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Nokia+Microsoft Universidad Cat´olica"Nuestra Se~nora de la Asunci´on" NOKIA+MICROSOFT Teor´ıay Aplicaci´onde la Inform´atica2 Prof. Juan de Urraza Autor Eduardo Molinas ´Indice 1 Introducci´on . 3 2 Nokia, sus comienzos . 4 2.1 Primeras incursiones en los tel´efonosm´oviles. 4 2.2 Symbian . 5 2.3 Meego . 6 2.4 Por qu´eNokia pierde la carrera de los Smartphones . 7 3 Microsoft y el mercado de los dispositivos m´oviles. 8 3.1 Windows CE . 8 3.2 Windows Mobile . 9 3.3 Windows Phone 7 y 7.5 . 10 3.4 Windows Phone 8 . 11 4 La alianza de Microsoft con Nokia . 11 4.1 Nokia Lumia 920 - Especificaciones . 13 4.2 Nokia y Microsoft unen fuerzas para recuperar su liderazgo con el Lumia 920 . 14 5 Conclusi´on. 17 Teor´ıay Aplicaci´onde la Inform´atica2 3 1 Introducci´on En febrero del 2011, Microsoft y Nokia anunciaron un acuerdo para formar una sociedad y unir fuerzas en busca de ganar preponderancia en el mercado de los dispositivos moviles y \smartphones". [1] Aunque este acuerdo presenta opor- tunidades y posibilidades muy interesantes, cabe recordar que no es la primera vez que Microsoft intenta triunfar en el mercado movil. Queda por ver si esta vez las cosas finalmente resultan para la compa~n´ıade Redmond, Washington. A continuacion se incluye un recorrido por la historia de los sistemas operativos moviles de Microsoft, desde Windows CE, pasando por Windows Mobile hasta el novedoso Windows Phone 8 a punto de ser lanzado oficialmente. La mas reciente gama de smartphones en llevar el sistema operativo movil de Microsoft tambien es analizada y comparada con sus principales competidores. Competidores con una fuerte presencia en el mercado global de los smartphones: Apple y el iPhone + iOs, y Google con el Android. Nokia parece ser la mejor apuesta de Microsoft para por fin plasmar su dominio en el area de las computadoras de escritorios al mundo de los dispositivos moviles, y para la compa~niafinlandesa, Windows Phone puede ser la ultima gran oportunidad de volver a ser la compa~niatope de celulares, sitial que ocupaba en el 2007. 4 Teor´ıay Aplicaci´onde la Inform´atica2 2 Nokia, sus comienzos La empresa Nokia fue creada en 1865, al sur-oeste de Finlandia, por un inge- niero de minas llamado Fredrik Idestam, este establece una fabrica de pulpa de madera para la produccion de papel a orillas del rio Nokianvirta. Alrededor de la fabrica se establecieron asentamientos humanos, y a esa comunidad tambien se le denominaria Nokia. Nokia experimento una expansion horizontal generada debido a multiples circunstancias. En 1898, una fabrica finlandesa de caucho empezo a manufacturar zapatos. Esta empresa se convirtio en vecina de Nokia cuando dos de los ejecutivos de la industria del caucho decidieron establecerse cerca de la fabrica de carton por considerar que la disponibilidad de energia hidroelectrica en la zona era muy amplia. Hacia la decada de 1920, los fabri- cantes de caucho empezaron a utilizar el nombre Nokia como marca. Ademas de fabricar calzado y neumaticos para automoviles, la compa~niacomenzo a producir tambien partes industriales derivadas del caucho, gabardinas, alfombras, pelotas y juguetes. La incursion de la empresa en el ramo de las telecomunicaciones se produjo en 1960, con la creacion del departamento de electronica de la compa~nia de cables. En 1962, el consorcio se aboco a las radio-transmisiones. Hacia 1967 fue introducido el sistema de modulacion de codigos por pulsos, el cual incre- mento sustancialmente la capacidad de los cables telefonicos. Dos a~nosdespues, el Grupo Nokia se convirtio en la primera empresa en introducir el sistema de pulsos y se coloco a la vanguardia de sus competidores. En la decada del 70, con el desarrollo de las transmisiones por microondas, Nokia exporto equipos de transmision a Suecia, la Union Sovietica y mas tarde al resto del mundo. Ya en aquella epoca los radio-telefonos (precursores de la telefonia celular) eran una realidad. Creados en 1963, fueron utilizados, en sus origenes, por el ejercito y otras autoridades, asi como para proporcionar servicios de emergencia. Una de las innovaciones tecnologicas mas importantes ha sido la digitalizacion de los servicios de telecomunicaciones. Hacia los setenta, la mayor parte de la telefonia era electromecanica, con conmutadores analogicos y no existia un consenso en torno al empleo de la tecnologia digital. Fue aqui donde el Grupo Nokia corrio el riesgo de incursionar en el terreno de la digitalizacion y creo el sistema DX 200, que se convirtio en la plataforma de los conmutadores y que a la fecha sigue siendo la base de la telefonia fija y movil del consorcio finlandes. [2] [3] 2.1 Primeras incursiones en los tel´efonosm´oviles En 1982, Grupo Nokia produjo el primer sistema de telefon´ıa celular