Laura Strurningher Schor
,La Voix des Femmes'
Warnen and the Revolution of 1848 in France
The first issue 01' La Voix des Femmes was those who came to meetings in Paris and published on March 19, 1848 by Eugenie others who sent letters a,nd articles from Niboyet, former Saint-Simonian and ex all over Fra,nce, were determined to ex perienced author, translator and editor. press different opinions on the political The pu blication followed by three weeks and social issues of the day. the February Revolution, which had re There is ample evidence - both writ moved Louis Philippe from the throne. ten and iconographic - 01' the involve Equally significant, it followed by three ment 01' women from all walks 01' life days announcements 01' the Provisional as supporters 01' the February act.ions at Government for the coming election. The the barricades and as econornic suppor men who were raised to power by the ters of the Provisional Government in the revolutionaries 01' Februa,ry declared the immediate aftermath 01' the battles2 In right to vote the supreme right 01' man the excitement 01' the early days 1'0110 and asserted that universal suffrage would wing the return to a republican govern put an end to inequalit.y among citizens. 1 ment, some wornen were emboldened to In addition, the revollJtionaries believed believe that they, too, would be accor that the right to work was a fundamen ded the rights 01' citizenship. The best tal right 01' citizenship and that the go known 01' these is Pauline Roland, a Saint vernment should provide jobs for the un Simonian, who wa.s in February 1848 li employed. Despite the egalitarian rheto ving in the small commune 01' Boussac. ric, by mid-March it had become deM Eager to participate in the revolutionary that the Provisional Government did not events, yet far from the scene of the batt intend to include women in the expan les, Roland decided to make her stand at ded eJectorate nor were they eager to set the ballot box and tater in the mailbox. up employment. opportunities for women A strong supporter 01' Pierre Leroux, she who were without work. But the women tried to cast a vote for hirn in the mu 01' 1848, especially those who gathered nicipal elections. Though she was denied around Niboyet and La Voix des Femmes, the right to vote, she succeeded in signing
558 ÖZG 9(1998/4 Forum,558-586 the register, using the enigmatic and me broader issues of ed ucation and the sensi morable signature, Marie Antoinette Ro tive topics of mari tal obligations and di land. Roland then described her effort in vorce. a letter to friends in Paris, women who In March and April 1848 hundreds of were close to Eugenie Niboyet ..3 Eigh newspapers and political clubs opened teen months later, Jeanne Deroin, ano in Paris, responding to the new freedom ther Saint-Simonian and friend of Pauline from censorship rules and suspension of Roland and Eugenie Niboyet, demonstra cautionary fees which had been features ted her belief in political equality for wo of the latter days of the J uly Monarchy. men by launching her own campaign for Few women dared to attend these club eleetion to the new Legislative Assembly.4 meetings since membership was restric Other women focussed on t.he Right ted to men and meetings were often rau to Work promised by the Provisional cous affairs. 6 Fewer still had the courage Government. One group submitted 30 pe to seek the rostrum at these meetings to tition 1.0 the Government asking thaI. wo discuss women's rights.7 Niboyet, Deroin, men be named as delegates to the Com and Gay, all former Saint-Simonian lea mission on Labor to organize women's ders and previous editors of women's jour work. They demanded that lists of unem nals, were increasingly aware of women's ployed women be formed, and that na isolation from public debate. They dedi tionaJ restaurants, lau nd ries and sewing cated their efforts to pieree the silen ce workshops be created to give women em using the vehicle of La Voix des Femmes. ployment. 