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Titelblad Scriptie Universiteit Gent Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Masterscriptie Promotor: Dr. Sascha Bru Algemene literatuurwetenschap Presentisme in de historische avant-garde Een reconstructie van Theo van Doesburgs poëtica Voorgelegd aan de examencommissie voor het behalen van de graad van Master in de taal- en letterkunde, afstudeerrichting Engels - Scandinavistiek Niels Cuelenaere Master in de taal- en letterkunde Stamnummer: 20040959 Academiejaar: 2008 - 2009 Een woord van dank Ik bedank ten eerste mijn promotor Dr. Sascha Bru die mij op de goede weg zette wat betreft de inhoudelijke kant van deze masterscriptie. Gedurende de loop van dit jaar wist hij me telkens met goede raad bij te staan. Voorts ben ik dank verschuldigd aan Prof. Jaak De Vos die zo vriendelijk was mij te helpen bij het vinden van informatie over de filosoof Salomo Friedländer. Zonder zijn hulp was een deel van dit werk onmogelijk geweest. Woorden van dank gaan ook naar mijn medestudenten Tobias Hermans en Bert Van der Hoogerstraete voor het helpen vertalen van enkele Duitstalige bronnen. Hiervoor ben ik ook dank verschuldigd aan mijn goede Duitse vriend Martin Huss. Tot slot wil ik mijn familie, vrienden en in het bijzonder mijn vriendin Mieke bedanken voor alle begrip en steun die ze me gedurende het afgelopen jaar hebben gegeven. Index 0. Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 2 0.1 Opzet en materiaal .................................................................................................................. 2 0.2 De Aleph ................................................................................................................................. 4 0.3 Presentisme als historiciteitsregime ........................................................................................ 5 1. Tijdruimte ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 De vierde dimensie ................................................................................................................. 8 1.1.1 Non-euclidische geometrie .............................................................................................. 8 1.1.2 Simultaneïsme ................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.3 Perspectief ...................................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Nieuwe Beelding .................................................................................................................. 21 1.2.1 Primitivisme ................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.2 Subjectivisme ................................................................................................................. 24 1.2.3 Universalisme ................................................................................................................ 28 1.2.4 Perspectivisme ............................................................................................................... 34 2. Subject ........................................................................................................................................ 38 2.1 Holland/Berlijnse dada ......................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Der neue Mensch .................................................................................................................. 45 2.2.1 Präsentismus .................................................................................................................. 45 2.2.2 PRÉsentismus ................................................................................................................ 50 3. Nieuwe Woordbeelding.............................................................................................................. 59 3.1 Het nieuwe vers .................................................................................................................... 59 3.1.1 Poëzie als religie ............................................................................................................ 60 3.1.2 Poëzie tegen dualisme .................................................................................................... 62 3.1.3 Poëzie als gemeenschapskunst ....................................................................................... 69 3.2 Het nieuwe proza .................................................................................................................. 72 3.2.1 Caminoscopie ................................................................................................................. 72 3.2.1.1 De “dynamo-electrische” esthetica ......................................................................... 73 3.2.1.2 Het “identiteitsprinciep” .......................................................................................... 76 3.2.1.3 De “collectieve wereldbeheersching” ..................................................................... 78 3.2.2 Het andere gezicht ......................................................................................................... 80 4. Besluit......................................................................................................................................... 86 0. Inleiding “O God, I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of infinite space” - Hamlet 0.1 Opzet en materiaal In deze masterscriptie behandel ik de literaire exponenten van de historische avant-garde in het kader van het tijdsconcept presentisme. Mijn opzet bestaat erin aan te tonen dat de tijd voor de gehele avant-garde het heden is, vandaar de naam presentisme. Tot vrij recent werd immers gedacht dat avant-gardistische bewegingen als het futurisme uitsluitend aan toekomstgericht denken deden. Deze opvatting berust vermoedelijk op onjuiste analyses van het futurisme, wiens misleidende naam een belang van de toekomst suggereert. De grote avant-gardekenner Renato Poggioli schrijft, bijvoorbeeld, in zijn bekende werk The Theory of the Avant-garde (1962) het volgende: [T]he “presentism” of the Zeitgeist stands to the futurism of contemporary art as romanticism does to avant- gardism. Furthermore, it was precisely by the term “presentism” that Wyndham Lewis defined the credo of the movement he founded and named “vorticism,” by which he deceived himself into believing that he had surpassed Italian and French futurism, as the dadaists also tried to do when they postulated the “abolition of the future.” (Poggioli 73 - 4) Omdat de futurist zogezegd aan toekomstgericht denken deed, stelt Poggoli dat ook alle andere avant-gardisten toekomstdenkers waren, want voor hen was het futurisme immers het lichtende voorbeeld. Maar deze opvatting is ondertussen achterhaald. Onder de academici die Poggioli’s beweringen aanvechten is Marjorie Perloff waarschijnlijk de grootste naam. In haar boek The Futurist Moment (1986) – dat zijn naam bovendien dankt aan Poggioli’s studie van de avant-garde – zal Perloff het “futuristisch” beeld van het futurisme en dus van de historische avant-garde ontkrachten door te besluiten dat “for the Futurists [...] it is, finally, the present that most urgently matters” (Perloff 224). In plaats van futurisme of avant-gardisme zou men het dus moeten hebben over presentisme. In deze masterscriptie maak ik gebruik van recent onderzoek dat dit presentisme duidelijker in kaart heeft gebracht. Mijn eerste prominente bron is geschiedkundige François Hartogs boek Régimes d’historicité: présentisme et expérience du temps (2003), waarin hij aantoont dat het avant-gardistisch presentisme zich onderscheidde van de algemene toekomstgerichte tendens van de vroege twintigste eeuw. Hij verduidelijkt hierbij de link tussen het futurisme en het presentisme. Mijn tweede en belangrijkste bron is literatuurwetenschapper 2 Walter Fähnders essay “Zeit und Raum sind gestern gestorben: Über ‘Präsentismus’ in der europäischen Avantgarde” (2002). In dit essay bestudeert Fähnders uitgevoerd het avant- gardistisch gebruik van het presentisme. Het theoretisch kader van mijn masterscriptie is voor het grootste deel op deze studie gebaseerd. Om niet in een te oppervlakkige studie van de avant-garde verzeild te raken, bespreek ik het presentisme in het bijzonder aan de hand van de poëtica van De Stijl-oprichter Theo van Doesburg. Deze poëtica zal ik in het licht van het presentisme herbekijken en reconstrueren. Hieruit zal duidelijk blijken dat ook Van Doesburgs literaire werken, zowel poëzie als proza, tonen dat hij een aanhanger van het heden was. Het is echter niet mogelijk om het alleen bij de literaire poëtica te houden. Literatuur- wetenschapper J.J. Overstegen stelt dat een korte samenvatting van de beeldende kunsten van De Stijl “onmisbaar [is] voor een inzicht ook in Van Doesburgs literaire theorieën” (Overstegen 63). Bovendien maakt literatuurwetenschapper José Boyens duidelijk dat “het niet mogelijk is zich uitsluitend te verdiepen in de theoretische publikaties van Theo van Doesburg”, maar dat het nodig is “hierbij ook het persoonlijke streven en bepaalde kunstenaarsgroeperingen te betrekken” (Boyens 193). Om deze redenen zal ik in dit werk gebruik maken van W.J. Van den Akkers poëtica-model zoals Geert Buelens het in zijn boek Van Ostaijen tot Heden (2001)
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