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The nation was deeply involved and affected by both world wars and the Great Depression, but it continued to develop into a modern, versatile nation and grew as both a domestic and international power. Racial reconciliation was given a boost in when government issued a formal apology to the indigenous population for the past. Australia remains a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its present monarch. Turnbull, of the Liberal Party, is currently serving as Prime Minister, having been re-elected in Did you know? A largely informal atmosphere prevails; shaking hands is the customary greeting. Casual wear is worn everywhere except in the most exclusive restaurants, social gatherings and important business meetings. Most restaurants forbid smoking. Main articles: National symbols of Australia and Australian royal symbols. Main article: Australian comedy. Main article: Australian Literature. Miles Franklin , founder and namesake of Australia's most prestigious literary award. Main article: Theatre in Australia. Main articles: Architecture of Australia and Australian architectural styles. The University of Sydney. Main article: Visual arts of Australia. See also: Indigenous Australian art. Bradshaws in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Sunbaker , an iconic photograph by Max Dupain. Lonely Planet heralded Melbourne as the "street art capital of the world". Main article: Cinema of Australia. Main article: Music of Australia. Main article: Indigenous Australian music. See also: Australian rock and Australian country music. Main article: Dance in Australia. Main article: Television in Australia. Main article: Religion in Australia. Main article: Public holidays in Australia. Main article: Australian cuisine. Main article: Alcohol in Australia. Main article: Sport in Australia. Main article: Cricket in Australia. See also: Surfing in Australia. Main article: Australian folklore. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 26 September Retrieved 25 October Archived from the original on 12 May Year Book Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 November Australian Museum. Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 2 June Retrieved 11 June Retrieved 27 June Retrieved 6 March Retrieved 12 October Archived from the original on 16 February Retrieved 1 May Retrieved 29 January Arena 63 : 65— Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 30 January Catalogue item Retrieved 5 June Dictionary of Languages. Bloomsbury Publishing plc. Australian Culture and Recreation Portal. Australia Government. Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 16 February Archived from the original on 17 February Archived from the original on 15 December In Pierce, Peter. The Cambridge History of Australian Literature. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 April Aboriginal Studies Press. Retrieved 11 March Retrieved 9 December Retrieved 12 September Theatre Royal. Archived from the original on 4 October Archived from the original on 21 February BBC News. Lonely Planet. Adelaide Festival Centre. Archived from the original on 29 May Archived from the original on 20 February Green bans and beyond. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. In Whitely, David S.. Handbook of Rock Art Research. Aboriginal artists of the nineteenth century. Oxford University Press, Retrieved 20 November The Canberra Times. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 December Retrieved 18 November Melbourne: Cengage Learning Australia , The Art of Australia. Melbourne: Penguin Books , Hans Heysen: Into the Light. Adelaide: Wakefield Press, Sydney: Alternative Publishing, Images by Australian Artists — Sydney: Craftsman House, Cambridge University Press , Dupain's Beaches. Melbourne: Penguin Books, Retrieved 14 December Archived from the original on 30 October Retrieved 27 November In Sabine, James. A Century of Australian Cinema. Melbourne: Mandarin Australia , Archived from the original on 18 January The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Retrieved 24 December Archived from the original on 24 March Retrieved 29 March Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 May Retrieved 31 December The Age. Australian Music Centre. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 9 October Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 October Message Stick. Archived from the original on 12 January Archived from the original on 13 January In Vaisutis, Justine. Australia Lonely Planet, Archived from the original on 28 February Spinning the bottle: case studies in wine public relations. HPPR Press. Emporium: Selling the Dream in Colonial Australia National Library of Australia , p. Retrieved 17 February Second Edition. Oxford University Press: Melbourne. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 May The Independent. Retrieved 14 September The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 November The Pictorial History of Australian Cricket revised edition. Boronia: J. South Yarra: Hardie Grant. An Ashes Anthology:England v. Brookvale: Simon and Schuster. Archived from the original on 12 February Retrieved 4 April Douglas Jardine: Spartan Cricketer. Retrieved 29 September Retrieved 10 August Retrieved 18 December The Footy Almanac. Retrieved 8 June Series Episode ABC Australia. Retrieved 20 July Retrieved 30 September Retrieved 9 June Intellect Books. Retrieved 16 November Phillips on the Cultural Cringe. Melbourne University Publishing. Archived from the original on 14 December Retrieved 17 January Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Radio National. Archived from the original on 20 August ABC Online. Retrieved 30 August Global Perspectives in Workplace Health Promotion. The Australian. Brisbane times. Australian Electoral Commission. Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived from the original PDF on 25 June Retrieved 19 August Deaf Australia Inc. Archived from the original webpage on 13 August The Age Newspaper. Archived from the original webpage on 30 July Liberal Party of Australia. Archived from the original webpage on 8 October Australian Labor Party. Centre for Independent Studies. Australian Medical Association. Archived from the original on 6 October Fair Go For Doctors. States and territories Capitals Cities. Estimates of the number of distinct Aboriginal languages at the time of European contact range from to A precise count is difficult, not only because of the problem of distinguishing dialects from languages but because many speech varieties became extinct before they could be systematically recorded, and they are known—if at all—from fragmentary and badly transcribed missionary word lists. A major collective effort to record the surviving languages began in the early s, and fairly complete grammars or grammatical sketches of perhaps languages are now available. Most specialists agree that the languages of continental Australia are a genetic group. In the Torres Strait Islands one of the two languages is genetically Australian while the other is Papuan. Other languages, such as Tiwi and Anindilyakwa, spoken on small offshore islands, clearly belong to the Australian family. The language or languages of Tasmania were not extensively studied before their extinction; the meagre surviving lists of Tasmanian words show the characteristic Australian sound system, but the words themselves do not form demonstrable cognate sets with continental languages. The major issue in the internal subgrouping of Australian languages is the relationship between the Pama- Nyungan group, which covers 90 percent of the continent, and the residual non-Pama-Nyungan cluster, which stretches across northernmost Australia except Queensland. The Yuulngu group is a separate Pama-Nyungan enclave, isolated from the main block by intervening non-Pama-Nyungan languages, as indicated on the map. In classifications published between and , Pama-Nyungan was identified as a genetic subfamily; but the remaining languages were divided into some 25 to 30 subfamilies, some with just a single language, each descending separately from Proto-Australian. As new data have become available, it has become clear that many and possibly all of these northern subfamilies are more closely related to each other than to Pama- Nyungan, and scholars now seriously entertain the possibility that non-Pama-Nyungan is a genuine genetic entity. Personal pronouns in particular seem to differentiate the two divisions, a feature that has been used to revise the eastern boundary of non-Pama- Nyungan. Among the most convincing cognates linking Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan are a small set of monosyllabic verb stems that appear to be derived from a common element in an older language. In the examples given, the asterisk marks a form that is reconstructed as having existed in Proto-Australian. Australian language & culture : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Australian Aboriginal languages , family of some to Indigenous languages spoken in Australia and a few small offshore islands by approximately 50, people. Many of the languages are already extinct, and some are spoken by only dwindling numbers of elderly people, but a few are still vigorous. There is currently a resurgence of ethnic pride among Aboriginal peoples, and government programs that assist them in maintaining their languages and becoming literate in them have sprung up. Another linguistic trend is the use of a distinctive Aboriginal English which might arguably be classified as a creole and is called Kriol in some areas. Australian Aboriginal languages are a unique language group, having no generally accepted genetic connections with non-Australian languages. Despite its name, the Austronesian language family does not include Australian Aboriginal languages. This uniqueness is probably the result of geographic isolation: archaeological evidence indicates that Australia has been inhabited for at least 40, years, and there is little sign of influxes of new inhabitants or even of extensive cultural contact with other Pacific peoples except locally in the Torres Strait Islands , which are between northern Queensland and Papua New Guinea. Although Australian languages have a fairly clear grammatical and phonological profile, the great length of time over which they developed makes reconstructing Proto-Australian challenging. Aboriginal peoples traditionally lived by hunting and gathering and were seasonally mobile, but, because each local clan was deeply attached to certain local sites of ritual importance, permanent population movements seem to have been gradual. The linguistic map of Australia reflects stepwise migrations rather than rapid military conquests and imperial expansions like those that established the linguistic landscapes of other continents. Language boundaries were marginal or irrelevant to political organization and were crosscut by kinship and marriage networks. In thinly populated areas, such as the Great Sandy Desert Western Desert , chains of closely related dialects were spread over a wide area; in the more densely populated coastal and subcoastal areas, language boundaries were generally sharp, but multilingualism was common. Estimates of the number of distinct Aboriginal languages at the time of European contact range from to A precise count is difficult, not only because of the problem of distinguishing dialects from languages but because many speech varieties became extinct before they could be systematically recorded, and they are known—if at all—from fragmentary and badly transcribed missionary word lists. A major collective effort to record the surviving languages began in the early s, and fairly complete grammars or grammatical sketches of perhaps