11. would take several weeks They sought the support of women wri and many more petitions before the Com ters and social activists and were rewar mission responded 1.0 these dernands in ded by the early adhercnec of Suzanne a partial fash,ion by creating 30 national Voilquin, Elise Lemonnier, Gabrielle Sou workshop in the second arrondissement met, Hermance Lesguillons, and Amelie under the leaders hip of a,nother friend Prai. The only woman who snubbed them of Roland, Deroin, and Niboyet, DesirEle and denigrated their e!forts was George Gay.5 Sand .8 Women's right to vote and 1.0 work From the beginning, they saw their were the two ~ubstantive issues addres newspaper as part of a la,rger effort 1.0 sed by women in the immediate after educate women and 1.0 involve them in math of the February revolution, but a wide-ranging social action. They dedica third issue emerged as women sought 1.0 ted themselves 1.0 the moral, intellectual, expand the definition of citizen. French and material rights of 3011 women. They women who spoke and wrote about wo planned a newspaper,30 li brary and pu blic rnen 's rights were ridiculed both for the instruction for women, and an association content of their remarks and for the act which would specifically address the pro of participating in public debate. Ironi blems of women in need.9 They plan ned cally, the satirical attack on women, hel 1.0 involve their readers in 3011 aspects of ped 1.0 expand the range of issues under this work. Earlier women's journals had discussion from su!frage and work to thc combined literary meetings and instruc-
F 0 rum, 558 - 586 ÖZG 9/1998/4 559 tional opportunities; La Voix, built on education, one about the organization of this model, was unique in specificaJJy ope work, a letter to the people from Marie ning meetings and columns to women of M., a review of the foreign press, an ar all classes and levels of instruction. In ticle about prison work and the unfair recognition of the needs of their reader competition it created, a list of donations ship, they also included a job placement to the republic, a discussion of arequest service in their objectives. Opening the for a two-hour work reduction from laun circle of readers/participants to all wo dresses, the story of Pauline Roland's at men transformed La Voix des Femmes tempt to vote, and a few announeements. from a newspaper written by women acti This eclectic issue, relying on the accu vists for themselves 1.0 a newspaper which mulation of weeks of material, was a trial offered a forum for all women with con ba.Jloon. Many newspapers were launehed eerns about rights and duties. The selec in the spring of 1848 which lasted for only tion of the title, La Voix des Femmes, the one or two issues. However, with the se Voice of Women, was not without pur cond issue of La Voix which appeared on nd pose. Earlier women 's journals used more March 22 , the editors proclaimed suc neutral, less evocative titles like, La Tri cess. The response of the readers was so bune des Femmes,10 La Gazette des Fem strong, they reported, that from this issue mes, and Le Journal des Femmes. Why on La Voix would be published daily. Ni La Voix? Niboyet and her colleaglles left boyet and her editorial committee knew a clue in an article by Hortense Wiln in that to partieipate in political debates in the April 15 th issue of La Voix. Using the a meaningful way they would have to ap pseudonym Henriette, art.ist.e, Hortense pear more frequently than any previous deseribed the conspiraey of silenee she women's journal had dared. and her friends encountered when they Despite the optimism of Niboyet and trien to publicize a petition to the Pro her associates, there was little reason to visional Government demanding work for believe that they could sustain a daily women artists, workers, authors and tea newspaper for women readers. Fuclled by chers. The Petition was circulated to each the euphoria of the early successes accom of the major newspapers of the daYi per panying the overthrow of the J uly I1'Ion sonal visits followed to the journal offi archy and by the conviction that La Voix ces. All of these efforts proved futile. Hen would be a forum for women that would riette concluded, "women being nothing, enable them to partieipate in the pu blic the press would not ta.ke on thc mission debate, the editors launched the first fe 12 to makI' them become something." 11 Ni minist daily on a shoe-string Relying boyet. and her associates believen in wo on friends and relatives, they patched to men's rights; they were determined to re gether the next issues of La Voix. Paulin place women 's silence with women 's voi Niboyet, Eugenie's son, contributed a se ces. rialized novel as weil as several theatrical By mid-March they cobbled together reviews. Louise Crouzat, a friend, sent ar the first issue which included a Profes ticles on the ed ucation of girls in Aigeria, sion of Faith, an article about women's Hortense Wild contributed a piece about
