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Stories of Involuntary Resettlement from Gaadhoo Island, Maldives

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Stories of Involuntary Resettlement from Gaadhoo Island, Maldives Territory, Politics, Governance ISSN: 2162-2671 (Print) 2162-268X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rtep20 ‘We didn’t want to leave our island’: stories of involuntary resettlement from Gaadhoo Island, Maldives Aishath Azfa, Guy Jackson, Ross Westoby, Karen E. McNamara, Celia McMichael & Carol Farbotko To cite this article: Aishath Azfa, Guy Jackson, Ross Westoby, Karen E. McNamara, Celia McMichael & Carol Farbotko (2020): ‘We didn’t want to leave our island’: stories of involuntary resettlement from Gaadhoo Island, Maldives, Territory, Politics, Governance, DOI: 10.1080/21622671.2020.1768139 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1768139 Published online: 11 Jun 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 282 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rtep20 TERRITORY, POLITICS, GOVERNANCE https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2020.1768139 ‘We didn’t want to leave our island’: stories of involuntary resettlement from Gaadhoo Island, Maldives Aishath Azfaa, Guy Jacksonb, Ross Westobyc, Karen E. McNamara d, Celia McMichaele and Carol Farbotkof ABSTRACT With development displacing more people and planned relocation being espoused as an adaptation strategy in response to climate change, research that explores the experiences of those who have been resettled is needed. The Maldives has a history of resettlement based on an ongoing policy of consolidation of dispersed populations to ensure access to services. The paper explores the history, politics, and perceptions and experiences of Gaadhoo Islanders in the Maldives during their involuntary resettlement to Fonadhoo Island in January 2016. Through in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork among the resettled, a range of subjective experiences is identified. Although only a small proportion of participants wanted to leave and the process was undemocratic and politically motivated, both positive and negative outcomes were identified. In line with existing research, greater access to services and employment were positive outcomes of the resettlement. However, the process led to non-tangible loss of identity, culture and community cohesion. It is suggested that transparency, consistency and open communication should be central to the process throughout, from pre-decision to the resettlement process itself, and during the compensation and post-resettlement stages. The lessons drawn from this case study may help mitigate potential negative impacts from resettlements which will likely continue and increase into the future. KEYWORDS cultural identity; peripherality; politics; relocation; resettlement; Maldives HISTORY Received 2 December 2019; in revised form 23 March 2020 INTRODUCTION Gaadhoo Island is located on the southern ridge of Laamu Atoll in the Maldives. In January 2016, 38 families who were residing in Gaadhoo Island were involuntarily resettled by the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure with support from the Maldives National Defence Force. Resettle- ment is a familiar topic for Gaadhoo Island residents given the multiple prior attempts by the cen- tral government to resettle people from Gaadhoo over the last 50 years. During this time, CONTACT a School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. b School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. c Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. d (Corresponding author) [email protected] School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. e School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. f School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. © 2020 Regional Studies Association 2 Aishath Azfa et al. Gaadhoo Islanders have experienced both direct intentions of the central government and indirect activities that suggest their resettlement, such as a decline in public sector investment support on the island. Speculations regarding resettlement increased in 2014 when a series of housing units were built in neighbouring Fonadhoo Island; however, the local council and community were unable to obtain confirmation from the central government. On 17 September 2015, the residents of Gaadhoo finally received notification of their impending resettlement on Fonadhoo from the Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (2015). These families were told they had to leave, they had no choice other than to be resettled from Gaadhoo Island into two settlement areas in neighbouring Fonadhoo Island, the capital of Laamu Atoll. This resettlement was part of the central Maldives government’s Population and Development Consolidation Policy, a nation- wide policy that aims to group dispersed populations into larger entities and thereby reduce the costs of providing services and resources (Kothari, 2014). The relocation and resettlement of people is an important and underreported phenomenon (Arnall, 2019). Primarily carried out as a ‘development’ measure in low- and middle-income countries, but also undertaken in developed countries, it refers to the movement of people to new sites to live (Baird & Shoemaker, 2007). There are no precise or reliable estimates of the num- bers of people involved in involuntary displacement, planned relocations and resettlements. How- ever, the World Bank estimates that for the period 2001–10 approximately 15 million people were moved each year due to dam construction, urban development, and transportation and infrastruc- ture programmes, and for the current decade (2011–20) forced resettlement is estimated to exceed 20 million people per year (Cernea & Maldonado, 2018). We contribute to the resettlement literature by exploring the perceptions of Gaadhoo Islanders and their lived experiences associated with their resettlement to Fonadhoo Island in January 2016. We examine, among other things, the perception of prior life and livelihoods on Gaadhoo, the political and decision-making processes and justifications of resettlement, the experience of reset- tlement, and the reported positive and negative outcomes of life in Fonadhoo. Based on data col- lection conducted in July 2019 with resettled Gaadhoo Islanders living in Fonadhoo Island we consider the disruptions, adaptations and continuities of everyday life as their resettlement creates new landscapes, spaces of dwelling, social networks and economic transactions. We argue that resettled Gaadhoo Islanders draw on self, sociality and place in ways that represent practices of situated endurance (Feldman, 2015; Povinelli, 2011; Richaud & Amin, 2020). Their lived experiences of the process and outcomes of involuntary resettlement offer lessons for future mobility. The relocation and resettlement of people is expected to increase in future, in part due to climate change rendering some places untenable (Geisler & Currens, 2017; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2014). For this reason, it is important for research on resettlement to better inform relocation planning. This study contributes to the growing body of empirical research on planned relocation and engages with the emerging interest among climate researchers and policy-makers to examine the potential connections between development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) and relocation as a form of climate adaptation (Arnall, 2019; Luetz, 2017; Wilmsen & Webber, 2015). REVIEWING THE RESETTLEMENT LITERATURE Resettlement is the process of physically moving people and assets to a new site of residence (Arnall, 2019; Ferris, 2012). Globally, there are many examples where governments have variously enabled, encouraged or coerced communities to resettle in another place. Some of the most preva- lent drivers have been the geopolitical redrawing or creation of new nation states (Khan, 2017), colonial resettlements (Tabe, 2019; Teaiwa, 2017), environmental disasters (Oliver-Smith, 1991, 2006), infrastructure developments (e.g., dam construction, mining and urban renewal) (Cernea, 1997; Terminski, 2013; Wilmsen & Webber, 2015), and, more recently, planned retreat TERRITORY, POLITICS, GOVERNANCE ‘We didn’t want to leave our island’: stories of involuntary resettlement from Gaadhoo Island, Maldives 3 of low-lying coastal populations (Luetz, 2017; McMichael et al., 2019; Piggott-McKellar et al., 2019). A central issue that shapes the nature and outcomes of population resettlements is whether it has been voluntary or forced (Ferris, 2012). Studies have documented that relocation and resettle- ment can be successful when it is community-led and government supported, when the commu- nity is involved early, when local decision-making and cultural considerations are incorporated into planning, and when decision-making processes are transparent (Farbotko & McMichael, 2019; Koslov, 2016; Luetz, 2017; Mortreux et al., 2018). Conversely, a large body of research has demonstrated the high costs to communities when resettlement is forced or coerced, including social disarticulation, impoverishment, homelessness, loss of livelihoods and landlessness (Cernea, 1996, 1997, 2000; De Wet, 2006; Oliver-Smith, 2006). It is also widely noted that resettlement should be developmental such that the quality of life and well-being of those resettled is sustained or improved (Arnall, 2019). Restoration of livelihoods has been widely
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