languages are now available. Most specialists agree that the languages of continental Australia are a genetic group. In the Torres Strait Islands one of the two languages is genetically Australian while the other is Papuan. Other languages, such as Tiwi and Anindilyakwa, spoken on small offshore islands, clearly belong to the Australian family. The language or languages of Tasmania were not extensively studied before their extinction; the meagre surviving lists of Tasmanian words show the characteristic Australian sound system, but the words themselves do not form demonstrable cognate sets with continental languages. The major issue in the internal subgrouping of Australian languages is the relationship between the Pama-Nyungan group, which covers 90 percent of the continent, and the residual non-Pama-Nyungan cluster, which stretches across northernmost Australia except Queensland. The Yuulngu group is a separate Pama-Nyungan enclave, isolated from the main block by intervening non-Pama-Nyungan languages, as indicated on the map. Most universities and communities in Australia have facilities and places of worship for all types of faith, so international students in Australia should contact their international student officer about facilities at their educational institution. Australia has no official language, but the majority of the population speaks English as a first language. Australian English has a distinctive accent and vocabulary. Because people from about countries around the world have migrated to Australia, there is a vast collection of languages spoken in the country. It is believed that at one time, there were almost Australian Aboriginal languages, but now only 70 of these languages have survived, and all but 30 are endangered. One indigenous language is still the main language for about 50, Aboriginal people in Australia. Indigenous Australians, or Aboriginals, are the original inhabitants of Australia. They migrated from Africa to Asia around 70, years ago, and from Asia to Australia 40, to 50, years ago. When the British arrived and began to settle in Australia, they brought with them diseases such as measles, smallpox, and tuberculosis, causing massive amounts of damage to the Aboriginal population. The British also appropriated land and water resources in Australia, and converted rural lands for sheep and cattle grazing. Nowadays, there is a great amount of diversity between different Indigenous communities and societies in Australia. Each has its own customs, cultures, and languages. These settlements are often located on the sire of former church missions. Australian art dates back to prehistoric times. It includes Aboriginal, Colonial, Landscape, Atelier, early twentieth century painters, printmakers, photographers, sculptors, and contemporary art. Art in Australia has a long history. The People and Culture of Australia | Study in Australia

Only some of these will have made their way around the world, but just as Australians have historically borrowed many words an incorporated them into their own variety of English, other English-speakers are now borrowing from the Australian vocabulary. A barbecue - or, as the Aussies say, a barbie. Credit: Getty. These two words are used elsewhere but are often stereotypically associated with Australian English. But a number of widely-used words that have either originated in Australian English, or where the first evidence and primary usage is Australian. The Australian tendency to add the '-ie' suffix is a marker of informality - and can make many words more managable such as budgerigar. Credit: Thinkstock. Plenty of verbs, too, have Australian origins. As with other varieties of English around the world, Australian English has its fair share of idioms and phrases that are often unfathomable to the non-native speaker. But some Australian idioms and phrases have been taken up widely in global English. The language or languages of Tasmania were not extensively studied before their extinction; the meagre surviving lists of Tasmanian words show the characteristic Australian sound system, but the words themselves do not form demonstrable cognate sets with continental languages. The major issue in the internal subgrouping of Australian languages is the relationship between the Pama-Nyungan group, which covers 90 percent of the continent, and the residual non-Pama-Nyungan cluster, which stretches across northernmost Australia except Queensland. The Yuulngu group is a separate Pama-Nyungan enclave, isolated from the main block by intervening non-Pama-Nyungan languages, as indicated on the map. In classifications published between and , Pama-Nyungan was identified as a genetic subfamily; but the remaining languages were divided into some 25 to 30 subfamilies, some with just a single language, each descending separately from Proto-Australian. As new data have become available, it has become clear that many and possibly all of these northern subfamilies are more closely related to each other than to Pama- Nyungan, and scholars now seriously entertain the possibility that non-Pama-Nyungan is a genuine genetic entity. Personal pronouns in particular seem to differentiate the two divisions, a feature that has been used to revise the eastern boundary of non-Pama-Nyungan. Among the most convincing cognates linking Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan are a small set of monosyllabic verb stems that appear to be derived from a common element in an older language. In the examples given, the asterisk marks a form that is reconstructed as having existed in Proto-Australian. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Jeffrey G. Author of Nunggubuyu Dictionary and others. Co-editor of Languages of Kinship See Article History. A discussion of the languages of indigenous Australians, including Aborigines. An overview of efforts to preserve Australian indigenous languages, especially Yawuru.

