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3420 Bony Fishes

Choerodon fasciatus (Günther, 1867) (Plate II, 12) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Lienardella fasciata (Günther, 1867) / None. FAO names: En - Harlequin tuskfish.

Diagnostic characters: Body deep, its depth 2.2 to 2.5 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head convexly curved above eyes; anterior tip of head forming a broad angle with snout steeply inclined; jaws prominent; 4 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw with second pair in lower jaw directed laterally; an enlarged canine present on each side at rear of upper jaw. Dorsal fin continuous, with XIII spines and 7 soft rays; the fourth and fifth soft rays longest; anal fin with III spines and 10 soft rays; posterior dorsal and anal fins pointed; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 12 or 13 branched rays; pelvic fins not filamentous; caudal fin truncate to slightly emarginate. Lateral line continuous, smoothly curved, with 29 pored scales. Scales barely reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin distinctly not extending forward to above eye; cheek and opercle scaly, scales on cheek extending forward nearly to corner of mouth; lower jaw without scales. Colour: body with white background, 8or9 blue-edged orange vertical bars, 3 on head and rest on body; adults darker posteriorly and dorsally; caudal peduncle and anterior portion of caudal fin white, posterior edge of caudal fin red; dorsal and anal fins red, with blue edges; iris of eye red; teeth blue. Size: Maximum total length about 30 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Found on coral reefs at depths of 5 to 30 m. Solitary in habit. Feeds mostly on hard-shelled prey including crustaceans, molluscs, and sea urchins. A highly popular aquarium fish due to its spectacular colours. Distribution: Disjunct distribu- tion, Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan Province of China in the north and New Caledonia to Queens- land in the south. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3421

Choerodon graphicus (De Vis, 1885) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Choerodon transversalis Whitley, 1956 / None. FAO names: En - Graphic tuskfish.

Diagnostic characters: Body deep, its depth 2.6 to 2.8 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head convexly curved above eyes; anterior tip of head forming a broad angle with snout steeply inclined; jaws prominent; 4 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw, second pair in lower jaw not directed laterally; an enlarged canine present on each side at rear of upper jaw. Dorsal fin continuous, with XIII spines and 7 soft rays; spines and anterior soft rays of similar length; anal fin with III spines and 10 soft rays; posterior dorsal and anal fins pointed; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 16 or 17 branched rays; pelvic fins not filamentous; caudal fin rounded. Lateral line continuous, smoothly curved, with 29 pored scales. Scales barely reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin distinctly not extending forward to above eye; cheek and opercle scaly, scales on preopercle small, less 1/4 the size of those on body; lower jaw without scales. Colour: body mottled with yellow-brown ground colour and large dark brown blotches interconnected across body; scales of body each with a vertical blue line; an irregular black spot larger than eye on lateral line below base of seventh dorsal-fin spine, and a smaller black spot at rear base of dorsal fin; dark brown bands radiating from eye; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins dark blue-purple with vermiculating yellow lines. Size: Maximum total length about 46 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Found on coral reefs, rubble, and sand bottoms at depths greater than 20 m. Solitary in habit. Feeds mostly on hard-shelled prey including crustaceans, molluscs, and sea urchins. May be taken by hook-and- line, with fish traps, or with spears by divers. Rarely found in markets. Distribution: New Caledonia to Queensland. 3422 Bony Fishes

Choerodon schoenleini (Valenciennes, 1839) (Plate II, 13) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Blackspot tuskfish.