560 ÖZG 9/1998/4 Forum,558-586 the midwivcs of Athens, Bettina von Ar condition of women added to the copy nim sent in a two-part article about mi available to the editors. In the fourth is sery in Germany, Anna Knight contribu sue, on March 24 th, the editors announ ted her letter to M. Coquerel, and a,[] ced the formation of an editorial associa the members of the editorial committee tion which met in Niboyet's horne and contributed articles frequently. Later is debated proposals about women's educa sues included some advertising for wo tion, about national workshops for wo men's health care products and products men, and about the role women should for the horne which presumably genera play in the general amelioration of society. ted revenue and helped to filJ the foul' pa The association calJed on "sisters" who ges printed daily. had useful information on these su bjects The price of La Voix des Femmes or others to write or to come in person to two francs per month - was designed to the horne of the editor every day between encourage a wide readership.13 Regret twelve and two. The next day the edito tably, a search of the archives has tur rial association established themselves as ned up no evidence of the nurnber of co Association fraterneUe des femmes. A few pies printed of each issue, nor any infor days later, perhaps wishing to distinguish mation about subscribers.14 Fortunately, themselves from other groups of women, the news paper itself provides interesting they changed their name to the Society clues about its readers. First, it is clear of La Voix des Femmes. Later still, they t hat La Voix reached a large readershi p adopted the satirical name by which they outside of Paris as weil as in the capi were widely known in the press, the Club tal. The columns ofthe petite poste inclu des femmes. 19 An article descri bing the ded the editors responses to subscribers in formation of the Society opened with the Lyon, Castlenaudary, Bcsan~on, Marseil optirnistic observation: "The times were les, Macon, Amiens, Lilie, and Brussels.15 ours. Our news paper was rneant to suc In addition to subscriptions, individual ceed. The success it has known since its copies of La Voix were hawked on the appearance has surpassed our hopes." It streets of Paris like other dailies l6 blazing closed by reaffirming the central cornrnit a new trail for wornen's periodicaJs. J ud rnent of the editors: "No one will be ex ging from the response in the humorous cluded. Women of all ranks and ages have Charivari, the rnere fact that La Voix was the same rights to our efforts.,,20 l sold on the streets gave cause for alarm. ? The founding rnernbers of the Society Niboyet seerns to have had trou ble hiring of La Voix des Femmes ranged in age and keeping hawkers.18 It is likely that frorn thirty-eight to fifty-two,21 wornen the hawkers, like the editor, became the who had so me experience with thc Saint targets of abuse in the streets. Simonian or Fourierist rnovernents of the Despite the attempt to trivialize La prior decade. Others who joined later Voix, serious letters arrived frorn all over like Marie-Noerni Constant and her friend the country; petitions to the Provisional Adele Esquiros were younger, Jess expe Government, stories and articles of gene rienced, and more willing to take risks. 22 ral interest, and plans to ameliorate the Still others like Widow Mourey and Euge-
Forum.558-586 ÖZG 9/1998/4 561 nie Foa, appear to represent an older ge troversy tha.n continuing the policy of ex neration even more traditionaJ than Ni c1usion. boyet. The rnembers of the Society coun Letters sent by Widow Mourey, Euge. ted on the support of their readers and nie Foa, Suzanne Voilquin and 1\'1me Che were not disappointcd. Letters to the edi nard shifted the focus from women's tor poured in and were printcd in vir rights to wornen mobilizing to help un tllally every issue of La Voix. Like the employed women. This was a topic that membership of the Society, readers who appea.red on the agenda of every mee sent letters represented a range of opini ting of the Society. In an early editorial ons and of educational background and on this subject, Niboyel signaled the sup writing experience. Some wrote just a few port of the Society for such work by pro lines while others wrote long letters that posing a plan for "ladies" to work with covered a wide range of su bjects in an in teams of working wornen and representa formal essay style. tives of each rnayoralty in Paris, creating Young enthusiastic readers like