Culture of Australia - Wikipedia

Please see below examples. Simply change the country name depending on which guide you are referencing. Commisceo Global Consulting Ltd. Afghanistan - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette. Welcome to our guide to Aussie culture, customs, etiquette and business practices. Ace for anyone visiting Australia! These settlements are often located on the sire of former church missions. Australian art dates back to prehistoric times. It includes Aboriginal, Colonial, Landscape, Atelier, early twentieth century painters, printmakers, photographers, sculptors, and contemporary art. Art in Australia has a long history. There is evidence of Aboriginal art that dates back at least 30, years. Examples of Aboriginal rock artwork can be found throughout the continent. Australia has produced many notable artists of both Western and Indigenous Australian schools throughout the course of its long and impressive history. Australia has many major art museums and galleries, both supported by the national, state, and local government, and by university and privately owned museums. International students in Australia who are interested in the fine arts will certainly have plenty to keep them busy during their stay. Sign in to Your Account Done. The arts in Australia — film , music , painting , theatre , dance and crafts—have achieved international recognition. While much of Australia's cultural output has traditionally tended to fit with general trends and styles in Western arts, the arts as practiced by indigenous Australians represent a unique Australian cultural tradition, and Australia's landscape and history have contributed to some unique variations in the styles inherited by Australia's various migrant communities. As the convict era passed—captured most famously in Marcus Clarke 's For the Term of His Natural Life , a seminal work of Tasmanian Gothic [34] —the bush and Australian daily life assumed primacy as subjects. Charles Harpur , Henry Kendall and Adam Lindsay Gordon won fame in the midth century for their lyric nature poems and patriotic verse. Gordon drew on Australian colloquy and idiom; Clarke assessed his work as "the beginnings of a national school of Australian poetry". Founded in , The Bulletin did much to create the idea of an Australian national character—one of anti-authoritarianism , egalitarianism , mateship and a concern for the " battler "—forged against the brutalities of the bush. This image was expressed within the works of its bush poets , the most famous of which are Henry Lawson , widely regarded as Australia's finest short-story writer, and Banjo Paterson , author of classics such as " Clancy of the Overflow " and " The Man From Snowy River " In a literary debate about the nature of life in the bush, Lawson said Paterson was a romantic while Paterson attacked Lawson's pessimistic outlook. Dennis wrote humor in the Australian vernacular, notably in the verse novel The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke , while Dorothy Mackellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem " My Country " which rejected prevailing fondness for England's "green and shaded lanes" and declared: "I love a sunburned country". The nationalist Jindyworobak Movement arose in the s and sought to develop a distinctive Australian poetry through the appropriation of Aboriginal languages and ideas. A backlash resulted in the Ern Malley affair of , Australia's most famous literary hoax. The legacy of Miles Franklin , renowned for her novel My Brilliant Career , is the Miles Franklin Award , which is "presented each year to a novel which is of the highest literary merit and presents Australian life in any of its phases". Helen Garner 's novel Monkey Grip is widely considered one of Australia's first contemporary novels—she has since written both fiction and non-fiction work. Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe. David Unaipon is known as the first indigenous author. Oodgeroo Noonuccal was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse. Contemporary academics and activists including Marcia Langton and Noel Pearson are prominent essayists and authors on Aboriginal issues. European traditions came to Australia with the First Fleet in , with the first production being performed in by convicts. Hobart's Theatre Royal opened in and is Australia's oldest continuously operating theatre. After Federation in , theatre productions evidenced the new sense of national identity. On Our Selection , based on the stories of Steele Rudd , portrays a pioneer farming family and became immensely popular. Sydney's grand Capitol Theatre opened in and after restoration remains one of the nation's finest auditoriums. In , Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler portrayed resolutely Australian characters and went on to international acclaim. His satirical stage creations, notably Dame Edna and Les Patterson , became Australian cultural icons. Humphries also achieved success in the US with tours on Broadway and has been honored in Australia and Britain. The Bell Shakespeare Company was created in The Legend of The Wild One. It is an example of the contemporary fusion of traditions of drama in Australia with Pitjantjatjara actors being supported by a multicultural cast of