Diagnostic characters: Body deep, its depth 2.4 to 2.8 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head convexly curved above eyes; anterior tip of head forming a broad angle with snout steeply inclined; jaws prominent; 4 strong canines situated anteriorly in each jaw, second pair in lower jaw not directed laterally; an enlarged canine present on each side at rear of upper jaw. Dorsal fin continuous, with XIII spines and 7 soft rays; the spines and anterior soft rays of similar length; anal fin with III spines and 10 soft rays; posterior dorsal and anal fins pointed; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 16 or 17 branched rays; pelvic fins not filamentous; caudal fin truncate to slightly rounded. Lateral line continuous, smoothly curved, with 29 pored scales. Scales barely reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; predorsal scales extending forward to above eye; cheek and opercle scaly, scales on preopercle small, less than 1/4 the size of those on body; lower jaw without scales. Colour: body green-grey and blue, shading to yellowish ventrally, with a prominent blue line on each scale, blue lines becoming spots posteriorly which coalesce to form blue longitudinal stripes on caudal peduncle; a black spot smaller than eye at base of last dorsal-fin spine; irregular blue bands extending posteriorly from eye, and 1 blue line from eye to snout; dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins grey-green with blue lines. Size: Maximum total length about 90 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Found on deep coral reefs and lagoons, at depths of 10 to 20 m. Solitary in habit. Feeds mostly on hard-shelled prey including crustaceans, molluscs, and sea urchins. May be taken by hook-and-line, with fish traps, or with spears by divers. Marketed occasionally. Distribution: Western Pacific to Western Australia. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3423

Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura (Bleeker, 1851) (Plate II, 14) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Cirrhilabrus solorensis Bleeker, 1853 / None. FAO names: En - Blueside wrasse.

terminal phase

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately slender, its depth 2.9 to 3.4 times in total length. Snout somewhat obtuse and short; maxilla reaching to a vertical between posterior nostril and orbit; 3 pairs of canine teeth anteriorly in upper jaw, the third pair largest and recurved; a single pair of canines in lower jaw, no tooth at corner of mouth; small, conical teeth in a single row medial to canines in both upper and lower jaws; tongue short and rounded. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. Eye with modified scleral cornea forming a double pupil. Branchiostegal rays 5. Gill rakers 16 to 19. Dorsal fin with XI spines and 9 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 9 soft rays; pectoral-fin rays usually 15; pelvic fins of adult males long, to 2.3 times in standard length; branched caudal-fin rays 11, caudal fin rounded in young, rhomboid in large males. Two rows of scales on cheek; snout, ventral portion of head, and interorbital space naked; predorsal scales 6 (rarely 5); lateral line interrupted, with 15 to 17 scales in anterior part and 5 to 8 in peduncular part; dorsal and anal fins with a row of elongate scales along base. Colour: initial phase reddish, shading to white ventrally on head and abdomen, with a small black spot posteriorly on upper side of caudal peduncle and a dark bar at pectoral-fin base and extending slightly below; red to blue dots often present on postorbital head, nape, and dorsoanteriorly on body; larger females lose the red colour, first becoming grey in and above pectoral region, then olivaceous with deep purple edges developing on scales of side posterior to pectoral fins; caudal peduncular spot small to absent, but diagonal pectoral-base bar now black and extending conspicuously below base. Males with region of pectoral fins and above dark blue-grey, some with a large bright yellow or orange area beneath pectoral fins; body reddish posteriorly with dark purple edges on a few to many scales (purple scale markings dark blue-green in preservative); head green to blue-green; lower fourth of head and body abruptly white. Size: Maximum total length about 15 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: This species is found more often over rubble, sea grass, or sandy areas with low patch reefs than on well-developed coral reefs. Specimens have been collected in the depth range of 2 to 30 m. Feeds on zooplankton in the water column. Prized in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan Province of China, Phil- ippines, Palau, Indonesia, and Similan Islands, Andaman Sea, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, and Great Barrier Reef. 3424 Bony Fishes

Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Smith, 1957 (Plate II, 15) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Exquisite wrasse.