Au a house-to-house collection to aid working gustine Genoux showered praise on La women and men.26 While waiting for Ni Voix des Femmes for treating women's is boyet's plan to secure support from the sues seriously in contrast with other jour mayors, something which never materiali nals by women which concerned themsel zed, Mourey urgcd the Society to use each ves only witih fashion and tapestry pat of its meetings as an opportunity to col terns. Genoux called on her "sisters" to lect funds for "poor sisters" who were in fight for emancipation, signing her let severe need duc to the ecolJomic disrup ter, "Courage and Unity! Citizen Augu tions of tbe Revolution. Funds collected stine Gcnoux.,,23 Claire J., who used the at meetings could be deposited with the salutation, "Mes soeurs", volunteered to cashier of thc. Society and would then be help the endeavors of the new Society in used to buy coupons for brea.d and meat. whatever way she could. She recommen Anyone associa.ted with the newspaper, ded a motto for the organiza.t.ion: "Do either as a subscriber or author, would not rest until the grave!,,24 An anony be entitled to refer necdy women to the mous letter printed on March 28 th cal cashier for immediate help while the re led for the Society to open its meetings to organization of society was being pla.nned "our brothers, especially those who sup and implement.ed. Mourey urged Niboyet port our emancipation." The editors re to continue to use the Society as a forum sponded primly, "So that our meetings on behalf of women who needed Imme don't frighten our fathers and husbands, diate' assistance.27 they will be among ourselves.,,25 The is Eugenie Foa, like Mourey, first presen sue or meeting size and format and topics ted her ideas 10 a meeting of the Society for disCLlssion and price of admission re and then sent a letter to La Voü: des Fem mained problematic for several weeks. By mes asking for ~upport for the crcation the end of May the editors were forced to of a Nationa.1 Institute for Women whose change their policy concluding that. allo aim would be to reduce the misery among wing men to attend would create less con working women and to reSCHe t.hem from
562 ÖZG 9/1998/4 Forum,558-586 "the vice which rnisery aJtraets." In Fua.'s pluyed from the danger of idleness and plan, each "lady" would work with a de from the traps of poverty. She did not legate from the government to take up expect the government to funrl every a cullection in her parisl'l. TI1is money thing. She tried to create an association of would be used to create national work domestic workers whose members would shops for girls ami women. It would also each contribute one franc per month to provide a dowry, an infirmary, and funds establish a sick fund and an emergency to be shared by the wurkers as a·n Incen fund. If the workcrs and the government tive to productivity.28 wuulld contribute, Chenard was convinced Another woman who adrlressed Society she could establish a center which would meetings and also wrote letters to La Voix be directed by a committee of its own was Suzanne Voilquin, a Saint"Simonian membership. She received the sponsor who had worked with Deroin and Gay ship of La VO'ix des Femmes which repea fifteen years earlier. In 1848, having re terlly ran announcements of the formation turned from Egypt where she had gone of lohe Association fraterneUe des femmes in scarch of tlle femak rnessiah predic a gages and iden tified it as a grou p fou n ted by Enfantin, Voilquin was practicing ded under the patronage of the Society of as a midwife and shared their economic La Voix des Femmes. 30 plight. Competition posed by physicians, La Voix also printed petitions and let who increasingly treated mure affluent ters of working wornen addressed to the wornen, meant that midwives were una Provisional Government and copied to ble to earn a living. Serving pOOl' families the erlitors. In late March P.G. ouvriere, whu frequently could not afforrl to pay for a working woman, wrote: their services, and prohibiterl from trea "I COme in the name of a great muYl ting any ot her women's ailments 01' from bel' of women aJRicted by adversity and writing prescriptions, the midwives urga with no other resources than their wurk. nized into the Society of United Mirlwives [I come] to draw you a piclure of tfleir to presenl their cuncerns tu the Luxem misery and make you grasp the urgent bourg Commission on Labor. Voil\quin as need to address their situation. There is ked La Voix