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Aquatic Biofilms caister.com/aquaticbiofilms Aquatic Bioflms Ecology, Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment Edited by and Anna M. Romaní M. Dolors Balaguer Laboratory of Chemical and Institute of Aquatic Ecology Environmental Engineering (LEQUiA) University of Girona Institute of the Environment Girona University of Girona Spain Girona Helena Guasch Spain Institute of Aquatic Ecology University of Girona Girona Spain Caister Academic Press caister.com/aquaticbiofilms Copyright © 2016 Caister Academic Press Norfolk, UK www.caister.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-910190-17-3 (hardback) ISBN: 978-1-910190-18-0 (ebook) Description or mention of instrumentation, sofware, or other products in this book does not imply endorsement by the author or publisher. Te author and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of any products or procedures mentioned or described in this book or for the consequences of their use. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. No claim to original U.S. Government works. Cover design adapted from scanning electron microscope images of aquatic bioflms. Images were obtained by V. Díaz-Villanueva (front cover) and A. Freixa (back cover) with the technical assistance of C. Carulla at the Technical Services of the University of Girona. Ebooks Ebooks supplied to individuals are single-user only and must not be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system, or distributed by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, email, internet or otherwise. Ebooks supplied to academic libraries, corporations, government organizations, public libraries, and school libraries are subject to the terms and conditions specifed by the supplier. caister.com/aquaticbiofilms Contents Contributors v Preface xi Part I Bioflm Mode of Life 1 1 Limits of the Bioflm Concept and Types of Aquatic Bioflms 3 Juanita Mora-Gómez, Anna Freixa, Núria Perujo and Laura Barral-Fraga 2 Laser Microscopy for the Study of Bioflms: Issues and Options 29 Thomas R. Neu and John R. Lawrence 3 Interactions and Communication within Marine Bioflms 47 Priyanka Sathe and Sergey Dobretsov 4 Microbial Biodiversity in Natural Bioflms 63 Katharina Besemer 5 Aquatic Bioflms and Biogeochemical Processes 89 Laura Lef, Jonathon B. Van Gray, Eugènia Martí, Stephanie N. Merbt and Anna M. Romaní Part II Bioflms and Pollution 109 6 Benthic Diatom Monitoring and Assessment of Freshwater Environments: Standard Methods and Future Challenges 111 Soizic Morin, Nora Gómez, Elisabet Tornés, Magdalena Licursi and Juliette Rosebery 7 The Use of Bioflms to Assess the Efects of Chemicals on Freshwater Ecosystems 125 Helena Guasch, Joan Artigas, Berta Bonet, Chloe Bonnineau, Oriol Canals, Natàlia Corcoll, Arnaud Foulquier, Julio López-Doval, Sandra Kim Tiam, Soizic Morin, Enrique Navarro, Stephane Pesce, Lorenzo Proia, Humbert Salvadó and Alexandra Serra 8 Bioflm Development in Sewer Networks 145 Oriol Gutierrez, Guangming Jiang, Keshab Sharma and Zhiguo Yuan iv | Contents caister.com/aquaticbiofilms Part III New Technologies Using Bioflms 165 9 Bioflm Biodegradation Potential 167 Freshta Akbari, Natasha Andrade, Merily Horwat and Birthe V. Kjellerup 10 Electroactive Bioflms in Water and Air Pollution Treatment 183 Anna Vilajeliu-Pons, Sebastià Puig, Alessandro Carmona-Martínez, Nicolas Bernet, Marta Coma, Federico Aulenta, Jesús Colprim and Maria Dolors Balaguer 11 Bioflms for One-stage Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal 205 José M. Carvajal-Arroyo, Tiago Rogeiro Vitor Akaboci, Maël Ruscalleda, Jesús Colprim, Emilie Courtens and Siegfried E. Vlaeminck Glossary 223 Index 227 caister.com/aquaticbiofilms Preface On any wet surface a bioflm is easily formed, man-made systems such as water engineering whether it is on a building, a rock in a river, processes. Although in each specifc environ- marine sediments, a decaying leaf, a sewage ment a distinct bioflm may develop, the drivers pipe, among others. Te extensive appearance and gradients in bioflms show parallelisms. For of the bioflm mode of life may be linked to instance, the oxygen gradient determining spe- its properties such as nutrient entrapment and cifc biogeochemical reactions is similar between physical protection of cells from the surround- naturally occurring fuvial bioflms and those ing environment. Also, this mode of life is old, developing on granules for water technology pur- underlining its resistance. It is thought that poses. Other example is the knowledge gained aggregated layer-structured bioflms similar to from anthropogenic disturbances efects on bio- ancient stromatolites have been relevant for flms, showing