terminal phase

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately slender, its depth 3.2 to 3.5 times in total length. Snout somewhat obtuse and short; maxilla reaching to a vertical between posterior nostril and orbit; 3 pairs of canine teeth anteriorly in upper jaw, the third pair largest and recurved; a single pair of canines in lower jaw, no tooth at corner of mouth; small, conical teeth in a single row medial to canines in both upper and lower jaws; tongue short and rounded. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. Eye with modified scleral cornea forming a double pupil. Branchiostegal rays 5. Gill rakers 17 to 21. Dorsal fin with XI spines and 9 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 9 soft rays; pectoral-fin rays usually 15; pelvic fins of adult males long, to 2.3 times in standard length; branched caudal-fin rays 11, caudal fin of small individuals slightly rounded to truncate, of adults double emarginate, the lobes somewhat prolonged in large males. Two rows of scales on cheek; snout, ventral portion of head, and interorbital space naked; predorsal scales 5; lateral line interrupted, with 16 to 18 scales in anterior part and 5 to 8 in peduncular part, dorsal and anal fins with a row of elongate scales along base. Colour: a large horizontally elliptical black spot on side of caudal peduncle just above lateral line (greatest diameter of spot as large or larger than eye of adults); initial phase olive to reddish brown, often with a pattern of indistinct pale stripes along scale rows; both sexes with a blue line on side of caudal peduncle at lower edge of oval black spot and extending forward to beneath pectoral fins; a pale blue line from corner of mouth below eye to end of opercle; a black bar preceded by a narrow blue band at pectoral-fin base; terminal phase variable in colour, a diagonal red to blue line from mouth through upper edge of eye to nape, a diagonal black band preceded by a white zone beneath lower part of pectoral fins parallel to blue-edge black band at pectoral-fin base, dorsal fin with a middle black stripe with blue spots posteriorly (similar black stripe sometimes present in anal fin), and a red edge to pectoral fins. Size: Maximum total length about 12 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Found over rubble or low patch reefs in areas of current. Specimens have been collected in the depth range of 2 to 30 m. Feeds on zooplankton in the water column. Prized in the aquarium trade. Distribution: The broadest distribution of the genus, East Africa to the Tuamotu Archipel- ago, including Kenya, Mauri- tius, Chagos Archipelago, Maldive Islands, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Palau Islands, and the Tuamotus. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3425

Cirrhilabrus lubbocki Randall and Carpenter, 1980 (Plate II, 16) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Lubbock’s wrasse.

terminal phase

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately slender, its depth 2.8 to 3.3 times in total length. Snout somewhat obtuse and short; maxilla reaching to a vertical between posterior nostril and orbit; 3 pairs of canine teeth anteriorly in upper jaw, the third pair largest and recurved; a single pair of canines in lower jaw, no tooth at corner of mouth; small, conical teeth in a single row medial to canines in both upper and lower jaws; tongue short and rounded. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. Eye with modified scleral cornea forming a double pupil. Branchiostegal rays 5. Gill rakers 14 to 17. Dorsal fin with XI spines and 9 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 9 soft rays; pectoral-fin rays usually 15; pelvic fins short, to 5.5 times in standard length; branched caudal-fin rays 11, caudal fin slightly rounded. Two rows of scales on cheek; snout, ventral portion of head, and interorbital space naked; predorsal scales 5; lateral line interrupted, with 14 to 17 scales in anterior part and 7 to 11 in peduncular part, dorsal and anal fins with a row of elongate scales along base. Colour: females red, whitish over lower head, thorax, and abdomen, with an irregular black spot on upper caudal-fin base and adjacent caudal peduncle (spot faintly edged with light bluish anteriorly on some individuals); dorsal fin red, shading to light yellow on scaleless part of soft portion of fin, the tips of interspinous membranes and first few rays pale (with a trace of blue on some individuals); an intensification of red below pale membrane tips forming a submarginal line; caudal fin light red on basal scaly portion; paired fins pale, the pectoral-fin rays edged with red. Male with lateral line deep purple, thus forming a prominent disjunct purple stripe; upper part of head and body dorsal to stripe orange-yellow; remaining head and body red, the scales finely flecked with pale blue; upper margin of preopercle narrowly deep purple; an indistinct narrow orange-red streak on snout from corner of mouth to eye with a pale bluish line bordering the lower edge; dorsal fin salmon with a narrow bright blue margin; caudal fin red on basal two-thirds; anal fin yellow, light red along base; pelvic fins light yellow. Size: Maximum total length about 7 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Cirrhilabrus lubbocki is characteristically found in outer reef areas over a bottom of coral rubble and/or heads of small finely branched coral in a depth range of 6 to 45 m. When feeding on zooplankton, it does not venture as far above the substratum as larger species such as C. cyanopleura. Found in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Philippines, Su- lawesi, and Indonesia. 3426 Bony Fishes

