A REVIEW OF THE ORNITHOLOGY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1950-1985 Richard ffrench Toftingal Laurieston Road, Gatehouse of Fleet, Castle Douglas, Scotland DG7 2BE

Introduction In presenti ng this historical review of the progress of The first book to attempt to remedy th is situation was ornithology on Trin idad and Tobago over a 35-year pe riod , I produced locally in 1950, not by an ornitho logist but b y an am conscious that I may have omitted mentio n of work elderly Catholic priest, Father Raymund Devas, who lived in unknown to me, or which I have been unable to remember. If Grenada. It cont ai ned virtua ll y no illustrations, was very so, I apologise to those concerned. Nevertheless, I was res i­ short and fairly inaccurate, but it did contain an a l most com­ dent on Trinidad for nearl y 30 of those years and actively plete list of species and it was a start. A s imilar attempt to in volved in ornithology, so I me t, corresponded or worked en li ghten interested visitors was made by Mrs. K. Alford with with the majority of those mentioned be low . I hope 1 have notes on birds in a Tobago guide-book at about thi s time. d o ne them justice. Popular articles illustrated by photographs and very inade­ quate paintings appeared in oil company magazi nes written The Fifties by J o hnson ( 1956-57) and Saunders ( 1956, 1957), and th ese In common with most neolropical cou ntri es at the mid­ may have helped to arouse the latent interest in birds amo ng century, Trinidad and Tobago cou ld produ ce little evidence of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. Two indi vidua ls, R.E. ornithological aeti vi ty up to 1950 other than the wo rk of col­ Johnson ( 1937) a nd E. Chenery, had indeed studi e d local lectors. Even the extraordinarily detailed and valuable work birds s ince the 1930s, but there was little publis hed work. The of Belcher and Smooker (1934- 19 37) was based so le ly on revival of the Trinidad a nd Tobago Field Naturalists' Club for~ the ir collection of nests and eggs. The age of the collector was tunately led to publication of a Club journal at varyin g inter­ indeed not quite over, since sizeable collections of bird speci­ va ls from 1956 up to 1965 , and ever y two years after that. mens were made on Trinidad and Tobago during 1950-1951 This led to early contributions o n birds from Chenery ( 1956) by A. Ra sool and R. Plowden-Wardlaw for the Yale Peabody on nes ting tou cans, and by Quesnel (1956) on the den si ty of Museum in Massachusetts, and by G. F . Mees in 1953-54 for Great Kiskadees in Port of Spain. the Leiden Museum in Holland . During this decade a consid­ It is perhaps not s urpri sing, therefore, to find that the e rable number of bird skin s were also obtained by Wilbur major contributions to ornithological science at thi s time Downs and Thomas Aitken in the course of their work at the emanated from expatriates, mainly Briti sh, for Trinidad and Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (TRVL), a nd deposited in Tobago was th e n s till a co lony, or North American. First to the collect ion now held by the Caribbean Epidemiology appear was a useful volume by Junge and Mees ( 195 8) giving Centre (CAREC) in Port of Spain. This s hould form the basis a n account of the taxonomic work arising from the laller's col­ of a national collection, if s uch a project is ever contemplat­ lections five years earl ier. Brief descriptions of all s pecies ed. were included, but there were no illu stration s. Next came a Apart from Leotaud's work of 1866. written in French book from Geoffrey Herklots, principal of The Imperial and now virtually unobtainable, the re was up to 1950 no College of Tropica l Agriculture (lCTA) which preceded The descriptive account of the birds of Trinidad a nd Tobago. University of the West Indies (U.W.I.) at St Augustine. Dr. James Bond's monumental study of West Indian birds, begun Herklots was a British plant phy sio logist with an inte rest also in the 1920s, pointedly drew a line between the Antilles and in birds a nd painting. He attempted to fill the need for an Tobago, in acknowledgement of the fact that the avifauna of illustrated fi e ld g uide of local birds , but unfortunately the Trinidad a nd Tobago were basically continenta l in nature. work ( 1961) was not a success . The descriptions were far too rather than oceanic, and his 1936 book omitted the birds of lengthy and detailed. being clearly based on specimens in the these islands. Thus anyone living in or vis iting Trinidad to hand, and so were in many cases useless for field wo rk; worse study birds could identify s pecies only by using books on the st ill , the author's ow n paintings were too often grotesque a nd birds of British Guiana, now Guyana, the Antilles, Panama, inaccurate, usually