Greek, Afghan, Japanese and New Zealand heritage. Contemporary Australian architecture includes a number of other iconic structures, including the Harbor Bridge in Sydney and Parliament House, Canberra. The National Trust of Australia is a non-governmental organisation charged with protecting Australia's built heritage. Evidence of permanent structures built by Indigenous Australians before European settlement of Australia in is limited. Much of what they built was temporary, and was used for housing and other needs. As a British colony, the first European buildings were derivative of the European fashions of the time. Tents and wattle and daub huts preceded more substantial structures. Georgian architecture is seen in early government buildings of Sydney and Tasmania and the homes of the wealthy. While the major Australian cities enjoyed the boom of the Victorian era , the Australian gold rushes of the midth century brought major construction works and exuberant Victorian architecture to the major cities, particularly Melbourne, and regional cities such as Ballarat and Bendigo. Other significant architectural movements in Australian architecture include the Federation style at the turn of the 20th century, and the modern styles of the late 20th century which also saw many older buildings demolished. The Queenslander is the primarily residential style of warm climate architecture developed in Queensland and northern parts of New South Wales. Religious architecture is also prominent throughout Australia, with large Anglican and Catholic cathedrals in every major city and Christian churches in most towns. Other houses of worship are also common, reflecting the cultural diversity existing in Australia; the oldest Islamic structure in the Southern Hemisphere is the Central Adelaide Mosque built in the s , [51] and one of the Southern Hemisphere's largest Buddhist Temples is Wollongong 's Nan Tien Temple. Historically, Australian pubs have also been noted for often distinctive designs. Significant concern was raised during the s, with developers threatening the destruction of historical buildings, especially in Sydney. Heritage concerns led to union-initiated green bans , which saved significant examples of Australia's architectural past. Green bans helped to protect historic 18th-century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to make way for office towers, and prevented the Royal Botanic Gardens from being turned into a car park for the Sydney Opera House. Hyde Park Barracks , Sydney. Convict architecture at Port Arthur , Tasmania. Interior of St Mary's Cathedral , Sydney. The Royal Exhibition Building , Melbourne. Birdsville Hotel, an Australian pub in outback Queensland. Parliament House , Canberra. Federation Bungalow in Killara , Sydney. A typical Queenslander house in Brisbane. Aboriginal rock art is the oldest continuous art tradition in the world, dating as far back as 60, years. From the Bradshaw and Wondjina imagery in the Kimberley to the Sydney rock engravings , it is spread across hundreds of thousands of sites, making Australia the richest continent in terms of prehistoric art. Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri 's Warlugulong typifies this style, popularly known as " dot painting ". Art is important both culturally and economically to Indigenous society; central Australian Indigenous communities have "the highest per capita concentrations of artists anywhere in the world". John Glover and Eugene von Guerard were among the foremost landscape painters during the colonial era. They painted en plein air , like the French Impressionists , and sought to capture the intense light and unique colours of the Australian bush. Among the first Australian artists to gain a reputation overseas was the impressionist John Peter Russell in the s. He and Charles Conder of the Heidelberg School were the only Australian painters known to have close links with the European avant-garde at the time. The Heidelberg tradition lived on in Hans Heysen 's imagery of gum trees. Photographer Max Dupain created bold modernist compositions of Sydney beach culture. The post-war landscapes of Fred Williams , Ian Fairweather and John Olsen border on abstraction , [62] while the Antipodeans and Brett Whiteley further explored the possibilities of figurative painting. Photographer Bill Henson , sculptor Ron Mueck , and "living art exhibit" Leigh Bowery are among Australia's best-known contemporary artists. Public artworks have sprung up in unlikely places, from the annual Sculpture by the Sea exhibitions to the rural folk art of " Australia's big things ". Australian street art flourished at the turn of the 21st century, particularly in Melbourne. Australia's first dedicated film studio, the Limelight Department , was created by The Salvation Army in Melbourne in , and is believed to be the world's first. Filmmakers such as Raymond Longford and W. Lincoln based many of their productions on Australian novels, plays, and even paintings. After such early successes, Australian cinema suffered from the rise of Hollywood. Chauvel directed a number of successful Australian films, the last being 's Jedda , which was notable for being the first Australian film to be shot in color, and the first to feature Aboriginal actors in lead roles and to be entered at the Cannes