des Femmes to support the no more work for them; today, the little proposal that midwives be considered ci which is reserved for them brings such low vii servants anrl paid astate salary so that wages that is impossible for them to live they would not have to rely on charity.29 weil, 01' to even put bread on the table One final examplc of a woman who ( ... ) Needlework, no matter what kind, is was a member of the Socicty and sought no longer a paying proposition ( ...) Com support for her campaign to ameliorate merce, which has been invaded by young the conditions of pOOl' working women is men, leaves only the infrequent spot for l\hne Chenard. Chenard sought support women. In good conscience, I ask if a man from the Provisional Government to set should be puking around in gallze, lace, up a center for unemployecl domestic wor anu other objects appropriate to the toi kers which would provide lodging, foud lette of warnen who are often so ernbar and work and would rernuve the unem- rassed at having to deal with them ( ... )
F 0 rum, 558 - 586 ÖZG 9/1998/4 563 lf the stores which employ so many clerks tions of life" to meet and share ideas. She were to take on women clerks, they would pointed out that "Iiberty has not changed be seen full of zeaJ honestly earning their it (our situation) ( ... ) let us not wait any livelihood".31 longer; it is time for those in the forefront P.G. continued her letter offering ad to share their ideas" .32 vice on marriage, its dissolution, women's The editors endorsed her proposals right to keep part of their marital pro though they anticipated the ridicule that perty ancl women 's right to keep their would ensue. The topic of divorce gene children following a divorce. She conclu rated considerable attention in the sati ded with a demand for education for wo ric press for the next several months, la men and a hope that the members of the sting much longer than the proposals for Provisional Government would be suffi reform themselves. It was not until June ciently influenced by the principle of Li 4th and 6th that La Voix published a berty, Equality, and Fraternity to repu two-part letter on this topic by Gabri diate the abuses of the former regime. elle Soumet, a frequent contributor and P.G. ouvriere's letter reflects the oral recognized author, addressed to Citi zen tradition developed in the lau nd ries and Cremieux, Minister of Justice. By this workers' faubourgs. In 1848 this oratory time, meetings of the Society were rou moved into the national arena because the tinely disrupted by unruly men and Ni author accepted the invitation of tbe edi boyet had been personally satirized for tors of La Voix des Femmes to all their weeks in the popular press. Soumet stated readers to submit their views for publica her case calmly and eloquently, arguing tion. Another working woman who contri that the divorce laws of 1803-1816 shoutd buted to the expanding discussion was an be reinstated. She noted that in a repu anonymous writer to La Voix des Femmes blic, the right to divorce should not be on April1't. No longer using the term 'si confused with the religious beliefs in the sters', this author pointedly called on 'Ci sanctity of marriage.33 Aided by the te toyennesl': stimony of working women about the in "The Republic has been proclaimed equities of their situation, Sou met and everywhere! It will be known throughout La Voix des Femmes moved the debate the world. Let us take advantage of its about divorce into the expanding defini reign and demand our independence! Let tion of "citoyenne" . Having commenced the wife no longer suffer under the power with elan, La Voix des Femmes closed its ofthe husband. May she, like he, seil, buy, doors quietly. The last issue was dated th th transact. We want arevision of the civil June 15 _17 . It presented an ominous code which says - 'A wife must submit letter from R. H., an artist, foreshadowing to her husband.' What tyranny, what ab the coming events and denouncing the use (...) No more slavery, no more ma changing attitude of the government. De ster, equality between the spouses, let us scribing an arbitrary arrest and mistreat destroy abuses; it's time for us to stand ment in a crowded cell, R.H. concluded up for our rights." She cal\ed on, "Wo that under the Republic of 1848 this was men c.itizens of all classes, from all condi an anachronism. Niboyet and other mem-
