DOCSLIB.ORG

83-86 March1999

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
83-86 March1999 THESOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 44(1):83-86 MARCH1999 FOOD PROVISIONING BY ISLAND FOXES, UROCYONLITTORALIS, TO CONSPECIFICS CAUGHT IN TRAPS DAVID K. GARCELON, GARY W. ROEMER, R. BRAND PHILIPS, AND TIMOTHY J. COONAN Institute for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 1104, Arcata, CA 95518 (DKG, GWR) Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University,Logan, UT 84322 (RBP) Channel Islands National Park, 1901 SpinnakerDr, Ventura, CA 93001 (TJC) Present address of GWR:Department of Biology, Universityof California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ABSTRACT-Preyitems were found outside of welded-wire cage traps containing island fox pups (Urocyon littoralis) on 24 occasions and outside of traps containing adult foxes on 11 occasions. Prey items included mice, lizards, and birds. Island fox pups were observed foraging with adults and were caught with adults in the same trap on 22 occasions. We believe fox pups receive ex- tended parental care and were provisioned while in the traps. RESUMEN-En 24 ocasiones se encontraron restos de presas afuera de trampasjaulas-de alambre soldado, en cuyo interior habian cachorros de zorros islefios (Urocyon littoralis) atrapados. Asim- ismo, en otras 11 ocasiones se encontraron estos mismos tipos de presas afuera de trampas que contenian zorros adultos atrapados. Los citados restos incluian presas tales como ratones, lagartijas y aves. Los cachorros de zorros islefios han sido observados buscando alimentos junto con los adultos y en 22 ocasiones fueron atrapados juntos en la misma trampa. Creemos que los cachorros reciben cuidado de los padres por un prolongado periodo de tiempo y que los adultos se encargan de alimentar a los cachorros mientras estos permanecen en las trampas. Prolonged periods of parental dependency est North American canid. During summer, fe- are common in behaviorally advanced carni- males and males on San Clemente Island av- vore species within the Canidae, Felidae, Viver- erage 1.6 kg (SE = 0.24 kg, n = 155) and 1.9 idae, and Hyaenidae (Gittleman, 1989). Many kg (SE = 0.25, n = 146), respectively, and feed of these species carry prey back to the den for primarily on insects, fruits, and small mammals their young, or regurgitate food to their young (Laughrin, 1977; Collins, 1980; Moore and at the den site (Mech, 1970; Moehlman, 1979; Collins 1995). From an energetic standpoint, Hill, 1980; Rasmussen and Tilson, 1984; Hole- rodents, birds, and reptiles may be the only kamp and Smale, 1990). This behavior, also food items that small canids can transport ef- known as provisioning, could have arisen be- fectively back to the den for dependent pups cause lactation is energetically less efficient (Lindstrom, 1994). We report on instances of than the direct transfer of solid food (Hole- presumed attempts to provision island fox kamp and Smale, 1990). Furthermore, levels of pups and adults after their capture in box metabolizable energy can increase to 1.5 to 3.5 traps. times basal levels during peak lactation and may be accompanied by a 20% weight loss (Of- MATERIALS AND METHODS-From 1988 through tedal and Gittleman, 1989). In female carni- 1996 demography of island fox was studied on the vores such severe energetic demands can be California Channel Islands (Roemer et al., 1994). sustained only for a short period. Therefore, Another study conducted on San Clemente Island, involving effects of feral cats (Felis catus) on popu- provisioning of young at a den or rendezvous lations of small mammals and reptiles, occurred site may be necessary until offspring are suffi- from 1992 through 1994 and included numerous ciently developed to escape predators and to captures of island foxes. The study populations in- accompany a single adult or a pack when for- habit San Miguel, San Clemente, and Santa Cruz Is- aging. lands, which are 37 km2, 157 km2, and 249 km2, re- Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) are the small- spectively. Trapping efforts were conducted on a 84 The Southwestern Naturalist vol. 44, no. 1 10 2.5 8 2.0 6 1.5 Provisioned 4 1.0 Weight(kg) Percent 2 0.5 0 .0.0 May Jun Jul Aug S ep Oct Nov Dec Month -*- Pup Weight a Adults Provisioned -o- Adult Weight M I Pups Provisioned FIG. 1.-Mean weight of island fox pups in relation to mean weight of adult foxes and percentage of captures in which provisioning occurred per age class per month. Adult and pup weights are shown with standard error bars, and all weight data are from Santa Cruz Island, California. year-round basis, but the greatest effort was focused culus) were found in 21 instances and birds from June through when island fox pups August, were found on the remaining three occasions. were making excursions from their dens. Single Two prey items were found seven times and door, welded-wire cage traps (Tomahawk, Wiscon- three prey items were found once. In an ad- sin) measuring 23 by 23 by 66 cm were placed in ditional 11 cases, were found outside traps grid configurations or as transects along roads or prey adult (six canyons, baited with dry cat food and a fruit scent, containing foxes female, four male, checked each morning, and then reset. Pups were and one undetermined). In 10 of the 11 cases differentiated from adults by mass and the presence the prey items were mice, and the remaining of deciduous teeth. case included two island night lizards (Xantusia Chi-square analysis was used to test for the effects riversiana). of season on the occurrence of found outside prey were found outside of traps of traps. Seasons were based on the developmental Prey