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HUMAN CANCER IS a PARASITE SPREAD VIA INTRUSION in GENOME Sergey N

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HUMAN CANCER IS a PARASITE SPREAD VIA INTRUSION in GENOME Sergey N Pure Appl. Bio., 2(1): 7-16, March- 2013. Review Article HUMAN CANCER IS A PARASITE SPREAD VIA INTRUSION IN GENOME Sergey N. Rumyantsev Department of Evolutionary Immunology Andent, Inc., New Jersey, 07302 USA [email protected] Abstract The present article is devoted to further development of new paradigm about the biology of human cancer: the hypothesis of parasitic nature, origin and evolution of the phenomenon. The study included integrative reconsidering, and reinterpretation of the make-ups, traits and processes existing both in human and animal cancers. It was demonstrated that human cancer possesses nearly analogous set of traits characteristic of transmissible animal cancer. Undoubted analogies are seen in the prevalence, clinical exposure, progression of disease, origin of causative agents, immune response against invasion and especially in the intrinsic deviations of the leading traits of cancerous cells. Both human and animal cancers are highly exceptional pathogens. But in contrast to contagious animal cancers the cells of of human cancer can not pass between individuals as usual infectious agents. Exhaustive evidence of the parasitic nature and evolutionary origin of human cancer was revealed and interpreted. In contrast to animal cancer formed of solitary cell lineage, human cancer consists of a couple of lineages constructed under different genetic regulations and performed different structural and physiological functions. The complex make-up of cancer composition remains stable over sequential propagation. The subsistence of human cancer regularly includes obligatory interchange of its successive forms. Human cancer possesses its own biological watch and the ability to gobble its victim, transmit via the intrusion of the genome, perform intercommunications within the tumor components and between the dispersed subunits of cancer. Such intrinsic traits characterize human cancer as a primitively structured parasite that can be classified in Class Mammalians, Species Genomeintruder malevolent (G.malevolent). Keywords: Cancer ecology; Cancer immunology; Cancerous genome; Cancerous parasitism; Genomic intrusion; 1. Introduction nature, transmission, origin, evolution, and pathogenesis of human cancer. At least four different For many centuries cancer killed only some kinds of transmissible cancerous malignancies have people. But at 1940 the spread of cancer overtook now been identified in humans and animals. Firstly, many infectious diseases as an important human some forms of malignancies can arise in some killer. Today it is one of the biggest threats to global humans from infection from specific contagious human health. Nevertheless, human cancer, unlike viruses or bacteria [3]. Secondly, there exist various kinds of animal cancer, was unconditionally forms of transmissible malignant tumor among considered as non-transmissible. This hypothetical animals [4]. Thirdly, there are tumors that are statement was supported in a plethora of medical hypothetically identified as transferrable from mother articles, monographs, dictionaries, encyclopedias and to fetus [5] as well as cancer initiated in one twin websites. Over 80 years any case cancer disease has fetus and spread to the co-twin via vascular been considered as a result of individually happened anastomoses within the placenta [6]. Finally, somatic mutation of an alone cell and subsequent predominant human cancers should now be dispersion of its cancerous offspring around afflicted considered as transmissible too [7-10]. In the human body. Recently, the unanimity of judgment present article, the new paradigm [1, 2] is developed about the non-transmissibility of human cancer has mainly by supplementing and supporting its core been disturbed by publications [1, 2] that proposed principles with some very important data which could principally a new paradigm of invasive parasitic not be considered before. The search includes mainly 7 Sergey N. Rumyantsev the results of integrative reconsidering, one. The intrusion may also be realized through systematization and reinterpretation of both the licking, biting and sniffing tumor-affected areas. known and recent data concerning the ways of Usually the tumors are transmitted dogs sexually. transmission, immunology, genetics, pathogenesis The tumor may also be transplanted from site to site and clinical exposures of natural cancer in not only and dog to dog by direct contact with the tumorous humans but also in animals. mass [15]. 