564 ÖZG 9/1998/4 Fa ru m, 558-586 bers of the Socicty and the readers of La 4 Campagne Elect.orale de la citoyenne Voix were, like R. H., keenly aware of the Jeanne Deroin et petition des femmes au peu historical moment in which they lived. pIe, in: L'Opinion des femmes, 10 May 1849. 5 La Voix des Femrnes, No. 15, April 4, 1848, They seized the opportunity of heighte No. 24, April 15, 1848, refers to a pet.it.ion ned political awa.reness to demand po from women in t.he l't arrondissement for litical rights, employment opportunities, national workshops; No. 28, April 20, 1848, divorce law reform and professional and Mme Gay is removed from her position of di higher education for women. Some or the rector of 2nd arrond issement. women signed their letters and articles 6 Peter Amann, Revolution and Mass Demo with initials, others with first names, and cracy. The Paris Club Movement, Princeton 1975, 67-·68. some lert no signaturej as a result, many 7 La Voix des Femmes No. 23, April 14, 1848, or these women have remained resistant describes a woman speaking at the Club Lyo to historical study. Their voices, as recor nais; No. 28, April 20, 1848 and No. 31, April ded in their newspaper, revea) their thin 23, 1848 describes Jeanne Marie (pseudonym king, their meetings, thcir activities, and for Jeanne Derion) speaking at the 'Club their disagreements. Listening to them d'Emancipat.ion des peuples'. c10sely we can hear their determination 8 Laura Strumingher Schor, Politics and Po to be included in the political and econo litical Sat.ire. The Struggle for the Right to Vote in Paris, 1848-49, in: The European Le mic discussions which were actively deba gacy, Vol 1 (1996), no. 3, 1037-1044. ted during the spring month of 1848. 9 The following statement. appeared on the masthead of t.he newspaper from March 19 Footnotes through April 16, 1848. It was also printed in 1 'Procl"mation du Gouvernement provi the form of a large public announcement (in th soire a. la nation, au sujet. des elections pro a box) on March 28 and 30 th : chaines,' (Paris, March 16, 1848), in: Recu La Voix des Femmes is t.he first and only se eil complet. des actes du Gouvernement. pro rious tribune which is open to Women. Mo visoire (fevrier, mars, avril, mai 1848), Paris ral, intellectual and material interests will be 1848, 148-149, cited in Joan scoa, Only Pa openly supported here and in the name of radoxes to Offer, Cambridge 1996, 193 f. this goal we hereby issue an appeal to all for 2 The heroism of Citizen Julie Bregniard, a sympathy and support. Not only will we pu poor working woman, who rushed to aid vic blish a newspaper, but we will form, for wo tims of the baltle at the Palais Nationale men, a library of public instruction. We will was described by "Femme V/agner" in a let open public courses, we will form an associa ter to the Voix des Femmes, No. 16, April tion, and through our coneerted efforts, we 6, 1848. See also accounts of wornen who as will come 1.0 the aid of the country as weil sisted their husbands on the barricades in: as to the aid of families. Useful information Voix des Femmes, No. 2, March 22, 1848 and for the newspaper must be given 1.0 Mme. No. 24, April 15, 1848. For examples of sup Eugenie Niboyet, 34 Grand'Rue Verte. She port offered t.o the Provisional Government is there everyday from noon until 2 pm (... ) see: Voix des Femmes, No. 5, March 25, 1848, We ask that a1l letters and packages be ad No. 6, March 26, 1848, No. 18, April 9,1848, dressed to the directors or 1.0 the provisory No. 19, April 10, 1848. bureau of t.he Newspaper, Rue des Bons En 3 La Voix des Femmes, No. 1, March 19, fants, 29 and that they be stamped. 1848. 10 'La Tribune des Femmes' was the final
Fa ru m. 558-586 ÖZG 9/1998/4 565 name of a journal which started out as 'La 1848, vol. 17, No. 86. See Strumingher, The Femrne Libre', changed to 'La Femme de Vesuviennes. Images of 'Nomen 'Narriors in l'Avenir', then 'La Femme Nouvelle', and 1848 and t.heir Significance for French H'i 'L'Apostolat des Femrnes'. Sce Lydia EI story, in: History of European Ideas 8 (J 987), hadad, Les Femmcs prenornrnees. Les pro no. 4/5. The image 01' women refusing to sew letaires saint-sirnoniennes redacttices de ~la buttons on men's pants is recurrent in Cha femrne libre' 1832-34, in: Revoltes logiques 4 rivari. (1977),6;3-88. 