containing pups the period prior to pups at- period of pups and are defined as the pup depen- only during adult mass (Fig. which corresponds dency period, May (when pups first venture from taining 1), dens) through August (when they approach adult to the pup dependency period. Nineteen pro- mass), and the non-dependency period, September visioning events were recorded between the through April. months of May and August during 8,302 trap On three days 1996, we provided food during July nights over nine years of trapping on San Cle- bread and for a pair of foxes (peanuts, raisins, jam) mente Island and four years of on with two pups to determine if the adults would pro- trapping Santa Cruz Island. was never ob- vision the pups. After presenting the food, we re- Provisioning corded the behavior of both the adults and pups. served during the non-dependency period, which included an additional 2,501 trap nights < RESULTS-On 24 occasions one or more prey on these two islands (x2 = 5.1; P 0.05). In items were found within ca. 10 cm of traps con- addition, we have observations of pups accom- taining island fox pups (2.1% of 1,135 pup panying foraging adults on 10 occasions, and captures). Either deer mice (Peromyscus mani- have captured pups with their presumed par- culatus) or introduced house mice (Mus mus- ents in the same trap on 22 occasions (15 with March 1999 Garcelon et al.-Food provisioning by island foxes 85 adult males, 7 with adult females) during the canids, prey items are carried back to the den, pup dependency period. Rate of provisioning or food is either given directly to or regurgi- was dependent on age class, with adults being tated for the pups. Wolf pups (Canis lupus) old provisoned significantly less frequently than enough to leave the area of their dens have pups (X2 = 32.3, P < 0.001). been reported with adults at rendezvous sites On 24 July, we offered 10 raisins, each pro- where they were provisioned (Mech, 1970). vided individually, to an adult female accom- Provisioning at or near den sites has been re- panied by a single pup. She consumed all of ported for several small to medium-sized North the raisins and was then offered a large piece American canids, including the red fox (Vulpes of bread covered with jam. The female moved vulpes-Zabel and Taggart, 1989), kit fox (Vul- off 5 m, then transferred the piece of bread to pes macrotis-Egoscue, 1962), swift fox (Vulpes the pup which he promptly consumed. On 25 velox--Uresk and Sharps, 1986) and arctic fox July the female and an adult male visited camp (Alopex lagopus-Garrott et al., 1983). However, with two pups, and in five offerings of jam-cov- we have found no reports of any canid species ered bread the female transferred each to one providing food to pups or mates caught in of the pups. The adult male ran off and con- traps. sumed the first bread he was offered, but trans- The occurrence of food items outside of ferred the second to the closest pup and the traps containing adult foxes could be a result third to the adult female. Later we observed of mate provisioning. The observation of food the female enter a bush carrying the piece of transfer from an adult male to an adult female bread she had received from the male, and af- supports the idea that mate provisioning oc- ter a few moments exited the bush without the curs, and the placement of food outside traps piece of bread and being followed by a pup. would only be an extension of that behavior. Although we had not witnessed a transfer, we The following points appear to support our believe that the female sought out and trans- hypothesis that prey had been brought to ferred the bread to the pup. Finally, on 27 July trapped foxes: 1) prey items were found out- the adult male visited our camp accompanied side traps only during the dependency period by a single pup.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pygmy Hog – 1 Southern Ningaul – 16 Kowari – 9 Finlayson's Squirrel
    Pygmy Hog – 1 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Southern Ningaul – 16 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Kowari – 9 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Finlayson’s Squirrel – 8 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Kodkod – 5 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Least Chipmunk – 12 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Tree Hyrax – 4 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Bank Vole – 13 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Island Fox – 6 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Gray-bellied Caenolestid – 11 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Raccoon Dog – 3 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Northern Short-Tailed Shrew – 14 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Southern African Hedgehog - 7 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Collard Pika - 10 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Pudu – 2 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Seba’s Short-tailed Bat – 15 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Pygmy Spotted Skunk - 16 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Grandidier’s “Mongoose” - 16 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Sloth Bear - 1 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Spotted Linsing - 9 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Red Panda - 8 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size European Badger – 5 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Giant Forest Genet – 12 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size African Civet – 4 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Kinkajou – 13 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense: Size Fossa – 6 Habitat: Diurnal/Nocturnal Defense:
