Handbook of Behavioral Criminology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61625-4 748 Index

Index

A violent crime and sexual assault, 666 Accidental/occasional criminals, 44 ALICE training model, 565, 566 Acquaintance molester, 699 Ambivalence, 52, 53 Active shooter/intruder drills, 566 American National Standard for Workplace Violence Actor–partner interdependence model (APIM), 13, 15–17 Prevention and Intervention, 631 Acts of violence American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to criminal behavior, 523 Animals, 366 intimate partner violence, 522 Analytic Interviewing Course (AIC), 685 self-harm, 521–522 Anarchist Extremists, 730 sexual assault, 522 Animal cruelty offenders, 82 Actuarial data, 215 affective violence, 86, 87, 92 Adolescent and Child Urgent Threat Evaluation aggression and violence, 82 (ACUTE), 564 animal abuse, 83, 85 Adult protective services (APS), 428, 429 animal victim, 87, 88 Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), 299 antisocial behavior, 82, 83 Aggressive homosexual offender, 303 assessment, diagnosis and treatment, 89, 90 Aggressivity, 52 case examples, 81, 86–88 Alcohol and drugs, crime Caucasian males, 83 ADAM II, 666 children, 83, 84 amphetamines and methamphetamines, 670 criminal history and recidivism, 85 benzodiazepines, 670, 671 domestic violence, 86, 87 cannabis, 669 emotions, 82 clinical practice, 673 enuresis and fire-setting, 82 cocaine, 670 factors, 83 common factor, 663 graduation hypothesis, 83 complexities, 661, 671, 672 IPV (see Interpersonal violence (IPV)) gender differences, 664, 665 law enforcement and prosecution, 90, 91 interpersonal/social context, substance use, 662, 663 mental health, 93 marital violence, perpetrator and victim reports, 668 offender interview, 91, 92 mental illness, 665, 673 physical abuse, 81 methodological factors, 669 predatory violence, 86, 87, 92, 93 offender populations, 663, 664 psychiatric patients, 82 offender reports, 666, 667 witnessing, 88, 89 opiates, 669–670 Anti-colonial wave, 730 PCP, 671 Antisocial peer group, 121 psychopharmacological model, 662 Antisocial personality disorder (APD), 84, 89, 650, TAP, 668 714, 723 type of crime, 665 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program II victim reports, 667 (ADAM II), 666

Arson investigations MRI, SPECT and PET scans, 34–38 Analytic Interviewing technique, 693 non-human primates, 29, 30 Arson Task Force, 681 Bullies, 114, 119 BAU agents, 679 Bullying and bombing attacks, 687 categories, 114 cold-case review, 680 direct, 114 communicating with offender, 684–686 indirect, 114 communicating with witnesses, 682–684 individual aggressive behavior, 114 communications analyses, 680 perpetrators, 114 constant communication, 692 physical, 114 criminal behavior, 693 in schools students, 113 editing, 690, 691 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 679 FBI Academy, 680 Bystanders, 114 Federal law enforcement, 687 FLETC, 679 General Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ), 693 C geographic analyses, 680 Call girls, 240 media strategies, 681, 682, 687 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 556 Minimize the Crime, 693 CERT Insider Threat Center, 488 NCAVC Police Fellowship Program, 679 Character disorder, 44 power and Pitch Room, 694, 695 Child and adolescent firesetting practitioners view, 695 agencies, 100 profilers, 695 assessment and diagnosis, 104–106 Project the Blame, 693 causes and treatment, 98 pronouns, 689, 690 child development, 100 psychological satisfaction, 694 description, 97, 98 questionnaires, 691, 692 destructive force, 98 Rationalize the Act, 693 DNR, 99 serial crimes, 680 family patterns, 103, 104 statement analysis, 681, 687–691 fire camps, 99 temporal analyses, 680 fire involvement, 101 training, 680 fire materials, 100 unknown offender, 681 hard-hitting, 99 UNSUB, 680 human survival, 98 US Federal law, 679 intervention approaches, 108 Wizards of Deception Detection, 692 juvenile firesetters, 99 ATF’s New Agent Training students, 688 life span trajectories, 100 Attacker characteristics, 558 mental health and substance use, 100 M-TAFF, 100 offender characteristics, 101–103 B prognosis/recidivism, 106–108 Barefoot vs. Estelle case, 612 psychodynamic models, 98 Battered Woman Syndrome Questionnaire (BWSQ), 407 psychopathology and substance use, 101 Batterer intervention programs, 411–413 risk factors, 101, 102 The Baxstrom cohort, 611 risk taking and anti-social behavior, 101 BCSM, see Behavioral Change Stairway Model (BCSM) Scared Straight, 99 Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), 679 social media, 98 Behavioral Change Stairway Model (BCSM), 599 treatment, 108, 109 Behavioral profiling, 215 vulnerabilities, 101 Behavioral Science Unit (BSU), 679 Child exploitation material (CEM) Behavioral theories and methods, 3 addiction, 337, 338 Bind–Torture–Kill (BTK), 681 child pornography, images collection, 336 Borderline personality disorder (BPD), 37, 38 curiosity, 338 Brain anatomy, 31–34 download, 332 CT imaging, 30, 31 law enforcement, 332 Drosophilae, 25–27 motivational pathways, 335 EEG (see Electroencephalography (EEG)) pedophilia, 337 hemispheric asymmetry, 38 processing past abuse, 336, 337 mice and rats, 27–29 search engines, 333 Index 749