depic tin g only the anterior half of the Mexico or even the U.S.A.; or alternatively, by relying on bird, and were well below the s tandard by now to be expect­ museum collections mos t of which were to be found in the ed in an international market. Herklots' field experience also metropolitan countries of the north. Naturally, this restric­ was far too limited to e nable him to provide adequate tre at­ tion tended to deter resi dents of Trinidad and Tobago from ment for the majority of the species accounts. taking an interest in orn ithology, for the basi s of most s tudies Probably th e most s ignifi cant development for loca l depends on identification. ornithology during thi s decade came abo ut from the deci sion 4 Living World 1997-1 998 of the famous American naturali st and ex plorer William Beebe Meanwhile, there had been brief visits to Trinidad and to set up a tTopical field research station for the New York Tobago by sc ientists with specific interes ts, which re sulted in Zoological Soc iety a l hi s properly, "Simla", in the Arima publications in the international sc ie ntific press; these includ­ Valley. Founded in 1950, it was to last over twenty years, and ed Darnton (1958) on manakins, Gilliard (1958) on biq:ls-of­ served main ly to attract researchers to s tudy tropical biology paradise in Tobago, Tashian (1957) on oropendolas, and in a setting that benefited from convenient access and mod­ Gross (1958) on the s leeping habits of Bananaquits. During e rn facilitie s rarely avai lable to field workers elsewhere in the the 1960s the Simla s tation facilitated important research by neotropies at that time. Although Dr. Beebe was already of Collins ( 1968-1974), mai nly on various swi ft s, Lill (1974) on advanced years and produced litt le sig nificant work him self evol utionary aspects of manakin courting behaviour, and at Simla. his paper on the ecology of the Arima Valley ( 1952) Drury (1962) , on oropendola ne s tbuilding. Independent provided a use fu l base for fu ture research. research led to the publication of papers by other workers, A few years laler, Beebe 's far- s ightedness was rewarded such as Lanyon (1963), on the obscure Myiarchus flycatchers, when Simla, and its neighbouring estate of Sl. Pat's, became Gochfeld (1972,1973) on marsh land and unusual species, and the base for research conducted over five years by David and Nottebohm (1969), on parrot learning behaviour. Barbara Snow, professional ornithologists from Britain, who On the more popular front, two i mportant books appeat­ soon became, along w ith Alexander Skutch in Costa Rica, so me ed which certainly put Trinidad and Tobago into the limelight of the most outstanding persona lities in the world of neotrop­ to some extent. These were the work of J an Lindblad, the ical fie ld ornithology. One of the great benefits of the Snows ' Swedish naturalist and photographer, o n the scarlet ibis in situation was that, unlike the majori ty of visiting expatriate Caroni Swamp (1969), and Brooke Worth (1967), a scie nti st researchers , they were able to work over a lengthy and con­ working with Wilbur Downs at the TRVL, whose perceptive ti n uou s period, and thus achieve an indepth understanding of and amusing book on his adventures in Trinidad is a classic the eco logy a nd other biologica l aspects of the area. The prin­ of its kind. cipal subj ects of their studies were the lek-forming manak ins One interesting development followed the destruction of (1962a, 1962c. 1963, 1971), be llbirds (1970) and h umming­ Tobago's fo rests in 1963 by Hurricane Flora. Perhaps typical­ birds (1972, 1973, 1974) as well as the o ilb ird (1961, 1962), l y, the government of the day was less interested in the almost certain swifts (1962b) and th rus hes (1963b); a rising fro m the total extinction of severa l hill fores t species there, including above came continued work on the significance of fruit-eating the White-tailed Sabrewi ng, than in the effect on the islands in tropical birds and its connection with the evolution of lek tourist trade of the similarly near annihilation of the intro­ be hav iour (1962a, 1962c). The Snows' work a lso embraced duced Greater Bird-of-Paradise on Lillie Tobago Island. many other branches of ornithology, and provided extremely Sensing an opportu nity, I and so me others were ab le to bring valuable primary data, meticulously collected, on breeding about the establishment on Little Tobago, for one year, of a seasons (1963a, 1964, 1973, 1974), social organization ( 197 1, graduate researcher from Wisconsin, Jim Dinsmore, whose 1973), feeding niches (1972) and ecology ( 197 1), longevity work (1967-1972) not only dealt with the ecology of the ( 1974), and the general biology of species (1963a, 1964, island, and its doubtful suitab ility as a haven for