    [Show full text]
  • Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox
    Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox ELENA ANGULO,∗†† GARY W. ROEMER,† LUDEKˇ BEREC,‡ JOANNA GASCOIGNE,§ AND FRANCK COURCHAMP∗ ∗Ecologie, Syst´ematique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex 91405, France †Department of Fishery and Wildlife Sciences, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 4901, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, U.S.A. ‡Department of Theoretical Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre ASCR, Braniˇsovsk´a 31, 37005 Cesk´ˇ e Budˇejovice, Czech Republic §School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom Abstract: An Allee effect (AE) occurs in populations when individuals suffer a decrease in fitness at low densities. If a fitness component is reduced (component AE), per capita population growth rates may decline as a consequence (demographic AE) and extinction risk is increased. The island fox (Urocyon littoralis)is endemic to six of the eight California Channel Islands. Population crashes have coincided with an increase in predation by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). We propose that AEs could render fox populations more sensitive and may be a likely explanation for their sharp decline. We analyzed demographic data collected between 1988 and 2000 to test whether fox density (1) influences survival and reproductive rates; (2) interacts with eagle presence and affects fox fitness parameters; and (3) influences per capita fox population trends. A double component AE simultaneously influenced survival (of adults and pups) and proportion of breeding adult females. The adult survival AE was driven by predation by eagles. These component AEs led to a demographic AE.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Recovery Plan for Four Subspecies of Island Fox (Urocyon Littoralis)
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Draft Recovery Plan for Four Subspecies of Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis) Island fox. Daniel Richards, used with permission. Draft Recovery Plan for Four Subspecies of Island Fox Draft Recovery Plan for Four Subspecies of Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis) (May 2012) Region 8 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Sacramento, California Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Regional Director, Pacific Southwest Region, Region 8 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Date: Draft Recovery Plan for Four Subspecies of Island Fox Draft Recovery Plan for Four Subspecies of Island Fox DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect federally listed species. We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, publish recovery plans, sometimes preparing them with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than our own. They represent our official position only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. Notice of Copyrighted Material Permission to use copyrighted illustrations and images in the draft version of this recovery plan has been granted by the copyright holders. These illustrations are not placed in the public domain by their appearance herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Island Fox Subspecies
    PETITION TO LIST FOUR ISLAND FOX SUBSPECIES San Miguel Island fox (U. l. littoralis) Santa Rosa Island fox (U. l. santarosae) Santa Cruz Island fox (U. l. santacruzae) Santa Catalina Island fox (U. l. catalinae) AS ENDANGERED SPECIES Center for Biological Diversity Institute for Wildlife Studies June 1, 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Notice of Petition ..............................................................1 Executive Summary ...........................................................2 Systematics Species Description ...........................................................4 Taxonomy ..................................................................4 Distribution and Evolution .......................................................4 Significance .................................................................6 Natural History Habitat Use and Home Range ....................................................6 Food Habits .................................................................6 Social Organization ............................................................7 Reproduction ................................................................7 Survival and Mortality ..........................................................8 Competition With Other Species ..................................................9 Population Status and Trend San Miguel Island (U. l. littoralis) .................................................9 Santa Rosa Island (U. l. santarosae) .............................................10 Santa Cruz Island (U. l. santacruzae)
    [Show full text]
  • Aza Board & Staff