sex offenders, 340 preferential-type sex offenders, 714, 715 sexual abuse, 335, 336 prepubescent, 712, 713 sexual interest, 334 regressed situational offenders, 713 stress relief, 336 sadistic preferential, 715 therapy, 336 severe sexual sadism, 716 Child maltreatment situational-type sex offenders, 713 confirmed case of, 367 victims, 705, 711 definition, 365 written and spoken communication, 704 NCANDS, 367 Child physical abuse and neglect offenders, 368 assessment, 371, 372 recidivism rates, 374 CAPTA, 365 substantiated cases of, 367 challenges, 371 Child molesters child protection laws, 376 abduction/missing children, 706–708 commission of abuse, 365 access and control, 699–701 community, 369 acquaintance, 701 contextual factors, 368 age of consent, 706 course and prognosis, 373, 374 age of victim, 703 cycle of violence, 369, 370 attempted child abductions, 708, 709 diagnosis, 372, 373 background, 701–703 domestic violence in home, 369 behavioral analysis, 699 epidemiology, 366–368 case illustration, 704, 705 family context level, 376 cases family patterns, 369–371 child found alive, 718, 719 foster care system, 368 child found dead, 719, 720 history, 366 child still missing, 720, 721 intergenerational transmission of violence, 370, 371 situations, 718 neglectful families, 369 criteria, 703 offender, 368–369 FBI study, 712 omission of basic care, 366 individuals, 704, 706 parent–child relationship, 368 intrafamilial, 701 parents/parental guardians, 365 investigation of, 725, 726 poor parenting practices, 368 investigators, 704 treatment, 374–376 legal definitions, 704, 706 the US Department of Health and Human Services, 365 legal/societal standards, 705 Child pornography, 333, 345 minimal verbal interaction, 706 Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA), 289 molestation and rape, 705, 709–711 Child sexual abuse motivation for abduction, 703 abuse-supportive thinking, 263 nonfamily, 711 analysis, 260–261 perpetrator, 706, 712 arousal, 266, 267 phases assimilation, 263 abduction, 717 behavioral changes, 381 build-up, 716 blocks to arousal, 263–265 post-abduction, 717, 718 blocks to offending, 265–267 recovery/release, 718 child pornography, 381 (see also Child sexual types, 716 exploitation (CSE)) relationship, offender and victim, 703 coercion, 272 sex offenders, 712 contorted thinking, 266 stranger, 700 convicted sex offenders, 257 suspects, 721–725 criminal records, 257 type of offense, 703 cruel thinking, 266 typology deception, 271, 272 diverse preferential, 716 evidence-based practices, 258 DSM-5, 712 fantasy, 267, 268 inadequate situational offenders, 714 formative life experiences, 262 introverted preferential, 715 grooming process, 269, 274 morally indiscriminate situational offenders, 713 inter-rater reliability, 261 NCMEC, 713 interviews, 260 pedophilic disorder, 712 longitudinal qualitative study, 258 750 Index

Child sexual abuse (cont.) female children co-offender, 318 method, 258–261 PSB, 315 and molestation, 257 Children’s Firesetting Inventory (CFI), 105 narcissistic thinking, 266 Chimpanzees, 29 opportunities, 271 Cluster B Personality Disorder, 616 participants, 259, 260, 271 Cognitive immaturity, 53 perception of others, 270 Cognitive Interview (CI) method perception of victims, 270 description, 451 positive attachment, 261 police reactions, 457 production, abusive images, 384 scientific tests, 454 psychological trauma, 387 Colin’s visualization, 267 research, 258, 259, 261 Commercial sex industry, 239 sexual exploitation, 257 Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) sexualization and social isolation, 261 and adolescents, 279 spiral of, 273, 274 child pornography, 282 STI, 393–394 child prostitution, 281, 282 stranger abduction and sexual assault, 384 child trafficker, 283, 284 thematic analysis, 259 child trafficking, 280, 281 validity, 261 Department of Justice, 280 victim selection, 268, 269 domestic victims, 287 The Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography Act, 289 federal laws, 289, 290 Child sexual exploitation (CSE) individuals, 290 bruises/pattern injuries, 383 international victims, 287, 288 commercial, 382 legislative history, 288, 289 vs. CSA, 384–386 male victims, 286, 287 cyberbullicide, 384 multidimensional industry, 280 cyber-victimization, 382 National Institute of Justice, 280 diagnostic features, 392, 393 pimp/john, 284, 285 digital self, 384 pornographer/pornography consumer, 285 family dynamics, 382 researchers, 279 investigations, 381 sex tourism, 283 medical evaluation, 386 traveler/enticer, 285, 286 medical evidence, 392 in the USA, 279 medical history and examination victimology, 280, 286–288 abusive images, 388 victims, 291 adolescent, 388 Communicated Threat Assessment Database (CTAD), 448 behavioral assessment, 388 Communication Decency Act (CDA), 289 behavioral history and observation, 389 Communication Rating Scale (CCRS), 600 blunt force trauma injuries, 391 Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) Insider chronic concerns, 387 Threat Center, 486 family history, 387 Concordance analysis (CA), 13 health care providers, 387, 391 Conduct disorder (CD), 84, 89 information, 387, 388 Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory medical evaluation, 389–391 (CADRI), 15 open-ended questions, 387 Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS), 15 psychosocial development, 388 Context reinstatement, 453 sexual maturation ratings (SMR), 391 Co-occurring disorder (COD), 576 sexual orientation and gender identity, 388, 390 Correctional violence traumatic brain injury, 391 administrative control model, 577 victims/trafficking, 390 anger management under CBT, 582, 583 online enticement, 382 CIT and CNT, 584 online/communication technology, 383 cognitive behavioral approaches, 581–583 prosecution, 382 correctional management, 583, 584 psychological maltreatment, 383 deprivation model, 576, 577 sex tourism, 382 description, 573 sextortion, 383, 384 deviant institutional behavior, 585 sexual assault, 383 EAP, 584 sexual trafficking, 382 GLM, 581 Children importation model, 575, 576 contact and noncontact abuse of, 314 inmate rehabilitation, 579–583 Index 751