birds-of-par­ t 985). To fUrlh er their ecological studies they also collected ad ise, but also i nc luded the f irst comprehensive account of plant material widely for identificafion purposes, since litera­ the main seab ird islands off north-east Tobago. ture on neot ropicai plants was then as s parse as that on b irds. D uri ng the 1960s I had not been idle. Fo llowi ng the pre­ Although the Snows' residence on Trinidad ended in cepts and example of the Snows, my wife and I began as early 1961,their association w ith neot ropical ornithology has as 1958 to catch and band a variety of species, with part ic u­ end ured for more than three decade s to the present time . by lar emphasis on the Dickcissel (1967a), whose erratic winter many visits to continenta l countries. I myself benefited great­ irruptions into south T rinidad reached a peak at this time. ly from the Snows' generous shari ng of primary data to assist We worked al so on migrant shorebirds, which conveniently my own studies, as well as through s timulating companion­ roosted and fed in great numbers on Pointe-a-Pierre mud-flats sh ip in the field. For a young ornit ho logist starling o ut in the near our home, in the days before the oil company reclaimed neotropics, the opportunity to learn as a kind of apprentice that land for a tank farm. and on the scarlet ibi s (1970), from such experts was a wonderful stroke of l uck. which st ill nes ted in Caroni Swamp up to 1969. We a lso paid a number of visits to offshore islands, principally Soldado The S i x ti es Rock, where we banded and studied Sooty Terns and Brown Since we were all disappointed by the inadequacy of Noddies (1989, 1991a), and the various Bocas island s in the Herklot' s book, it is not surprising that in the earl y 1960s the course of Field Natu ralists ' Club exped itions (1965, 1967b, Snows and I began to talk about a joint project to produce a 1969). publicatio n wOrlhy of the extraordinary avifauna of this coun­ In 1965 1 finally began work on actually writing my try. To begin with, this consisted mainly of amassing data on guide to local birds. David Snow, who left the country in 1961 , the general biology of species, and the understanding was had decided he was too busy elsewhere to participate, but that I would concentrate my efforts on lowland areas, swamps gave much-valued he lp. I was a lso fortunate enough to and coasts, while the Snows would deal with hill forests. acquire the cooperation of Don Eckelberry and John O'Neill, Review Trinidad ornithology 5 twO of the foremost bird artists in the U.S.A., and, c rucially, I had followed up my more general work by concent rat· financial backing for the publication from a friend. 1 must ing o n more spec ific topics, such as the life history of the mention here that at no time d id I aspire to write a field guide pearl kite (1982), the bi rd-life of an abandoned estate at which exists principall y or even so le l y to enable identifica­ G rafton, T obago (1978), a nd on a more s usta ined attempt to tion. Birds are far too interesting, indeed fascinating, to be rel­ bring an interest in history into the li ves of the wider publi c egated to the leve l of names or numbers to be collected by of Trinidad and Tobago through magazine and newspape r those with nothing betler to do. Thus I determined to include articles, and eventua ll y a less cos tly illu strate d booklet on the and present in su mmary form all the info rmation 1 could commo ner birds of the coun try ( 19 86). glean on the 400 odd species known to occur on Trinidad and Moving into the e igh ties, we find conti nuing work on Tobago. It took me eight yea rs to co mplete (1973), and a fur­ migrant seabi rds by a Canadian team led by Blokpoel and ther 18 year s to update (1991 b). Of course we had been col­ Morris (1982, 1984), a useful but far too brief study of th e lecting a wide variet y of data for ten years before I began writ­ impact of chachalacas o n c rop predation in Tobago by ing the text and thi s has cont inu ed right up to the present. Diamond ( 19 33), and so me interesti ng comparative work by The emphasis was on life history material, s uch as vocalisa­ Wunderle on the avifaunas of Tobago and Grenada (1985). In tions, food, breeding and o ther behaviour. From the o utset 1 the later years of the decade. work was forthcoming on rare aimed to provide a reference book which could be useful for or threatened species such as the piping-guan , scarlet ibis and residen ts and visitors on Tri nidad and Tobago, but wh ich other wetland species, but I am reaching beyond the scope of would also provide a basis for field workers in neighbouring this study. countries. Thus I included a wide-ranging bibliography of It cannot have escaped notice that little ornitho logica l some 330 titles, which I had consulted