Film Festival. Ken G. Hall 's documentary feature Kokoda Front Line! During the late s and s an influx of government funding saw the development of a new generation of filmmakers telling distinctively Australian stories, including directors Peter Weir , George Miller and Bruce Beresford. This era became known as the Australian New Wave. These successes were followed in the s with the historical epic Gallipoli , the romantic drama The Man From Snowy River , the comedy "Crocodile" Dundee , and the post-apocalyptic Mad Max series. The s saw a run of successful comedies including Muriel's Wedding and Strictly Ballroom , which helped launch the careers of Toni Collette and Baz Luhrmann respectively. Australian humor features prominently in Australian film, with a strong tradition of self-mockery, from the Ozploitation style of the Barry McKenzie expat-in-Europe movies of the s, to the Working Dog Productions ' homage to suburbia The Castle , starring Eric Bana in his debut film role. Between and , Catherine Martin won four Academy Awards for her costume and production designs, the most for any Australian. The domestic film industry is also supported by US producers who produce in Australia following the decision by Fox head Rupert Murdoch to utilize new studios in Melbourne and Sydney where filming could be completed well below US costs. Music is an integral part of Aboriginal culture. This wooden instrument, used among the Aboriginal tribes of northern Australia, makes a distinctive droning sound and it has been adopted by a wide variety of non-Aboriginal performers. Aboriginal musicians have turned their hand to Western popular musical forms, often to considerable commercial success. Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu formerly of Yothu Yindi has attained international success singing contemporary music in English and in the language of the Yolngu. Christine Anu is a successful Torres Strait Islander singer. Among young Australian aborigines, African-American and Aboriginal hip hop music and clothing is popular. The Deadly Awards are an annual celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community. The national anthem of Australia is " Advance Australia Fair ". The early Anglo-Celtic immigrants of the 18th and 19th centuries introduced folk ballad traditions which were adapted to Australian themes: " Bound for Botany Bay " tells of the voyage of British convicts to Sydney, " The Wild Colonial Boy " evokes the spirit of the bushrangers, and " Click Go the Shears " speaks of the life of Australian shearers. The lyrics of Australia's best-known folk song, " Waltzing Matilda ", were written by the bush poet Banjo Paterson in This song remains popular and is regarded as "the nation's unofficial national anthem". The earliest Western musical influences in Australia can be traced back to two distinct sources: the first free settlers who brought with them the European classical music tradition, and the large body of convicts and sailors, who brought the traditional folk music of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The practicalities of building a colony mean that there is very little music extant from this early period, although some samples of music originating from Hobart and Sydney date back to the earlyth century. Nellie Melba traveled to Europe in to commence her international career as an opera singer. She became among the best-known Australians of the period and participated in early gramophone-recording and radio-broadcasting. Popular works such as Percy Grainger 's " Country Gardens " were heavily influenced by the folk music of other countries and by a conservative British orchestral tradition. In the mid 20th century, as pressure [ by whom? At the beginning of the s Australian classical music erupted with influences, with composers incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from Aboriginal and Southeast Asian music and instruments, to American jazz and blues , and belatedly discovering European atonality and the avant-garde. Indigenous performers like didgeridoo -player William Barton and immigrant musicians like Egyptian-born oud virtuoso Joseph Tawadros have stimulated interest in their own music traditions and have also collaborated with other musicians and ensembles, both in Australia and internationally. Johnny O'Keefe became the first Australian rock and roll artist to reach the national charts with his hit " Wild One ". Singer-songwriter Paul Kelly , whose music style straddles folk, rock, and country, has been described as the poet laureate of Australian music. Australian country music has developed a style quite distinct from its American counterpart, drawing more on Celtic folk and the Australian bush ballad tradition. Pioneers of popular Australian country music include Tex Morton in the s and Smoky Dawson from the s onward. The ceremonial dances of Indigenous Australians recount stories of the Dreamtime and have been performed for thousands of years. Bush dance is a traditional style of Australian dance with strong Celtic roots influenced by country music. It is generally accompanied by such instruments as the fiddle, accordion, concertina and percussion instruments. Experiments with television began in Australia in the s and television was officially launched on 16 September in