2. Materials and methods Causative agent The present article is devoted to the development of The tumor masses are themselves the infectious the new paradigm by supplementing its core agents, the origin of which is unknown. This is principles with the set of data which has not been considered an infectious disease of dogs caused by a considered before. The search was performed by pathogenic lineage of cancerous cells that live as a multidisciplinary reconsidering, systematization, unicellular pathogen [16]. The malignant tumor cells integration and reinterpretation of both known and from one dog are transferred to another [16, 17]. recent data concerning the ways of transmission, immunology, genetics, pathogenesis and clinical Lukewarm immune response against intrusion exposures of both human and animal cancer. This kind of cancer is an allograft that is transmitted 3. Results and discussion between individuals without immune recognition of the cancerous intruder [11, 15]. 3.1. Origin of animal cancer Clinical exposures The existence of contagious cancer is well known among dogs and other canines, [4] Tasmanian devils, Individual affliction by the disease arises after natural [11] Syrian hamster, [12, 13] sea lions (genital sexual contact. It is transmitted from animal to carcinoma), sea turtles (fibropapillomatosis), beluga animal during copulation and mainly affects the whales, bottom-dwelling fish [3, 14] and so on. external genitalia (the penis, prepuce, or vulva). Cancer, regardless of the species in which it occurs, Developed tumors can be cauliflower-like, is the uncontrolled growth of tissue abnormal for the pedunculated, and nodular, papillary, or afflicted organism. However, there are substantial multilobulated in appearance. They range in size differences in cancer transmission dependent on the from a small nodule (5 mm) to a large mass (>10 cm) species. The biggest contrasts in the modes of that is firm though pliable. The tumor surface is often transmission were revealed between contagious ulcerated and inflamed and bleeds easily. Tumors cancer of Syrian hamster, venereal cancer of dogs may be solitary or multiple and are almost always and analogous malignancy of the Tasmanian devils. located on the genitalia. They may be transplanted to adjacent skin and oral, nasal or conjunctival mucosae. 3.1.1. Contagious cancer in dogs The tumor may arise deep within the prepuce or vagina and be difficult to see during cursory Prevalence examination [4, 18]. Canine transmissible venereal cancer or venereal Progression of disease sarcoma is the leading cause of death in dogs over the age of two, and risk increases with age. The disease Once on a new victim, the invading cells reproduce has a worldwide distribution and can be found in over a period of two to six months to form a tumor- many parts of the world. Prevalence varies from like growth, consisting of homogenous populations of relatively high in some geographic regions to rare in large, round cells with distinctive, centrally located others. In some regions it is the most common dog nucleoli. Initially, tumors grow rapidly. The canine tumor [4]. transmissible tumor undergoes a predictable cycle: the initial growth phase of four to six months, a stable Transmission phase, and a non-obligate regression phase. The transmissible venereal tumor of the dog is generally The disease is usually spread when dogs mate, benign. [19]. The spread of malignant cells out of one resulting in the direct physical intrusion of viable tumor (metastasis) to other locations is not common cancerous matter from an afflicted dog to a healthy 8 Pure Appl. Bio., 2(1): 7-16, March- 2013. (5%) with this type of cancer. Instead of the term of Tasmania. It occurs equally in male and female “metastasis,” the term “variability of the tumor devils [21]. The disease has spread to almost every locations” [19] can be used. When it does occur, it is corner of the remote island off the southeastern coast usually to the regional lymph nodes, but kidney, of Australia, the only place on Earth where they live spleen, eye, brain, pituitary, skin and subcutis, in the wild. In the last 10 years, the population has mesenteric lymph nodes, and peritoneum may also be dropped from 150,000 to about 50,000. Nearly 70 targeted [18]. Tumors can regress after one to three percent of the world's Tasmanian devils have been months, then the dog can become immune to killed in the past 10 years by an infectious cancer subsequent re-infection [3, 14] probably due to a called Devil Facial Tumor Disease. The disease has response from the immunogenic system of the decreased devil numbers by 50% since its appearance diseased dog [20]. Thus, the immunogenic response in 1996, with some populations declining by 90% of the host can annihilate the tumor‟s aggressiveness. [22]. This is evidence that the tumor is recognized by the immune system as „non-self.‟ Transmission Genetics of the canine tumor Transmission is achieved as devils frequently bite one another on the mouth during mating or while All tumor
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