institution unrest, 583, 584 styles, 50, 51 life-exposure model, 577, 578 Crisis intervention mental health programs, 583 drills and active shooters, 565, 566 Powitzky characterizes, 585 follow up, 567 prevalence of, 574 NEAT, 567 prison offending, 578, 579 Psychological First Aid, 567 RNR, 580, 581 school crises, 566 systems framework, 575 school tragedy students, 566 theoretical perspectives, 575–579 Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT), 584 in the USA, 573 Crisis Intervention Training (CIT), 595 and violent offenders, 574, 575 Crisis Negotiation Teams (CNT), 584 Couple-level dynamics, 13 Crisis negotiations Crime and human nature, 50 active listening skills and rapport, 597 Crime and self-control, 49, 50 advanced negotiation training, 597, 598 Criminal acts, 3 affiliation, 598 Criminal investigative analysis Attica Prison Riot, 591, 593 actuarial approach, 219, 220 BCSM, 599 aggression, 229, 230 CIT, 595 analyzing the material, 225, 226 CRT, 595 body disposal, 231 domestic violence, 595 case organization, 222 errors, 598 clinical (deductive) approach, 216–219 first responder on-scene training, 596 clinical vs. actuarial approaches, 220, 221 FPM, 599, 600 crime analyses, 222–226 implications, 591 criminal profiling, 215 law enforcement agency, 592 criticism, 218, 219 models and approaches, 598 definition, 215–216 Munich Olympics, 592 evolution, 217, 218 negotiate first policy, 592 goals and limitations, 233, 234 negotiations team trainings, 597 impulsive vs. compulsive behaviors, 229 negotiator training, 595–596 methods, 221 NYPD, 592, 593 modus operandi, 228, 229 Palestinian terrorists, 592 motivation, 230, 231 personality characteristics and qualities, 600 offender approach, 228 principles, 593 offender risk, 228 situations, 594 process of, 221–226 STEP, 599 scientific/actuarial approach, 219–221 tactical communication training, 596 signature behaviors, 229 tactical interventions, 595 staging, 231 team organization summarizing the material, 223–225 auxiliary negotiator’s role, 604 trait theory, 232, 233 coordination, 605, 606 typologies, 231, 232 indicators, 604 in the UK, 215 psychologist role, 605 in the USA, 215 supervisors, 604 victim and offender analyses, 226 team members and leaders, 604 victim risk, 227, 228 trained negotiators, 606, 607 victimology, 227 Crisis Response Team (CRT), 592, 595, 597 Criminal Justice System, 507 Critical pathway, 490, 496, 497 Criminal profiling CSA, see Child sexual abuse (CSA) concept of, 215 CSE, see Child sexual exploitation (CSE) in the UK, 219–221 Cyber bully-victims, 114 in the USA, 216–219 Cyberbullicide, 384 Criminal psychology typologies, 44 Cyberbullies, 114, 119, 122 Criminal thinking Cyberbullying, 113, 114 cognitive and personality traits, 51–53 and bullying, 114 cognitive patterns, 51 ecological framework, 114 cognitive revolution, 50 studies, 114 commonalities, 54 Cyberspace, 113 hostile attribution bias, 51 Cybervictimization, 122, 123 implicit theories and cognitive schemata, 53, 54 Cybervictims, 114, 123 752 Index

D Domestic violence risk appraisal guide (DVRAG), Danger Assessment (DA), 407 407, 619 DC/VA/MD Serial Arson case, 684 Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Department of Defense’s (DoD) Insider Threat Program program, 63 Directive, 486 Dual-Reporter (DR) measurement, 14 Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 99 Dyadic concordance types (DCTs), 17, 18 Deradicalization, 741 Descriptive model of female sexual offending (DMFSO), 304, 305 E Descriptive research Egocentricity, 52 case–control designs, 69 Egocentrism, 53 characteristics, 64 Elder abuse and mistreatment cohort design, 69 assessment data collection, 65 abuse identification, 425 gathering information, 65 cognitive impairment, 427 goals, 65 measures, 427 naturalistic observation, 67 potential issues, 428 participatory observation, 67, 68 protocols, guidelines and diagnosis models, 425 statistical association, 65, 66 signs and indicators of abuse, 425–427 surveys and interviews, 68 tools, 426–428 temporal precedence, 66 cost and consequences, 422 types, 66 definition, 419 Desistence for Adolescents who Sexually Harm family patterns, 423–425 (DASH-13), 319 individual characteristics, 431 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, models, 424 5th Edition, (DSM-5®), 712 offender characteristics, 422, 423 Differential association theory, 48, 49 policy options, 420 Dispositional domain, 615 population aging boom, 419 DMFSO, see Descriptive model of female sexual prevalence rates, 421 offending (DMFSO) prognosis and recidivism, 428, 429 Domestic violence protective services units, 420 assessment public awareness, 420 clinical interview, 406 risk factors, 422 offender risk, 406, 407 social dynamics, 431 psychological testing, 406 social problem, 420 victim risk, 407, 408 treatment, 429–431 batterer intervention programs, 411–413 Electroencephalography (EEG) corporal punishment, 398 alpha wave power, 32 cycle of violence, 404, 405 angry faces adults, 33 description, 397, 398 behavioral differences, 32 fatal, 400, 401 criminal/psychiatric population, 31 nonfatal, 399, 400 curiosity, 32 offender characteristics emotional and behavioral regulation systems, 32 heterogeneity, 401 frontal lobe, 32 patriarchal terrorism, 402 genetic factors, 32 risk factors, 402 hemispheric asymmetry, cortical activity, 31 offender classifications, 402–404 neurofeedback therapy, 33 offender clinical presentations, 408 peri-ictal periods, seizure, 34 offender prognosis and recidivism, 409, 410 post-ictal aggression, 34 official crime statistics, 398, 399 self-regulation training, 33 prevalence and incidence, 398 trait-based aggression, 33 prevention, 414 violent criminals, 33 public attitudes, 398 Employee Assistance Program (EAP), 584, 640 survivor therapy, 413 The End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism Act, 283 victim course and prognosis, 410 Energy burst warning behavior, 636 victims clinical presentations, 408, 409 Energy Mobilization Hypothesis, 30 violence impact, children, 405 Entertainment violence, 146 workplace, 543–545 Estelle vs. Smith case, 612 Index 753