    The Perfect Package. Quality, Value and Convenience! Order online! Discover what tens of thousands of customers — including commercial reptile breeding facilities, veterinarians, and some of our country’s most respected zoos www.RodentPro.com and aquariums — have already learned: with Rodentpro.com®, you get quality It’s quick, convenient AND value! Guaranteed. and guaranteed! RodentPro.com® offers only the highest quality frozen mice, rats, rabbits, P. O . Box 118 guinea pigs, chickens and quail at prices that are MORE than competitive. Inglefield, IN 47618-9998 We set the industry standards by offering unsurpassed quality, breeder Tel: 812.867.7598 direct pricing and year-round availability. Fax: 812.867.6058 ® With RodentPro.com , you’ll know you’re getting exactly what you order: E-mail: [email protected] clean nutritious feeders with exact sizing and superior quality. And with our exclusive shipping methods, your order arrives frozen, not thawed. We guarantee it. ©2013 Rodentpro.com,llc. PRESORTED STANDARD U.S. POSTAGE American Association of PAID Zoological Parks And Aquariums Rockville, Maryland PERMIT #4297 8403 Colesville Road, Suite 710 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 (301) 562-0777 www.aza.org FORWARDING SERVICE REQUESTED MOVING? SEND OLD LABEL AND NEW ADDRESS DATED MATERIAL MUST BE RECEIVED BY THE 10TH CONNECT This Is Your Last Issue… Renew your AZA membership TODAY (see back panel for details) Connect with these valuable resources for Benefits Professional Associate, Professional Affiliate Available and Professional Fellow
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Assessment Predator
    ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PREDATOR DAMAGE MANAGEMENT IN THE UVALDE DISTRICT OF TEXAS Prepared by: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE WILDLIFE SERVICES in cooperation with: TEXAS A&M AGRILIFE EXTENSION SERVICE OF THE TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM November 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 1.1 PURPOSE ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 NEED FOR ACTION ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 SCOPE OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................................. 19 1.4 RELATIONSHIP OF THIS EA TO OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS .................................. 22 1.5 AUTHORITY OF FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES ........................................................................... 22 1.6 COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND STATUTES ....................................................................................... 24 1.7 DECISIONS TO BE MADE ......................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 2: ISSUES AND AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 2.1 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying the Foxes of North America
    Identifying the Foxes of North America fox coyote Species: gray fox island fox red fox kit fox swift fox arctic fox coyote EARS Rounded, no black Rounded, no black Pointy with black Relatively large Smaller rounded Small rounded ears Pointy, leaning tips tips tips ears ears outward MUZZLE Pointy, but shorter Short on a dainty Long and pointy Narrow Narrow Relatively short Long, slender and than red fox face pointy FUR (PELAGE) Cinnamon-rufous Cinnamon-rufous Reddish brown Grizzled to tawny Pale yellowish-red Winter phase - Grayish cinnamon, with white on the with white on the with white chest gray with buff and gray, with pure white; “blue” brown or a face, throat, belly face, throat, belly and upper lip highlights on neck, wide gray stripe phase in spring/ combination and hind legs and hind legs. Can (color can range sides and legs down back summer - dark to be somewhat from pale to black) dull slate gray darker overall TAIL Black tip Black tip White tip (always) Black tip Black tip Entirely one color Coloration varies SIZE 7–13 pounds 3–6 pounds 7–18 pounds 4–7 pounds 4–6 pounds 6–15 pounds 25–45 pounds Identifying Black stripe down Black stripe down Black tips on ears Tail is long and Only small fox on Changes coloring Dog like in Characteristics tail, generally back and tail, and black feet bushy; dens under- no. Great Plains; seasonally; only appearance and stocky with short diminutive size ground year-round dens underground fox found in high stance legs year-round arctic tundra HABITAT Southern Canada Found in the wild Across North Arid regions of CA Formerly the Great Arctic tundra from North America, to Central America; ONLY on six America; in every and US Southwest, Plains, reduced to Alaska across south of the tundra absent from Channel Islands of state, but absent into Mexico and western NB, KS, northern Canada to Central America northern Rockies So.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile and Amphibian Enforcement Applicable Law Sections
    Reptile and Amphibian Enforcement Applicable Law Sections Environmental Conservation Law 11-0103. Definitions. As used in the Fish and Wildlife Law: 1. a. "Fish" means all varieties of the super-class Pisces. b. "Food fish" means all species of edible fish and squid (cephalopoda). c. "Migratory fish of the sea" means both catadromous and anadromous species of fish which live a part of their life span in salt water streams and oceans. d. "Fish protected by law" means fish protected, by law or by regulations of the department, by restrictions on open seasons or on size of fish that may be taken. e. Unless otherwise indicated, "Trout" includes brook trout, brown trout, red-throat trout, rainbow trout and splake. "Trout", "landlocked salmon", "black bass", "pickerel", "pike", and "walleye" mean respectively, the fish or groups of fish identified by those names, with or without one or more other common names of fish belonging to the group. "Pacific salmon" means coho salmon, chinook salmon and pink salmon. 2. "Game" is classified as (a) game birds; (b) big game; (c) small game. a. "Game birds" are classified as (1) migratory game birds and (2) upland game birds. (1) "Migratory game birds" means the Anatidae or waterfowl, commonly known as geese, brant, swans and river and sea ducks; the Rallidae, commonly known as rails, American coots, mud hens and gallinules; the Limicolae or shorebirds, commonly known as woodcock, snipe, plover, surfbirds, sandpipers, tattlers and curlews; the Corvidae, commonly known as jays, crows and magpies. (2) "Upland game birds" (Gallinae) means wild turkeys, grouse, pheasant, Hungarian or European gray-legged partridge and quail.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility and Strategies for Translocating San Joaquin Kit Foxes to Vacant Or Restored Habitats