m´ovil, denominado Senator. La demanda por ´esteproducto creci´oy fue necesario crear conmutadores, equipos de transmisiones y estaciones de base para garantizar sus operaciones. Las especificaciones de los nuevos est´andaresfueron publicitadas y licitadas en una apertura a la competencia internacional. En 1984 fue introducido al mercado el Mobira Talkman, que fue el primer tel´efonotransportable. Tuvo una notable demanda en los mercados n´ordicosy ello llev´oa Nokia a tener nuevos clientes, incluyendo los estadounidenses y los Teor´ıay Aplicaci´onde la Inform´atica2 5 brit´anicos.La necesidad de contar con tel´efonosde m´asf´acilmanejo y trans- portaci´on,deriv´oen innovaciones tecnol´ogicasque fueron muy notorias en los tama~nosy el peso de los mismos. As´ı, por ejemplo, mientras que el Senator lanzado al mercado en 1982 pesaba 9,8 kilogramos, el Mobira Talkman pesaba menos de 5 kilogramos, esto es que, en un per´ıodo de dos a~nosse logr´oreducir el peso del tel´efonoa la mitad. [2] [3] 2.2 Symbian Symbian surge de la alianza de m´ultiplesempresas del sector de la telefon´ıa m´ovil,cuya intenci´onclara fue la de crear un Sistema Operativo orientado para terminales de telefon´ıam´ovily con ´elhacerle competencia a Palm y Windows Mobile, que eran los dos sistemas que estaban triunfando y acaparando el sector. En un principio, Symbian era una marca creada por empresas como Sony Er- iccson, Nokia, Samsung, Siemens, Benq, Arima, Fujitsu, Lg, Motorola y muchas otras m´as,pero al cabo del tiempo, dado su gran ´exitoy habi´endoseconvertido en el mayor fabricante de telefon´ıam´ovila nivel mundial, Nokia decidi´ocomprar el 52 por ciento de las acciones tras un acuerdo con el resto de propietarios y pas´oa convertirse as´ıen el amo y se~norde Symbian. Vi´endosellegar el declive del sistema operativo en cuesti´on,el objetivo que se marc´oNokia, fue el de que Symbian pasara a ser una plataforma abierta y accesible a nuevos desarrolladores, para as´ıde esta manera parecida a el sistema utilizado por iOS, relanzar el Sistema Operativo e implementarlo con mejoras y aplicaciones de calidad. Como se ha podido ver unos a~nosmas tarde, el sistema no dio los frutos deseados, y fue entonces cuando Nokia all´apor el a~no2009/2010 decide transferir el soporte de Symbian a la consultora Accent, operaci´onque se culmina a finales de septiembre de 2011. En la actualidad, este Sistema Operativo, aunque a´unsiendo incluido en algunos terminales m´oviles,siempre de la mano de Nokia, y en menor medida de Sony Ericcson, se ha quedado relegado casi pr´acticamente al olvido, ya que no puede asumir la competencia directa con Sistemas Operativos mucho mejores y mas vers´atilesque Symbian. La Entrada de iOS y su iPhone ya le hizo un buen agujero a Symbian, pero al ser un Sistema Operativo exclusivo para tel´efonosm´ovilesde la propia compa~n´ıa de Apple, y tener un precio tan elevado, el da~nofue menor, aunque el comienzo del final se ve´ıavenir. La gravedad empieza a aparecer una vez hace su entrada al mundo de la telefon´ıam´ovilel Sistema Operativo Android, un sistema operativo abierto a desarrolladores y libre para que marcas importantes de tecnolog´ıalo incluyan de manera totalmente oficial en sus productos de telefon´ıam´ovil,es en este preciso momento cuando comienza el declive y la estrepitosa ca´ıdade Symbian. 6 Teor´ıay Aplicaci´onde la Inform´atica2 2.3 Meego MeeGo es la uni´onde los sistemas operativos Maemo y Moblin, con el que Intel y Nokia pretend´ıancompetir con el sistema Android de Google. El proyecto del nuevo sistema, a diferencia de Android, est´aauspiciado por la Linux Foundation. Nokia present´osu nuevo m´ovilN9 el cual utiliza el sistema MeeGo y fue lanzado a finales de 2011. MeeGo se present´ocomo un sistema preparado para funcionar en netbooks, dispositivos port´atiles,sistemas en veh´ıculos,televisiones y tel´efonos multimedia. B´asicamente se trata de una distribuci´onLinux con soporte para ARM e Intel/Atom que usa Qt para su interfaz. ¿C´omoes posible que un excelente producto haya tenido comienzo, auge y ca´ıdatan r´apidamente? en el voraz mundo de la telefon´ıam´ovilinteligente, se sabe que iPhone, Black- Berry y la inmensa variedad de tel´efonos que usan el sistema operativo Android de Google han estado dominando el mercado. Especialmente Android fue la oportunidad para decenas de fabricantes de tel´efonosinteligentes de subirse a la oleada de aparatos en todo el mundo. La ventaja para los fabricantes que apos- taron por Android (Motorola, HTC, Samsung, etc.) es que este sistema es libre, tambi´enbasado en Linux, es decir que los fabricantes pudieron hacer versiones propias, sobre una misma plataforma, con cientos de miles de aplicaciones, sin demasiado esfuerzo en el desarrollo del software.
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