Evolutionary criminal psychology Fatal domestic violence, 400, 401 atavisms, 55 FBI’s Child Abduction Response Plan, 726 defensive/preemptive strike, 57 FBI’s fateful standoff, 732 family members, 56 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 559, 679, 730 homicide adaptation theory, 57 Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment monkeys, 56 Act, 365 personality and behavioral traits, 56 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center principles, 55, 56 (FLETC), 679 psychopathology/mental illness, 56 Federally funded research and development centers quality control, 58 (FFRDC’s), 488 reproductive cheaters, 57 Female genital cutting (FGC), 394 reproductive primacy, 58 Female genital mutilation (FGM), 394 reputation management, 57 Female sexual offenders (FSOs) resource poachers, 57 characteristics, 298, 299 resource protection, 57 chivalry hypothesis, 308 Exceptional Case Study Project (ECSP), 631 co-offending, 306 Executive skills, 658 crime statistics, 301 Exhibitionism, 719 criminal justice sanctions, 307 Experimental research developments, 297 depressive symptoms, 70 government-derived crime data and statistics, 300 and descriptive research, 69 heterogeneous population, 298 ethical issues, 71, 72 multiple perpetrator groups, 306–307 multiple group design, 74 prevalence rates, 300 nonspecific treatment/attention placebo, 74 public opinion, 308, 309 no-treatment control, 73 rape arrests and perpetrators, 300 participants selection, 71 recidivism, 301, 302 quasi-experimental designs, 70 sentencing disparity, 307 random assignment, 72 sex offender legislation, 308, 309 treatment as usual (TAU) group, 74 sexual scripts, 297 types, 70 sexual violence, 301 waitlist control, 73–74 societal and cultural resistance, 297 Extrafamilial homicide, 204 sociodemographic characteristics, 298, 308 Extremism Risk Guidelines, 739 typologies, understanding patterns crime characteristics, 302 data sources, 303 F DMFSO, 304, 305 Familicide-suicide, 204 female sexual predator, 303 Family violence heterosexual nurturer, 303 actor–partner interdependence model, 15–17 homosexual criminal, 303 APIM vs. CA, 18, 19 male-coerced offender, 303 batter intervention programs, 22 prevalence and recidivism data, 302 child abuse studies, 22 teacher/lover, 303 child physical abuse, 21 Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), 297, 300 concordance analysis, 17, 18 victims characteristics, 299, 300 domestic violence, 21 Filicide-suicide, 203–204 Duluth model, 21 Fire Awareness and Intervention Program (FAIP), 107 dyadic measurement, 13–15 Firesetting History Screen (FHS), 104 gender-specific dyadic approach, 22 Firesetting Incident Analysis (FIA), 104 individual persons, 13 Firesetting Risk Assessment Tool for Youth (FRAT-Y), 106 ironic aspect, 22 Firesetting Risk Inventory (FRI), 105 longitudinal studies, 22 Fixation warning behavior, 635 male dominance, 21 Forensic evaluations, Juvenile homicide partner abuse, 13, 21 competency, stand trial, 149 physical abuse and drinking problems, 19–21 disposition, 149 pornography, 13 mental health professionals, 148 primary objective, 13 mental-state-at-offense (MSO), 149 social and psychological problems, 21 transfer to adult court, 148–149 theoretical implication, 21 waiver, Miranda rights, 149 754 Index

Forensic linguistics risk factors, 211 authorship analysis, 438 spouse, 203 corpus linguistics, 448 statistics, 201 description, 437 survivors/witnesses, 201 devil strip, 440 typologies, 203 DNA evidence, 438 Hostage negotiations kidnapping, 438 American law enforcement, 591 language analysis, 438, 439, 441, 448 bargaining techniques, 594 (see also Crisis linguistic profiling, 438 negotiations) misspellings, 439 Israeli athletes, 592 mocking and cruel, 439 NYPD, 592 physical evidence, 438 pilot, 592 planter strip, 440 prison guards, 591 punctuations, 441, 442 psychology, 593 Serial-Killer Message, 443–445 rewards, 591 Serial-Killer Letter, 445–447 situations, 593, 594 sex paraphernalia, 437 victim characteristics, 603 Stalker Letter, 445 Hostile attribution bias, 51 Stalker Message, 443 H-S, see Homicide-suicide (H-S) threat assessment, 448 Hypnosis training and experience, 447 case of an initiation murder, 513, 514 Four-phase model (FPM), 599, 600 case of murder and attempted rape, 511–513 Frustration, 52 case of murdered grandmother, 509–511 FSOs, see Female sexual offenders (FSOs) case of serial murder and thanatophilia, 508, 509 Criminal Justice System, 507 criminal/civil investigation, 507 G descriptions, 501, 502 Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), 28 findings, 505 Genetic engineering techniques, 27 history, 502, 503 Good Lives Model (GLM), 581 hypnotic interview, 507 hypnotic state, 503, 504 legal perspective, 507 H legal system, 505, 506 Habitual criminal, 44 memory, 504 The Hare Psychopathic Checklist (PCL-R), 658 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 72 I Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 (HCR-20), Identification warning behavior, 635 620, 621 Identifying Vulnerable People (IVP) Guidance, Homicide-suicide (H-S) 739–740 amorous/jealousy type, 203 Impulsivity, 52 challenges, 202 Inadequate Situational Child Molesters, 719 classifications, 202–204 Incident characteristics, 558 data sources, 202 Insider threats definition, 202 antisocial behavior, 491 domestic violence, 208, 210, 211 coercion, 487 evaluation, 201 definitions, 485–487 extrafamilial homicide, 204 ego, 487 familicide-suicide, 204 financial irresponsibility, 493 family court, 207, 208 identities/divided loyalties, 493, 494 filicide-suicide, 203–204 ideology, 487 firearms, 206 impulsivity/immaturity, 491 healthcare providers, 211 leakers, 488 IPV (see Intimate partner violence (IPV)) lifestyle vulnerabilities, 493 mental health, 205 money, 487 older adults, 208–210 motivations, 487, 488 perpetrators and victims, 204, 205 narcissism, 492 police officers, 210 paranoia, 492 protective factors, 206 personal and situational risk factors, 488–491 Index 755