Sydney. While US and British television is popular in Australia, locally produced content has had many successes. Many of the shows from the mids onwards have been exported and have sometimes been even more successful abroad, such as Steve Irwin 's The Crocodile Hunter. While Australia has ubiquitous media coverage, the longest established part of that media is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC , the Federal Government owned and funded organisation offering national TV and radio coverage. The publicly funded Special Broadcasting Service SBS has a multicultural focus, broadcasting TV and radio programs in a variety of languages, as well as world news and documentary programming in English. SBS commenced as a commercial-free enterprise, but this changed in with the broadcasting of commercials between programs. Commercial broadcasters include the Seven Network , the Nine Network and Network Ten on free-to-air broadcasting to the larger cities with affiliated regional networks like Prime Television and Win Television broadcasting to regional areas. The Australia Network , established in , is Australia's international television service, beaming to more than 44 countries across Asia, the Pacific and the Indian subcontinent. Debate about the role of the ABC continues; many assign it a marginal role, as commercial TV and radio stations are far more popular choices. Critics [ who? American dramas and comedies rate well on Australian TV. Australia has no official state religion and the Australian Constitution prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion. Historically, this proportion has been higher and a growing proportion of the population define themselves as irreligious , with There are also growing communities of various other religions. Christianity has had an enduring impact on Australia. The Anglican Church formerly Church of England remained the largest denomination until , when it was surpassed by the Roman Catholic Church. Australian Catholics were predominantly of Irish origin until post-World War II immigration brought more than a million Catholics from elsewhere in Europe. The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are national public holidays in Australia. Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education since colonial times. Suffragette Catherine Helen Spence was not only Australia's first female political candidate, but also one of its first female preachers. Joseph , became the first Australian to be canonized as a Catholic Saint in , [] and Sir Douglas Nicholls , a preacher and Aboriginal rights activist was the first indigenous Australian to be appointed Governor of an Australian State. Increased immigration from South-East Asia has been a major factor in this growth, but Australians of Anglo-Celtic origin have also shown increasing interest in Buddhism. Islam increased during the period from 1. The tradition and spirituality of Aboriginal Australians places great emphasis on the role of tribal Elders in passing down stories of the Dreaming , and skills and lessons for survival such as hunting and tracking. The creation story and belief system of the Aboriginal tradition, known in English as the Dreamtime , reverences the land and the animals and spirits that inhabit the land and animals. European settlement introduced Indigenous Australians to Christianity, especially through " missions ". There was a wide range of experiences of the missions by Aboriginal people. Australia's calendar of public holiday festivals begins with New Year's Day. This is also the day upon which the Australian Federation officially came into being, however the national day, Australia Day , is celebrated on 26 January, the anniversary of British colonization. Anzac Day , 25 April is another day strongly associated with Australian nationhood, however it more particularly commemorates Australians who fought in wars and is named to honor the soldiers of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps who landed at Gallipoli, on that same day in , during World War I. The Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays in Australia. Christmas Day, 25 December, falls during the Southern Hemisphere summer. Labor Day is also a public holiday, but on different days throughout the nation. On the Queen's Birthday holiday, as on Australia Day, national awards are distributed to distinguished citizens for services to the community. Contemporary Australian cuisine combines British and indigenous origins with Mediterranean and Asian influences. Australia's abundant natural resources allow access to a large variety of quality meats, and to barbecue beef or lamb in the open air is considered a cherished national tradition. The great majority of Australians live close to the sea and Australian seafood restaurants have been listed among the world's best. Bush tucker refers to a wide variety of plant and animal foods native to the Australian bush: bush fruits such as kakadu plums , finger limes and desert quandongs ; fish and shellfish of Australia's saltwater river systems; and bush meats including emu , crocodile and kangaroo. Many of these are still seasonally hunted and gathered by Indigenous Australians, and are undergoing a renaissance of interest on contemporary Australian menus. Early British settlers brought