriptions were far too rather than oceanic, and his 1936 book omitted the birds of lengthy and detailed. being clearly based on specimens in the these islands. Thus anyone living in or vis iting Trinidad to hand, and so were in many cases useless for field wo rk; worse study birds could identify s pecies only by using books on the st ill , the author's ow n paintings were too often grotesque a nd birds of British Guiana, now Guyana, the Antilles, Panama, inaccurate, usually depic tin g only the anterior half of the Mexico or even the U.S.A.; or alternatively, by relying on bird, and were well below the s tandard by now to be expect­ museum collections mos t of which were to be found in the ed in an international market. Herklots' field experience also metropolitan countries of the north. Naturally, this restric­ was far too limited to e nable him to provide adequate tre at­ tion tended to deter resi dents of Trinidad and Tobago from ment for the majority of the species accounts. taking an interest in orn ithology, for the basi s of most s tudies Probably th e most s ignifi cant development for loca l depends on identification. ornithology during thi s decade came abo ut from the deci sion 4 Living World 1997-1 998 of the famous American naturali st and ex plorer William Beebe Meanwhile, there had been brief visits to Trinidad and to set up a tTopical field research station for the New York Tobago by sc ientists with specific interes ts, which re sulted in Zoological Soc iety a l hi s properly, "Simla", in the Arima publications in the international sc ie ntific press; these includ­ Valley. Founded in 1950, it was to last over twenty years, and ed Darnton (1958) on manakins, Gilliard (1958) on biq:ls-of­ served main ly to attract researchers to s tudy tropical biology paradise in Tobago, Tashian (1957) on oropendolas, and in a setting that benefited from convenient access and mod­ Gross (1958) on the s leeping habits of Bananaquits. During e rn facilitie s rarely avai lable to field workers elsewhere in the the 1960s the Simla s tation facilitated important research by neotropies at that time. Although Dr. Beebe was already of Collins ( 1968-1974), mai nly on various swi ft s, Lill (1974) on advanced years and produced litt le sig nificant work him self evol utionary aspects of manakin courting behaviour, and at Simla. his paper on the ecology of the Arima Valley ( 1952) Drury (1962) , on oropendola ne s tbuilding. Independent provided a use fu l base for fu ture research. research led to the publication of papers by other workers, A few years laler, Beebe 's far- s ightedness was rewarded such as Lanyon (1963), on the obscure Myiarchus flycatchers, when Simla, and its neighbouring estate of Sl. Pat's, became Gochfeld (1972,1973) on marsh land and unusual species, and the base for research conducted over five years by David and Nottebohm (1969), on parrot learning behaviour. Barbara Snow, professional ornithologists from Britain, who On the more popular front, two i mportant books appeat­ soon became, along w ith Alexander Skutch in Costa Rica, so me ed which certainly put Trinidad and Tobago into the limelight of the most outstanding persona lities in the world of neotrop­ to some extent. These were the work of J an Lindblad, the ical fie ld ornithology. One of the great benefits of the Snows ' Swedish naturalist and photographer, o n the scarlet ibis in situation was that, unlike the majori ty of visiting expatriate Caroni Swamp (1969), and Brooke Worth (1967), a scie nti st researchers , they were able to work over a lengthy and con­ working with Wilbur Downs at the TRVL, whose perceptive ti n uou s period, and thus achieve an indepth understanding of and amusing book on his adventures in Trinidad is a classic the eco logy a nd other biologica l aspects of the area. The prin­ of its kind. cipal subj ects of their studies were the lek-forming manak ins One interesting development followed the destruction of (1962a, 1962c. 1963, 1971), be llbirds (1970) and h umming­ Tobago's fo rests in 1963 by Hurricane Flora. Perhaps typical­ birds (1972, 1973, 1974) as well as the o ilb ird (1961, 1962), l y, the government of the day was less interested in the almost certain swifts (1962b) and th rus hes (1963b); a rising fro m the total extinction of severa l hill fores t species there, including above came continued work on the significance of fruit-eating the White-tailed Sabrewi ng, than in the effect on the islands in tropical birds and its connection with the evolution of lek tourist trade of the similarly near annihilation of the intro­ be hav iour (1962a, 1962c).
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