prevention, mitigation and management strategies, communication, 453, 454 496, 497 cooperative witnesses and victims, 451–456, 462 psychopathy, 492 detect deception, 458–462 rationalization, 493 doubly effective techniques, 462 research strategies, 494–496 laboratory-based research, 463 revenge, 492 liars’ strategies, 460, 461 scope, 485 memory and cognition, 453 thrill-seeking, 491–492 multiple and varied retrieval, 453 Instinctive criminal, 43 national security, 451 Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), 72 police interview, 451 International communication and trade, 3 police officers, 454–456 Internet sexual offending police reactions, 457 CEM (see Child Exploitation Material (CEM)) social dynamics, 452 child pornography, 345 television programs, 451 conceptualization, 332 train-the-trainer, 457, 458 dangerous assumption, 343, 344 detectives and agents, 331 empirical investigations, 346 J false mitigators, 338, 339 Jurek vs. Texas case, 612 fishing videos, 332 Juvenile homicide magazines, 345 arrest statistics, 141 myths, 343–345 brain impairment, 147, 148 official records clinical samples, 140 arrest/charge information, 341 conduct disorder and substance abuse, 146 child protective services, 342 criminal homicide, 140 crime, 342, 343 decision-making process, 140 medical record, 341 dissociative disorders, 147 prison-based sex offender treatment program, diversity, 140 341 entertainment violence, 146 serial murderers and bank robbers, 341 forensic evaluations (see Forensic evaluations, sexual abuse and exploitation, 341 Juvenile homicide) teenagers, 342 legal authorities and clinicians, 146 online collecting behavior, 332 murders, 139 online offenders, 331 offender pathways paraphernalia, 345 conflict pathway, 143 pedophilia, 344 criminal activity, 142 polygraph, 344, 345 delusions and hallucinations, 142 pornography, 333 environmental influences, 142 professionals, 331 extremist violence, 145 sex offenders, 331, 339, 340 female juveniles, 143 Interpersonal partner violence, 412 MMPI profiles, 142 Interpersonal violence (IPV), 82, 86, 87, 91 parricide, 143, 144 Inter-rater reliability, 623 pre-adolescents, 144 Interviewing strategies proactive aggression, 142 arson profilers, 692 psychotic symptoms, 143 media, 681 school shootings, 144, 145 power and the Pitch Room, 695 psychological tests, 139, 147 preparation, 692, 693 recidivism, 151, 152 techniques, 693, 694 severity, 140 Intimate partner violence (IPV), 201, 206, 207, 211 treatment and prognosis, 150–152 Intrafamilial molester, 699 trends, 141, 142 Introverted Preferential Child Molesters, 719 Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II Investigative interviewing (J-SOAP-II), 319 accident investigations, 451 Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment CI method, 451 Tool-II (JSORRAT-II), 319 CI in real-world criminal investigations, 456 Juveniles cognitive interview, 454 in PSB, 320 cognitive load, 462 in sex crimes, 313 756 Index

K private and public terrorism, 164 Kansas vs. Hendricks case, 613 private individuals, 160 private killings, 160 psychiatry and clinical psychology, 161 L racism and misogyny, 161 Last resort warning behavior, 636 risk factors and signs, 167 Law enforcement schizophrenics, 162 cooperation, 482 school shooting, 163, 165, 167–169 influential studies of, 467 sensitivity and specificity, 171 interrogation community, 481 serial murderers, 160 interview and interrogation training, 469, 476 sexual fantasies, 160 outcomes of, 468 sexual frustration and rejection, 164 in the US, 467, 482, 483 spree murders, 160 Leakage warning behavior, 636 terrorism and military assaults, 161 Left hemisphere, 645 TV violence, 165 The Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, 645 virtual communities, 171 vocal hallucinations, 162 warning signs, 167 M Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to MacArthur Risk Assessment Studies, 614, 615 Animals (MSPCA), 85 Mad Bomber, 681 Maternal filicide Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) altruistic motivations, 186 ADHD, 35 blame shifting, 196, 197 alcohol dependence, IPV, 36 borderline personality disorder, 186 blood oxygen concentration, 34 cause of death (COD), 187 frontal lobes and limbic system, 35 child abuse, 181, 182, 189, 192 frontotemporal dementia, 35 child behaviors, 187 Major mental disorder, 620 child homicide, 180, 181, 186 Maladaptive criminal thinking patterns, 53 collateral interviews, 186 Mann Act, 289 common stressors, 186 Mass killing, see Mass murder denial of female violence, 195 Mass murder depression, 186 acute strains, 163 description, 179, 180 adolescent murderers, 168 England’s Infanticide Act, 180 adult mass murderers, 170 family patterns alcohol and drug abuse, 162 absent mothering, 189 chronic strain, 163 anxiety, 189 collateral damage, 166 attachment styles, 188 conceptual frameworks, 171–172 behavior and personality, 188 counterfeit deviance, 169 emotional dysregulation, 190 criminal opportunists, 169 internal sense, 190 cultural validation, 166 mother and child interaction, 188 definition, 159 object relations theory, 189 Dylann Roof, 161 pregnancies, 190 emotional regulation and executive function, 166, secure and insecure attachment, 188 167 traumatic experiences, 189 family annihilator, 169 female violence, 191 FBI report, 167 financial problems, 185 gender equality, 167 gunshot wounds and stabbing, 187 genetic vulnerability, 165 infanticide, 183–185 heterogeneity, 164 insanity defenses, 181 homicide incidents, 159 interpersonal issues, 187 immature brains, 166 lactational insanity, 180 juvenile mass murderers, 170 mental disorder, 181 MAOA gene, 165 mental illness, 191 masculinity and violence, 163 motivations, 187, 188 mass killing, 161, 164 neonaticide, 182, 183 media and reality, 172, 173 non-mothers, 195, 196 mental illness and violence, 162 parenting style, 186 perpetrators, 163, 164, 169 personality disorders and violence, 192, 193 predictive algorithm, 171 post-partum mental disorders, 180, 191, 192 Index 757