    FEASIBILITY AND STRATEGIES FOR TRANSLOCATING SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOXES TO VACANT OR RESTORED HABITATS PREPARED FOR THE CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT CONSERVATION PROGRAM U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION AND U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SACRAMENTO, CA 95825 Prepared by: Samantha Bremner-Harrison and Brian L. Cypher California State University, Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program 1900 N. Gateway #101 Fresno, CA 93727 November 2007 FEASIBILITY AND STRATEGIES FOR REINTRODUCING SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOXES TO VACANT OR RESTORED HABITATS Samantha Bremner-Harrison and Brian L. Cypher California State University, Stanislaus Endangered Species Recovery Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................i 1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature review of animal reintroductions and translocations ............................. 2 2.1. Introduction and definitions ............................................................................................. 2 2.2. Common issues associated with reintroduction programs............................................. 3 2.2.1. Expense....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2.2. Available habitat ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogen Exposure in Endangered Island Fox (Urocyon Littoralis) Populations: Implications for Conservation Management
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 131 (2006) 230– 243 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations: Implications for conservation management Deana L. Clifforda,*, Jonna A.K. Mazeta, Edward J. Dubovib, David K. Garcelonc, Timothy J. Coonand, Patricia A. Conrada, Linda Munsona aWildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA bDiagnostic Laboratory, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, PO Box 786, Ithaca, NY 14851, USA cInstitute for Wildlife Studies, PO Box 1104, Arcata, CA 95518, USA dNational Park Service, Channel Islands National Park, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations on four California Channel Islands have declined Island fox severely since 1994. Canine distemper (CDV) was suspected to be responsible for the decline Urocyon littoralis of the Santa Catalina Island fox, so knowledge of infectious disease exposure in the remain- Canine diseases ing island fox populations was urgently needed. This study reviewed previous pathogen Canine distemper virus exposure in island foxes and investigated the current threat by conducting a serologic survey Serosurvey of foxes on all islands and sympatric feral cats on three islands from 2001 to 2003 for antibod- Feral cats ies against canid pathogens. Before the decline, foxes had evidence of exposure to CDV, canine adenovirus (CAV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and Toxoplasma, with exposure to these five pathogens differing greatly by island. Exposure to canine coronavirus (CCV), canine her- pesvirus (CHV), and Leptospira was rare. In 2001–2003, wild-born foxes had evidence of expo- sure to CDV (5.2–32.8%) on 5 of 6 islands, CPV (28–100%) and CAV (4.7–100%) on five islands, and Toxoplasma gondii (2.3–15.4%) on four islands.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
    [Show full text]
  • January 11, 2017 Honorable David E. Ryu Los Angeles City Council
    January 11, 2017 Honorable David E. Ryu Los Angeles City Council Room 1010, City Hall 200 North Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Dear Councilmember Ryu: With more than sixty accredited members, the Zoological Association of America (ZAA) is the second largest trade association in the zoological sector; counting among its members some of the finest facilities in the United States. As part of its core mission, ZAA accredits professional zoological facilities. ZAA accreditation is predicated on promoting the highest standards of animal welfare, as well as public and animal safety. Our accreditation standards meet or exceed all accepted industry standards and federal requirements. Our safety record is the best of any of the major zoological trade associations. (As a trusted source of industry information, a ZAA spokesperson was quoted extensively following the tragic incident at the Cincinnati Zoo this last summer.) We believe that any proposed ordinance banning public showings of animals for the benefit of audiences strikes at the heart of the most effective educational programs about the natural world that have yet been devised, and is poor public policy. It is clearly the agenda of animal rights activists and not that of parents who long for wholesome programs for their children. The people dedicating their livelihoods to display and education of animals are concerned that many endangered species are nearing extinction from poaching and destruction of habitats; and their only salvation is to inspire the citizenry to protect them. “Jungle Jack” Hanna, clearly one of ZAA’s best-known professional members, has been on television in major cities hundreds of times on the Today show, the Tonight show and many others, demonstrating the wide variety of animal life, and mostly with exotic animals.
    [Show full text]