parallelisms to responses observed the origin of frst microbial cells on Earth. Te from bioflms growing in extreme environments unique and complex characteristics of bioflms and developing similar resistance strategies. include mechanisms and processes occurring at Te aim of this book was to compile in a diferent scales addressed by diferent scientifc single volume the latest, up-to-date theory, meth- branches. Atomic forces and chemical bonds are odology, and applications of aquatic bioflm’s keys for atachment processes, development of research. From the theory, a broad review of the matrix, and chemical gradients. At the cell to bioflm history, architecture, cell communication, organisms scale, life science analyzes cell-to-cell biodiversity and biogeochemistry is included, communication, diversity of microbial metabo- updating both theory and methodology. Ten, lisms and food web interactions in bioflms. the study of bioflms developing in polluted Aquatic bioflms are also a signifcant component systems as well as their use and relevance as at the Earth sciences scale as shown for instance ecotoxicological sensors is reviewed. Finally, by their relevance in biogeochemical cycles. application and proft of bioflms is shown in From the frst report of surface-associated three examples on new technologies using bio- bacterial cells, aquatic bioflm research have been flms. We believe the diferent points of view and exponentially developed in the last decades, approaches presented in the book, from theory covering the study of bioflms in marine and to application, from ecology to engineering, are freshwater environments, including pristine but complementary and feed from each other con- also those afected by pollution and anthropo- tributing to our understanding of bioflm mode genic disturbances, and of those developing in of life. Anna M. Romaní, Helena Guasch, Marilós Balaguer caister.com/aquaticbiofilms Glossary Te following glossary includes the defnition of key concepts used among the diferent chapters through- out the entire book. Alpha-diversity: the local diversity of a community (exoelectrogenic microorganims) generally using contained in a habitat patch. wastewater as anodic fuel. Aquatic bioflms: complex microbial communities Biofouling: atachment and growth of microorganisms, atached and growing on living and non-living algae, and invertebrates on submerged surfaces. Te surfaces found in marine or freshwater or man-made term is specially used for man-made surfaces, such as environment. In bioflms microbes are atached to each in water distribution systems. It is also called microbial other and embedded in the matrix of self-produced fouling. Such accumulation is also referred to as epibiosis extra polymeric substances. when the host surface is another organism and the Autotroph: organism that is capable of producing relationship is not parasitic. nutritive organic molecules from inorganic sources, Community: a group of interacting species that overlap using diferent energy sources (light, chemical in time and space. reactions). Community ecotoxicology: is the study of the efects of Benthos: community of organisms living in close toxicants on ecological systems focusing on the efects relationship with their substrate, in general permanently at community level. atached. Community level physiological profle (CLPP): is Beta-diversity: the variability of species identities among a rapid community-level culture approach which is communities across space and time. Beta-diversity can used to characterize the metabolic profle of microbial occur as directional turnover along a gradient or as non- communities by measuring the utilization of a range of directional variation. diferent carbon sources. Bioaccumulation: general term referring to the Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM): accumulation of chemical substances, such as metals microscopy technique which allows the visualization or organic pollutants, in the biota. Bioaccumulation of images at diferent depths of the observed sample generally provides a good proxy of the bioavailability (such as a bioflm) to compile a three-dimension fnal of compounds. Te term accumulation is ofen used image. Confocal laser scanning microscopy may be for bioflms when the methodology does not discern used to detect refection, autofuorescence signals (such between the portion of bioaccumulated chemical from as pigments of phototrophs) or the emission signals the portion remaining outside of the cells, mainly of specifc fuorochromes most commonly targeting adsorbed to EPS and/or inorganic particles. nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, or proteins. Bioflm biobarriers:
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