prognosis/recidivism, 193, 194 National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System provisions, offenders, 180 (NCANDS), 366, 367 psychiatric vs. correctional mothers, 185 National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National psychotic symptoms, 190 Center, 567 toddlers and preschoolers, 185 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), 399, 556 Media strategies National Emergency Assistance Team (NEAT), 567 arson profilers, 681 National Incidence Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 399 arson Task Force, 681 National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, development of, 681 Runaway, and Thrownaway Children in Sweat case, 686 (NISMART-1), 702 three-pronged approach, 682 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 639 Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 230 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey Military (NISVS), 301, 400 academy training, 524 National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAW), 399 benefits, 524 National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), challenges, 524 400, 401 community policing, 526 NeoFreudians, 47, 48 and crisis negotiations Neuropsychological testing Brian Babb Case, 529 abnormal behavior, 657 considerations, 530 brain injury, 656 general guidelines, 530 cases of violence, 659 law enforcement, 530, 531 cognitive processes, 645 major depressive disorder, 528 comprehensive assessment, 656 mental health, 527–529 drugs, 656 MTBI, 529 emotional issues, 658 overview, 527 emotional responses, 655 PTSD, 527, 528 exaggeration/malingering, 658 rapport-building, 530 executive functions, 658 substance use disorder, 528 forensic and murder evaluations, 657 suicidality, 528 forensic cases, 645 transition issues, 529, 530 frontal lobes, 647–649 culture of, 520 frontal–temporal dysfunction, 655 deployment, postdeployment and family, 521 frontotemporal lobes, 655 individuals evidence resiliency, 531 genetics and neonatal injuries, 657 law enforcement communities, 519, 531 history, 657 law enforcement services, 523–526 human brain, 652–655 Military Life Cycle, 520 individuals, 656 paramilitary units, 526 malingering, 651 personal and interpersonal interactions, 519, 520 memory, 657 political and civilian systems, 519 miscellaneous, 651, 652 psychiatric disorders, 520 motor and sensory measurement, 657 PTSD and aggression, 521 personality, 649, 650 research, 520, 531 primitive areas of brain, 656 stress and burnout, 524, 525 psychopathy, 658 transition programs, 523, 524 recapitulation, 658 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 651 research, 645–652 Misconduct, 573, 575–581, 585 reticular activating system, 655 Modus operandi (M.O.), 228, 229, 680 SIRS, 658 Monetary offenders, 44 subcortical frontal–temporal disorders, 657 Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT), 582 Neurotic offenders, 44 Multi-Trajectory of Adult Firesetting (M-TAFF), 100 New Left Wave, 730 Murder-suicide, 202, 204, 205, 209 New York City Police Department (NYPD), 592, 593 New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 366 N Noncadiamointrappola program, 128 Narcissism, 52 Nonfamily abduction, 701 National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), Nonfatal domestic violence, 399, 400 566, 567 Nonserial homicide cases, 228 National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Nonviolent schizophrenia (NVS) groups, 650 (NCAVC), 679 Normal criminals, 44 758 Index

Norwegian communication media, 115 functional imagining, 34 Novacco Anger Scale, 615 serotonin, 36 Novel aggression warning behavior, 635 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 409 NVIVO software, 260 Preferential child molesters, 715 Preferential-type sex offender, 714 Pre-interrogation interviews, 477 O Prison violence, 574, 575, 577, 578 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), 337 Problematic sexual behavior, 313 Obsessive-compulsiveness, 52 Problematic sexual behavior (PSB) Occasional criminal, 43 assessment, 318–322 Offender profiling, 215, 217 case study, 322, 323 Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 493 etiology, 314–316 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP), 115, 127 girls, 317, 318 Organically/constitutionally predisposed criminals, 44 harmful sexual behaviors, 314 intervention, 320, 321 in Ireland, 313 P juvenile sex offender, 314 Paranoia, 52 manipulation habits/grooming, 323, 324 Pathway warning behavior, 635 offenses and prevalence, 313 Pedophilic disorder, 712 recidivism, 316, 317 Perpetrators sexual offending, 313–314 antisocial personality, 601–602 young people and polygraph, 319–322 borderline personality, 602 Proposed an evidence-based psychotherapy pilot categories, 601 program (PROTECT), 430 convicted and nonconvicted, 258 Prostitution, 251 deliberate v. reluctant hostage takers, 601 arrest rates, 243 depressed types, 601 criminalization, 245, 246 high-risk negotiation factors, 603 decriminalization, 247 histrionic personality, 602 description, 243 hostage/victim characteristics, 603 exiting, 243 inadequate personality, 602 federal arrest data, 243 individual, 273 legalization, 246 manic types, 602 philosophies and variations, 240–244 mentally ill, 601 pimps, 243 militias and extremists, 602–603 sociodemographics, 244 narcissistic personality, 602 street (see Street prostitution) paranoid types, 601 survival sex, 243 psychotic types, 602 Pseudocommando, 561, 634 sexual crimes, 258, 259 Psychodynamic theory Personal and situational risk factors, 488–491 conscious and unconscious motives, 45 Personality disorder diagnosis, 615 defense mechanisms, 46, 47 Personality pathology, 408 neoFreudians, 47, 48 Personality profiling, 215 tripartite mental model, 45, 46 Phencyclidine (PCP), 671 Psychological assessment, 496, 497 Physical assault, 17, 18 Psychological profiling, 215 Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS), 84 Psychology and crime, 44 Police description, 43 interviewing differential association theory, 48, 49 conventional, 454 early twentieth century, 43–44 critical goals of, 451 factors, 44 tape-recorded, 452 mid-twentieth century, 44 psychological pressure, 481 psychodynamic theory (see Psychodynamic theory) vulnerable suspects, 481 reinforcement and behavior, 48 Positive Behavior Approach (PBA), 360 self-control theory, 49, 50 Positron emission tomography (PET) social learning theory, 48 ADHD, 36 Psychopathic school shooters, 560 blood flow, oxygen level and glucose metabolism, 34 Psychopathic/sociopathic criminals, 44 BPD, 37 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), 617–620 epilepsy and aggressive behaviors, 37 Psychotic school shooters, 560 Index 759