in the course of my research was produced during the period under review by compilation. I believe it was all this information, collated for native-born residents of Trinidad and Tobago. Exceptions to th e first time in a general study of the birds of a neotropical this rule include some members of th e Trinidad and Tobago country, which gave my book its main va lue. Field Natural ists' C lub, such as Elisha Tikasingh and Clyde Although it had a l ways s urprised me tha t few members Crichlow; bu t no one in that Club wou ld Ileed to be reminded of the Field Naturalists' Club had taken much interest in bird that one principal contributor, espec ia ll y in latter days. has study, there had neve rt heless been pl enty of interest in other been that a ll -round naturalis t of the "old schoo !" , ViclOr branches of natural history, and particularly in the conserva­ Quesnel. who followed up his original work from 1956 on th e t ion of wildl ife. This latler concept was probably the pri ncipal Kiskadee by artic les on hummingbirds (1977), ni g ht jars motivator i n the establi shment in 1967 of the Asa Wright ( 19 85), and in a hilarious if controve rsial work on the song of Nature Centre, the fi rst of its kind i n the neotropics, which the peppershrike (1987). was based largely on the initiative of Don Eckelberty, the I said earlier that William Beebe in hi s establishment of American artist, who spear-headed the e ffort s to set it up. Simla laid down an important foundation; so I return finally Shortl y after this, th e New York Zoological Society decided to the Arima valley, and to the other hi gh ly successful venture after the death of William Beebe to give up its field stat io n, of the Asa Wright Nature Centre, which has drawn onitholog­ and the property was eventually taken over to be run on a ica l pilgrims from all parts of the world. This has led to a valu­ limited budget by the Nature Centre. Thus the facilities able tourist asset, and has contributed towards the awakening remained in place to e nable important work to be do ne there of an awareness, through education and public ity, of wild li fe during the 1970s and beyond. By this time th e University of and especially birdlife in this country. In the ten years since the West Indies had estab lished itself securely i n various cam­ I found myself unfortunately con strained to leave my resi­ puses, and support there had been available for visi ting or dence of 30 years in the West Indies, I have seen the contin­ re sident fie ld workers in orni th ology. ued expansion of this process, not only at the Centre, but also in other areas of both islands, and into valuable and praise­ The Seventies and ea rl y E i ghties worthy efforts by a number of individuals a nd organ izations Valuable work was done over a lengthy time by a tea m in the fi elds of eco- tourism , photography, publication and from Florida, led by Peter Feinsinger, mainly on th e subject of research. It is my hope that th e latter field wi ll now begin to the ecological relationships of hummin gbirds and flowering be developed even more widely. plan ts ( 1978, 1982); also by the Wileys (1980) and Mano li s I am proud to have been part of the development of ( 1982) on the breeding strateg ies of certain icterids, by ornithology in Trin idad and Tobago over th e last 40 years . I Morris (1984) o n breeding seab irds on Little Tobago, and by have made many fine friends a nd acquaintances during that Williams and o th e rs on bird migra tion th at had been moni­ time. and I would li ke to express my very si ncere appreciation tored on radar (1977). One of the most useful pieces of for all that they have done with me a long the way. research, fro m my personal poi nt of view, was carried out by Ke e ler-Wolf (1982) o n comparative avian ecology in the hill forests of Trinidad and Tobago, particularly as it related to the recovery of Tobago's hill forest after 1963. 6 Living World 1997·1998

R e f e r e n c e s

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Nottebohm, F. and M. Nottebohm.1969. The parrots of Snow, D.W. 1962c. A field study of the Golden-headed Bush-Bush, AI/imal Killgdom 72: 18-23. Manakin in Trinidad. Zo%gica 47: 18 3 ·198. Quesnel, V.C. 1956. The density of the population of Snow, D.W . 1963. The display of the Blue-backed Manakin breeding Ki skadees in Port of Spain. 1. Trinidad Field in Tobago. Zoologica 48: 167-176. Naturalists' Club. pp. 24-25. Snow, D . W. 1971. Social organization of the Blue-backed Quesnel, V.C.1977. Stay-at- home Starthroat. Living World, Manakin. Wi/son Bull. 83: 35-38. 1. Trinidad Field Naturalists' Club. p. 1 I . Snow, D.W.1985. The web o/adaptation: bird studies in the Quesnel, V.C. 1985. Why do night jars si t on the road at Americ a" tropics. Ithaca: Cornell Un iv. Press. 192 pp.