familiar meats and crops with them from Europe and these remain important in the Australian diet. The British settlers found some familiar game — such as swan , goose , pigeon , and fish — but the new settlers often had difficulty adjusting to the prospect of native fauna as a staple diet. Queensland and New South Wales became Australia's main beef cattle producers, while dairy cattle farming is found in the southern states, predominantly in Victoria. Wheat and other grain crops are spread fairly evenly throughout the mainland states. Sugar cane is also a major crop in Queensland and New South Wales. Fruit and vegetables are grown throughout Australia. The post-World War II multicultural immigration program brought new flavors and influences, with waves of immigrants from Greece, Italy, Vietnam, China, and elsewhere bringing about diversification and of the typical diet consumed—leading to an increasingly gastronomical culinary scene. Australia's 11 million square kilometre fishing zone is the third largest in the world and allows for easy access to seafood which significantly influences Australian cuisine. Clean ocean environments produce high quality seafoods. Lobster , prawns , tuna , salmon and abalone are the main ocean species harvested commercially, while aquaculture produces more than 60 species for consumption, including oysters , salmonoids, southern bluefin tuna , mussels , prawns, barramundi , yellowtail kingfish , and freshwater finifish. Fishing and aquaculture constitute Australia's fifth most valuable agricultural industry after wool , beef , wheat and dairy. Vegemite is a well-known spread originating from Australia. Iconic Australian desserts include pavlova and lamingtons. Australia's reputation as a nation of heavy drinkers goes back to the earliest days of colonial Sydney, when rum was used as currency and grain shortages followed the installation of the first stills. James Squires is considered to have founded Australia's first commercial brewery in and the Cascade Brewery in Hobart has been operating since Since the s, Australian beers have become increasingly popular globally, with Foster's Lager being an iconic export. Foster's is not however the biggest seller on the local market, with alternatives including Carlton Draught and Victoria Bitter outselling it. Billy tea was a staple drink of the Australian colonial period. It is typically boiled over a camp fire with a gum leaf added for flavoring. Wine is produced in every state, however, wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler regions. Australia has no official designated national dress , but iconic local styles include bushwear and surfwear. Major clothing brands associated with bushwear are the broad brimmed Akubra hats, Driza- Bone coats and R. Williams bushmen's outfitters featuring in particular: moleskin trousers, riding boots and merino woolwear. Blundstone Footwear and Country Road are also linked to this tradition. Made from the leaves of Livistona australis , the cabbage tree hat was the first uniquely Australian headwear, dating back to the early s, and was the hat of choice for colonial-born Australians. Australian surfers popularized the ugg boot , a unisex sheepskin boot with fleece on the inside, a tanned outer surface and a synthetic sole. Worn by the working classes in Australia, the boot style emerged as a global fashion trend in the s. The slouch hat was first worn by military forces in Australia in , looped up on one side so that rifles could be held at the slope without damaging the brim. After federation, the slouch hat became standard Australian Army headgear in and since then it has developed into an important national symbol and is worn on ceremonial occasions by the Australian army. Australians generally have a relaxed attitude to what beachgoers wear, although this has not always been the case. At the start of the twentieth century a proposed ordinance in Sydney would have forced men to wear skirts over their "bathing costume" to be decent. This led to the Sydney bathing costume protests which resulted in the proposal being dropped. Over time swim briefs, better known locally as speedos or more recently as budgie smugglers, became an iconic swimwear for Australian males. Many Australians are passionate about sport, and it forms a major part of the country's culture in terms of spectating and participation. Cricket is popular in the summer, and football codes are popular in the winter. Australian traditions such as grand finals and footy tipping are shared among the codes. Australia's successes in events such as the Olympic Games , Commonwealth Games , World Cup competitions in cricket , rugby union , rugby league , field hockey , netball , and major tournaments in tennis , golf , surfing , and other sports are a source of pride for many Australians. Sports people such as Donald Bradman , Dawn Fraser , and Cathy Freeman remain in the nation's cultural memory and are accorded high civilian honors and public status. Cricket is Australia's most popular summer sport and has been played since colonial times. It is followed in all states and territories, unlike the football codes which vary in popularity between regions. The first recorded cricket match in Australia took place in Sydney in

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