Q violence, 624 Quasi-experimental research, 70 VRAG, 619 Routine Activity Theory (RAT), 735 Russia’s Czar Alexander II political reform program, 730 R Radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, 732 Radicalization, 735–737 S Rampage school shooter, 559 Sadism, 52 Rapid risk assessment for sex offender Recidivism Safe School Initiative Report (SSIR), 558, 559 (RRASOR), 619 Sapir’s Verbal Inquiry Effective Witness (VIEW), 691 Rational self-counseling, 613 Scatologia, 708, 719 Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R), 582 Schizophrenia, 638 Recidivism, 316, 317 School bullying and cyberbullying, 113 Reinforcement and behavior, 48 characteristics of, 119–121 Religious wave, 730 family influences, 121–124 Research design history, 115, 116 categories, 64 instruments, 124 D.A.R.E. program, 63 interventions, 127–131 decision-making, 63 long-term outcomes, 124–127 principles, 64 parental influence, 122–124 Risk assessment prevalence of, 116–119 actuarial assessment instruments, 618–619 School safety planning, 567, 569 bail hearings, 611 School shooters base rate issues, 623 access to weapons, 561 behavior, 624 bullying, 562 civil commitment, 611 rampage, 559, 560 the Court, 624 research, 559 DVRAG, 619 risk factors, 559 ES and LS, 616 suicide, 561 ethnic differences, 622 typology, 560, 561 group vs. individual data, 622 violent media, 562 HCR-20, 620, 621 School violence head injuries, 616 act of, 571 instruments, 617–621 active shooter incidents, 559 interpretation, 623, 624 additional response and action, 565 inter-rater reliability, 623 comprehensive interview, 564 legal evolution, 611–614 definition, 555 legislation and ethical conundrums, 613, 614 FBI, 559 location, 622 history, 557, 558 MacArthur studies, 614, 615 immediate response, 564 male schizophrenic patients, 617 indicators of, 556 mental health community, 616 intervention approaches, 565 mental illness and violence, 616 National Center for Education Statistics, 555 neuroimaging studies, 616 physical security, 568, 569 offender groups, 616 postsecondary institutions, 556–557 PCL-R, 617–620 profiling, 562 predict violent behavior, 611 psychosocial evaluation, 564, 565 predicting sexual reoffending, 612, 613 research, 555 protective factors, 624 safe and secure environment, 570 psychopaths experience, 617 SAVE, 570 recidivism, 623 school-associated violent death study, 556 research validity vs. field validity, 621 school environment, 569–570 RRASOR, 619 school safety planning, 567, 568 sampling error, 622 school shooters (see School shooters) SARA, 621 shootings, 558 SORAG, 619 SSIR, 558, 559 SPJ, 620, 623 STRYVE, 570 Static-99, 620 student task forces, 567–568 SVR-20, 621 threat assessment, 562–565 TBI, 616 threat classification, 563, 564 treatment vs. no prior treatment, 623 youth violence, 555 760 Index

School-associated student homicides, 556 and sex industry, 239, 240 School-Associated Violent Death Study (SAVD), 556 sex trafficking, 242, 243 Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), 688 transactional, 244 Scope of the handbook Sexual exploitation, see Child sexual exploitation (CSE) crime in USA, 4 Sexual violence risk-20 (SVR-20), 621 international crime, 4–5 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 384, 390, 393, Self-control theory, 49, 50 394 Serious crime investigations Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) laws, 612 accusations, 473, 474 Sibling abuse bad alternative, 479 assessment and diagnosis, 358, 359 behavior-based investigations, 469, 470, 482 causes and risk factors, 354 building rapport, 471 domestic violence, 351, 354 confessions, 467 familial violence, 351 conflicting statements, 480 family patterns control interrogations, 477 chaotic/disorganized family system, 357 convincing suspects, 473 child reports, 356 corroboration of confessions, 481 competitive environment, 358 criminal acts, 479 dating violence, spousal abuse, and child abuse, criminal suspects, 467 357 denials, 478 interpersonal triangles, 357 detecting deception, 472, 473 parents and guardians, 356 electronic recording, 482 polyvictimization, 356 false confessions, 481 relationship boundaries, 357 false evidence, 475, 476 family resources, 355 good alternative, 479 family violence, 355, 356 guilty and innocent suspects, 468, 482 maladaptive parental behavior, 355 interrogations, 467, 473–477 offender characteristics, 355, 356 interview and interrogation training, 482 offenders and survivors, 359, 360 investigator, 479 parents and guardians, 354 Miranda warnings, 470, 471 peer bullying, 352 persuasive interview, 483 perpetrators, 359 props, 476 physical, 353 psychology of confessions, 468 psychological, 353 psychopathic characteristics, 480 relationships, 352, 353 psychopathic suspects, 468, 469, 480, 482 sexual, 353 rationalize, 476, 477 survivor and offender, 354 suspect accounts, 471, 472 treatment, 360, 361 suspect acknowledge, 479 verbal/physical abuse, 354 suspect focus, 478–479 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) suspect guilt, 468 brain function, 34 suspect interviews, 470–473 frontal lobes, rCBF hypoperfusion, 34 in the US, 467, 483 limbic system, 35 Serotonin, 28 schizophrenia, 37 Sex offender temporal lobe epilepsy, 35 adolescent, 314 Situational Action Theory (SAT), 735 children, 314 Social learning theory, 48 cognitive distortions, 265 Sole-Reporter (SR) measurement, 14 J-SOAP-II, 319 Sovereign Citizen Extremists, 730 juvenile, 314, 316 Spiral of sexual abuse male and female juvenile, 317 child sex offender’s progress, 273 meta-analyses of, 259 description, 273 sexual histories of, 257 Spousal assault risk assessment guide (SARA), 406, 621 Sex offender risk appraisal guide (SORAG), 619 Standard operating procedure (SOP), 595 Sex trafficking, 242, 243 Statement analysis Sex work arson profilers, 695 agency and mobility, 242 communications, 684 anti-prostitution laws, 239 core concepts of, 688 brothel workers and call girls, 241 description, 681 indoor sex workers, 242 (see also Prostitution) Static-99, 620 Index 761