night? Living World, J. Trinidad Field Natllralist.~' Club. Snow, D.W . and A. Li11.1974. Longevit y records for some pp. 19-23. Neotropical landbirds. Condor 76: 262·267. Quesnel, V.C. 1987. The songs of the Rurous-browed Snow, D.W. and B.K. Snow. 1963a. Weights and wing­ Peppershrike Cyclarllis gujanellsis. Livillg World, 1. lengths of so me Trinidad birds. Zo%gica 48: 1-1 2. Trinidad Field Naturalist Club. pp. 43-45. Snow, D.W. and B.K. Snow. 1963b. Breeding and the Saunders, J.B. 1956. The Scarle t Ibis. Trill. Regent News annual cyc le in three Trinidad thru shes. Wilson Bull. 75: 6(4),10-12. 27-4 I . Saunders, J. B. 1957. Bird Life on Soldado Rock. Trill. Snow, D.W. and B.K. Snow. 1964. Breeding seasons and Regent News 7(3): 4-7. the annual cycles of Trinidad landbirds. Zo%gica 49: 1- Snow, B.K. 1970. A field stud y of the Bearded Bellbird in 39. Trinidad. Ibis 11 2: 299 -3 29. Snow, D.W. and B.K. Snow. 197 3. The breeding of the Snow, B.K. 1973. Social organisation of th e Hairy Hermit Hairy Hermit Claucis hirsllta in Trinidad. Ardea 61: Clallcis hirsllta. Ardea 61: 94-105. 106-122. Snow, B.K, 1974. Lek behaviour and breeding of Guy's Tashian. R.E. 1957. Nesting behavior of the Crested He rm it Phaethornis guy. Ibis 116: 278-297. Oropendola in northern Trinidad. Zo%gica 42: 87-98. Snow , B.K. and D . W. Snow.1971. The feeding ecology of Wiley, R.H . and M.S . Wiley . 1980. Spacing and timing in tanagers and honeycreepers in Trinidad. Auk 88: 291- the nesting ecology of a (ropical blackbird; compari son 322. of populations in different environment s. Ecol. Monogr. Snow, B.K. and D . W . Snow . 19 72. Feeding niches of hum­ 50, 153-178. mingbirds in a Trinidad valley. 1. Anim. Ecol. 41: 471- Williams , T.C., J.M. Williams, L.C. Ireland and J.M. 485. Tea I. 1977. Bird migration over the western North Snow, D . W. 1961 and 1962. The natural history of the Atlantic Ocean. Am. Birds 31: 251-267. Oilbird Steatornis caripellsis, in Trinidad. (in 2 parts). Worth, C.B. 1967. A Nafltralist ill Tri"idad. Lippincott Co. Zoologica46: 27-48; and 47: 199-221. Philadelphia. 29 1 pp . Snow, D . W . 1962a. A field study of the Black-and-whi te Wunde r le, J.M.1985. An ecological comparison of the avi­ Manakin in Trinidad. Zo%gica 47: 65-104. faunas of Grenada and Tobago . Wilson Bull. 97: 356-365. Suo w, D. W . 1962b. Notes on the biology of Trinidad swifts. Zoologica47: 129-139.