18 La Voix des Femmes No. 15, April 4, 1848 11 Henriett.e, artiste, contributed many ar - 20 additional hawkers wanted. Issue No. 16, ticles 10 the Voix des FemlOes, engaging in April 6, 1848 and No. 20, April 20, 1848 all aspects of discussion of women's rights, The management is seeking new hawkers for roles and duties. See No. 17, April 7, demand hire and announces that the paper will be for public latrines; No. 24, April 15, recom distributed every morning from 7:00 pm to mendation to read articles about Flora Tri 9:00 pm (rue Neuve Trevisse, 8) and if need Stan; No. 31, April 23, on midwives; No. 33, be, throughout the day until 5:00 pm. April 26, Royalty and ils evils; No. 41, June 19 The title was already in use in the May t 6-8) on Larncnnais' position on divorce. 30 h. issue of the Voix (No. 38). On June 4"', 12 The 'Voix' relied on subscriplions and do the editors reported: "One must accept. this nations unlil April 10th when it announced name since it was given to us (...) the wo the sale of stock (50 franc shares). The only men's club therefore ours, is the news of the major participant in this offering was Olindc day, the object of general curiosity. They alll
ll Rodrigues, who bought 81 shares for 4,050 want to sec US , ta hcar us. francs. For evidence of Niboyet's financial 20 La Voix des Femmes, No. 5, March 25, problems see her letter to t'he editor, Demo 1848. cratie pacifique, May 15, 1848. 21 Eugenie Niboyet was born in 1796; 13 The 'Voix' advertised subscriptions at 20 Suzanne Voilquin in 180J; Pauline Roland in francs per year, 10 francs for six lOonths, 6 J805; Jeanne Deroin in 180S; Elise Lemonnier francs for three months. in 180S; Desiree Gay in 1810. 14 'La Voix des FelOmes' is not listed in the 22 Marie Noemi Constant was born in 1826; inventory of the F7 2585-2595 Insurrection Adele Esquiros in 1819. de 1848 et evenements de 1851; nor in F18 ~ 23 La Voix des Femmes, No. 14, April 3, 182: Enregistrement des declarations des im 1848. primeurs parisiens (1815-:34) (1838-81); nor 24 La Voix des Femmes, No. 7, March 27, in F18 IV 1-411: ouvrages periodiques (1842 1848. 1912). 25 The presence of men at meetings of So 15 Petite poste appeared in La Voix des Fem ciety of Voix des FemIOes is documented in mes issues No. 17, April 7, 1848, No. 19, April announcements of meetings listing ticket pri 10, 1848, No. 30, April 22, 1848. ces for rnen: Issue No. 28, May 30, 1848: 16 Baron.ess Bonde, Paris in '48: LeUers from Entry fee J franc for men, 25 centimes for wo a Resident Describing the Events of the Re men; 300 25 cent.imes entry cards available for volution, New York 1903, 72. male workers at newspaper's office. The same
17 The author reported his surprise at hea announccnlent appeareu in No. 40 J Jurte 4-6, ring a male voice hawking 'La Voix des Fem J848, The next issue, No. 41, June 6-8,1848, mes'. He assumed that authors of the Voix carried a new announcement: 25 centimes for bclonged 10 the Vesuvienne legion and that warnen, 50 centimes für men; workers can ob from this point buttons would no longer be tain 25 centimes entry cards on request from sewed back on pants. Charivari, March 26, newspaper's office. Two days later, No. 43,
566 ÖZG 9/1998/4 Forum,SS8-S86 June 10-13, 1848, another modification: Men NEUAUFlAGE must be accompanied by a member. Fee: 50 centimes for women, 1 franc for men. Heinz von Foerster 26 La Voix des Femmes No. 6, March 26, DER ANFANG VON 1848. HIMMEL UND ERDE 27 La Voix des Femmes No. 18, April 7, 1848. 28 La Voix des Femmes, No. 14, April 3, HAT KEINEN NAMEN 1848. Eine Selbsterschaffung in 7 Tagen 29 La Voix des Feml1les, No. 28, April 20, 1848. Earlier reference to As.sociation frater nelle des sages-femmes in No. 11, March 31, In vielstündigen Interviews in 1848. Wien und Kalifornien diskutier 30 'Association fraternelle des femmes a. ga te Heinz von Foerster mit Albert /';es' was advertised in Voix des Femmes No. 37, May 28, No. 38, May 30, No. 39, June 1 und Kar! H. Müller die Frage, wie 4, No. 40, June 4-6, 1848. eine intelligente Maschine ge 31 La Voix des Fernmes, No. 11, March 31, dar~ 1848. baut sein müßte, sie so denkt 32 La Voix des Femmes, No. 12, April I, und handelt wie er selbst. 1848. 33 La Voix des Femrnes, No. 40 and No. 41, Schlüsselbegriffe wie Beobach June 4 and 6, 1848. tung, Materie, Selbstorganisa tion, leben, Ordnung, Vielfalt, Bewegung, Wahrnehmung, Ge dächtnis, Zeichen, Sprache, o nk.n und Bewußtsein werden von Foerster in brillanter Weise miteinander in Bezi hung ge bracht. F ersters e akte Sprache und die Vielzahl an Anekdoten und biographischen Detail ma chen das Buch nicht nur zu ei nem Denkvergnügen, sondern auch zu einer unterhaltsamen lektüre,
ISBN 3-85115-2 8-9 280 'eiten, öS 328,-/DM 44,90,
DOCKER VERLAG
F 0 rum. 558-586 OZG 9/1998/4 567