STAXI-II Trait Anger, 652 lone offender attacks, 731 STEP, see Structural Tactical Engagement Process (STEP) mental health issues, 733 Stepgrandparents, 711 MLG, 740 Stepparents, 711 non-psychopathological factors, 734 Stepsiblings, 711 numerous studies, 733 Stereotypical kidnappings, 703, 706, 707, 709 offender’s ideological, 733 STIs, see Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Oklahoma City bombing, 731, 732 Street prostitution pathways and motivations, 733 child maltreatment, 248 psychotic disorder, 734 diversion and law enforcement-based initiatives, 250, radicalization processes, 736, 737 251 Rational Choice Theory, 735 economic and gender inequalities, 248 risk assessment, 738–740 exiting, 249, 250 SAT’s fundamental tenets, 735 exploitation, violence, rape and murder, 249 social science researchers, 733 formal exiting programs, 251 and terrorist behavior, 741 harm-reduction programs, 251 in tight sports suit, 734 HIV and sexually transmitted infections, 249 time square bombing, 732, 733 PTSD, 249 TRAP-18, 739 violence, poverty and criminality, 247 types of, 730–738 violence, robbery and forced sex, 249 VERA-2, 739 women and young girls, 248, 249 violent extremist activity, 734 Striving to Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere vulnerability, 735 (STRYVE), 570 Western Europe and North America, 729 Structural Tactical Engagement Process (STEP), 599 Worker’s Youth League Summer Camp, 733 Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth worldview orientations, 735 (SAVRY), 565 Terrorism scholar David Rapoport, 730 Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS-2), 658 Terrorist Radicalization Assessment Protocol Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ), 614, 620, 740 (TRAP-18), 739 Students Against Violence Everywhere (SAVE), 570 Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), 658 Sugar daddies, 240 Testosterone, 30 Survivor Therapy Empowerment Program (STEP), 413 Threat assessment and management (TAM) access to firearms, 639–640 active shooter on campus, 627 T affective violence, 630 Targeted violence careers, 640, 641 behaviors, 631 challenge, 637 detection and disruption, 628, 629 clinical/mental health issues, 638, 639 mental illness, 638 communications, 632, 633 offenders, 629, 632 definition, 627 risks of, 627 functions, 637 self-recording of, 636 history of, 629, 630 Task-Centered Sibling Aggression Treatment Approach holistic criminal justice, 628 (TCSA), 360 holistic evaluation, 641 Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP), 668 law enforcement officials practice, 628 TCI Cooperativeness Scale, 652 levels of intensity, 637 Tehrik-e-Taliban, 732 paranoid and delusional individual, 638 Television programs, 3 patient’s risk factors, 628 Terrorism persons of concern, 633–637 Boston Marathon bombing, 737, 738 precipitating events, 631 Breivik’s meticulous planning, 734 predatory violence, 630 crafting effective interventions, 741 prevention of, 641 criminological approaches, 735 primary objective of, 628 definition, 729, 730 process, 631–637 Emanuel AME Church shooting, 738 professional, 629 emergence, 735 public health approaches, 628 ERG 22+, 739 stabilizers and buffers, 631 exposure, 735 structured professional judgment, 631 individual dynamics, 734 targeted violence, 631 injustice/humiliation, 735 in the USA, 641 IVP guidance, 739, 740 violence, 627, 630 762 Index

Threat assessment team, 562–565, 630 streets, 5 Threat Management Unit (TMU), 640 workplace, 5 Threats to validity Violent extremism attrition, 75 disengagement, 740, 741 control group, 76 individual’s risk, 740 diffusion of treatment, 75, 76 risk assessments, 739 history, 75 Violent Extremism Risk Assessment-2 (VERA-2), 739 maturation, 75 Voyeurism, 708, 719 selection biases, 75 Tower of London (TOL), 647 Trafficking Victims Prevention Act (TVPA), 289 W Train-the trainer, 457, 458 Warning signs of violence Transactional sex, 244 compilation of, 562 Traumatic experiences, 620 definition, 562 Traumatized school shooters, 560 Weapons History Assessment Model (WHAM), 615 The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, 289 U Workplace Violence Unabomber, 681 aggression, 539–542 Unaided clinical judgment, 617 awareness, 547 Unconscious guilt, 44 behaviors, 546 The USSS’s National Threat Assessment Center, 640 bullying, 542, 543 description, 537 domestic violence, 543–545 V domino effect, 545, 547 Videocassette recorders (VCRs), 333 interventions, 545 Violence maladaptive coping mechanisms, 545 criminal, 733 media, 538 domestic, 738 occupations, 541, 542 extremist, 735 psychiatric hospital, 546 far-right extremist, 730 psychological distress, 545 incidents of, 731 public awareness and concern, 538 political, 730 risk factors, 540, 541 terrorist, 735 trends, 538, 539 Violence prevention, 575 types, 539 Violence risk appraisal guide (VRAG), 619 Veterans Health Care Administration, 546 Violent behavior, 615 victimization and exposure, 545 Violent crime acts of, 5 age, 6 Y alcohol, 7 Young people crisis negotiations, 7, 8 assessment of, 318 gender, 6–7 copycat perpetration, 322 home, 5 etiology of, 316 impact, e-commerce and trade, 6 longitudinal study, 316 intelligence gathering, 7 and polygraph, 319, 320 online, 6 PSB, 313–315, 320, 321 outline, 8, 9 in sexual behavior, 314 prevalence, 8, 9 small-scale preliminary work, 321 risk and threat assessments, 7 Young vs. Weston case, 613 school, 6 Youth violence, see Juvenile homicide