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Considering the Impact of Large-Scale Network Interactions on Cognitive Control

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Considering the Impact of Large-Scale Network Interactions on Cognitive Control The Journal of Neuroscience, January 7, 2015 • 35(1):1–3 • 1 Journal Club Editor’s Note: These short, critical reviews of recent papers in the Journal, written exclusively by graduate students or postdoctoral fellows, are intended to summarize the important findings of the paper and provide additional insight and commentary. For more information on the format and purpose of the Journal Club, please see http://www.jneurosci.org/misc/ifa_features.shtml. Considering the Impact of Large-Scale Network Interactions on Cognitive Control X Fiona Kumfor,1,2,3 Nadene Dermody,1,4 and Muireann Irish1,2,4 1Neuroscience Research Australia, and 2ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, 3School of Medical Sciences, and 4School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia Review of Jilka et al. In everyday life, we often face situations is recruited in response to attention- provide important insights into the con- in which we must compete with an grabbing changes in the environment, and tribution of large-scale network dys- overriding/pre-potent response to inhibit it is anchored by the dorsal anterior cin- function on cognition and behavior. To our behavior and act in line with situa- gulate cortex and orbital frontoinsular this end, a recent study by Jilka et al. tional demands. For example, on most cortices, with robust connections with (2014) used behavioral and neuroimag- days, the drive home from work is a rela- subcortical and limbic structures (Zhou et ing methods to determine how cognitive tively automatic behavior that can be un- al., 2010). Conversely, the DMN is acti- control, and the underlying neural net- dertaken with limited conscious effort. vated when current situational demands works subtending this process, is altered But if a dog ran unexpectedly into traffic, are insufficient to capture our attention by TBI. you would need to quickly identify this (e.g., during monotonous tasks); it en- Previous work by the authors revealed change in the environment and stop your compasses a distributed set of regions that TBI-related damage to the white mat- ongoing habitual actions to prevent an including the medial and lateral tempo- ter tract connecting the right anterior accident. This ability to rapidly halt ac- ral cortices and inferior lateral parietal insula to the presupplementary motor tions that are already underway in re- cortices, centered on midline “hubs,” area/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex sponse to a change in the environment including the dorsomedial prefrontal (rAI-preSMA/dACC), located within the or internal state is dependent on cogni- and posterior cingulate cortices (Buck- salience network, is associated with a fail- tive control; the ability to “override or ner et al., 2008). Crucially, the commu- ure to deactivate the DMN (Bonnelle et augment reflexive behavior and habit- nication within, and the interaction al., 2012). In their recent study, Jilka et al. ual reactions to orchestrate behavior in between, large-scale networks is neces- (2014) sought to extend this research accord with our intentions” (Miller, sary for adaptive cognitive function. to determine whether damage to the 2000, p. 59). Cognitive control therefore provides rAI-preSMA/dACC tract impairs dy- The advent of resting-state functional an interesting conceptual model for namic interactions between the salience connectivity neuroimaging techniques investigating the potential interactions network and the DMN, manifesting in has led to the delineation of several large- between large-scale brain networks pro- disrupted cognitive control after TBI. scale functional brain networks that are posed to support higher-order cognitive The authors used two tasks to investi- differentially recruited contingent on sit- processes. gate the capacity for cognitive control in uational demands. Two key networks are Cognitive control is often compro- TBI relative to healthy control partici- the salience network and the default mode mised after traumatic brain injury (TBI), pants: a stop signal task and a motor network (DMN). The salience network with individuals experiencing severe diffi- switching task. On the stop signal task, culties in inhibiting and regulating their participants were shown either left or Received Oct. 9, 2014; revised Nov. 12, 2014; accepted Nov. 14, 2014. behavior to meet internal goals. Diffuse right arrows, and were asked to press the M.I. is supported by an ARC Discovery Early Career Researcher Award axonal injury occurs after TBI, and the corresponding left or right key. On a mi- (DE130100463). integrity of white matter pathways con- nority of trials (20%), however, partici- Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Muireann Irish, Neuro- necting network hubs is disrupted. pants were shown a “stop signal” (red dot) science Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Thus, large-scale network function is and were required to inhibit their re- DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4213-14.2015 impaired (Sharp et al., 2014). Studying sponse. In contrast, on the motor switch- Copyright © 2015 the authors 0270-6474/15/350001-03$15.00/0 individuals with TBI can therefore ing task, participants learned to respond 2 • J. Neurosci., January 7, 2015 • 35(1):1–3 Kumfor et al. • Journal Club to blue targets with their left hand and red flexible switching of attention to self- reasoning, are associated with abnormal targets with their right hand. Crucially, on generated, internal states (Burgess et al., modulation of the DMN by the salience a minority of trials (20%), participants 2007). A further region of interest in this network (Chiong et al., 2013). This find- were instructed to switch their response. regard is the posterior cingulate cortex, ing, together with Jilka et al.’s (2014) re- The authors used psychophysiological one of the putative midline hubs of the sults, has important implications for interaction analysis (PPI) of functional DMN, as this region has been proposed other cognitive and behavioral features of MRI data collected as subjects performed to interact with frontoparietal atten- this syndrome. For example, socially dis- these two tasks to investigate functional tional networks to regulate between in- inhibited behavior is a prominent feature connectivity between salience network ternal and external forms of cognition of frontotemporal dementia. Given these regions of interest (i.e., right anterior (Leech et al., 2012). new insights into the putative role of the insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) We suggest that exploration of the salience network, it is reasonable to pro- and the DMN, as well as a region of in- functional coupling between the salience pose that in social settings the salience terest outside the salience network (i.e., network and other functional brain net- network must first identify the presence of right inferior frontal gyrus) and the works via the insula might further our un- relevant social cues, following which acti- DMN. derstanding of cognitive control from a vation of the central-executive network is The results revealed that in controls, network perspective. While Jilka et al. coordinated to guide decision-making successful performance on both the inhi- (2014) interpreted their findings in terms regarding appropriate behavior. In this bition and switching tasks was associated of the functional coupling between the sa- way, degeneration of the insula node of with stronger correlations (increased lience network and the DMN, the right the salience network may prevent the functional connectivity) between the right frontoinsular node of the salience network flexible switching between the central- anterior insula node of the salience net- has also been implicated in switching be- executive network and the DMN in work and the DMN. Importantly, deficits tween the DMN and the central-executive response to contextual/environmental in inhibition and switching seen behav- network (Sridharan et al., 2008). This demands, potentially giving rise to a iorally in TBI were associated with de- large-scale functional brain network en- number of hallmark behavioral and creased functional connectivity between compasses the dorsolateral prefrontal cognitive abnormalities observed in this the right anterior insula node and the cortex and the posterior parietal cortex syndrome. While our interpretation at DMN compared with controls. More- and is important for higher-level goal- this point is purely speculative, exami- over, in TBI, greater damage to the directed behavior, decision-making, nation of the characteristic impairments rAI-preSMA/dACC tract within the sa- and working memory. The insula is in frontotemporal dementia, from this lience network was associated with weaker uniquely positioned to serve as an inter- network perspective, via targeted tasks functional connectivity between the face between the salience network, assessing cognitive control, will provide right anterior insula and the DMN dur- DMN, and central-executive network, important insights into the role of large- ing inhibition and switching. Together, with reciprocal connections between scale neural network interactions in these results indicate that the right ante- sensory, motor, limbic, and association supporting cognition and behavior. rior insula represents a crucial node brain regions, enabling integration of In conclusion, Jilka et al.’s (2014) study within the salience network, which po- information from across the brain. How localizes the right anterior insula as a
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