Cirrhilabrus rubripinnis Randall and Carpenter, 1980 Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Redfinned wrasse.

terminal phase

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately slender, its depth 2.8 to 3.4 times in total length. Snout somewhat obtuse and short; maxilla reaching to a vertical between posterior nostril and orbit; 3 pairs of canine teeth anteriorly in upper jaw, the third pair largest and recurved; a single pair of canines in lower jaw, no tooth at corner of mouth; small, conical teeth in a single row medial to canines in both upper and lower jaws; tongue short and rounded. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate. Eye with modified scleral cornea forming a double pupil. Branchiostegal rays 5. Gill rakers 14. Dorsal fin with XI spines and 9 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 9 soft rays; pectoral-fin rays usually 15; terminal phase with elongate pelvic-fin ray, to 2 times in standard length; branched caudal-fin rays 13, caudal fin slightly rounded. Two rows of scales on cheek; snout, ventral portion of head, and interorbital space naked; predorsal scales 5; lateral line interrupted, with 15 to 18 scales in anterior part and 5 to 8 in peduncular part, dorsal and anal fins with a row of elongate scales along base. Colour: female upper half of head and two-thirds of body light orange-red with faint broken magenta lines following scale rows; lower head and body whitish; a faint dark bluish spot at upper base of caudal fin; dorsal and anal fins light red, yellowish at base, the dorsal fin with a narrow pale margin and the anal fin with a blue margin; caudal fin with yellowish rays and light reddish membranes; paired fins pale, the pelvic fins pinkish with some blue on lateral margin beyond spine tip. Male orange,a little dusky on back, especially along lateral line, shading to yellow on lower half of head and ventrally on body; ventral part of head and thorax blue, mixed with some blackish pigment; a series of very small red spots, 1 per scale, in 4 rows posteriorly on side of body; fleck of light blue on body near tip of pectoral fins and a few faint spots of light blue on operculum; dorsal fin brilliant red, with a narrow basal band or orange, a narrow black margin becoming blue on soft portion of fin; caudal fin orange-yellow with pink spots forming irregular lines; anal fin brilliant red with blue margin (except posteriorly) and a few pink spots basally in posterior part of fin; pectoral fins pale, the edges of rays light red, the base of fin a little dusky; pelvic fins brilliant red. Size: Maximum total length about 7 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisher- ies: Found over rubble or low patch reefs in areas of current. Specimens have been col- lected in the depth range of 2 to 30 m. Feeds on zooplankton in the water column. Distribution: A recently de- scribed species known from the Philippines. Perciformes: Labroidei: Labridae 3427

Coris aygula Lacepède, 1801 (Plate III, 17 and 18) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Coris angulata Lacepède, 1801 / None. FAO names: En - Clown wrasse; Fr - Clarisse clown; Sp - Doncella circense.

adult

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately slender, its depth 2.7 to 3.3 times in standard length, deeper in larger adults. Dorsal profile of head slightly curved convexly, a fleshy hump developing on forehead above eye in large individuals; head forming an juvenile acute angle, though angle broad in large individuals; jaws prominent; 2 strong, mostly straight canines situated anteriorly in each jaw, following teeth only slightly smaller but gradually diminishing in size along each jaw; 1 or 2 separate canines present on each side at rear of upper jaw. Dorsal fin continuous, with IX flexible spines and 12 (rarely 13) soft rays; the first 2 dorsal-fin spines in large individuals longer and set closer together than succeeding spines; anal fin with III flexible spines and 12 soft rays; pectoral fins with 14 rays; pelvic fins long and filamentous in large individuals; caudal fin truncate, each individual ray becoming filamentous, giving the fin a ragged appearance in large individuals. Lateral line abruptly curved below posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, with 59 to 67 pored scales. Scales not reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin distinctly extending forward to above eye; cheek, opercle, and lower jaw without scales. Colour: initial phase greenish with a white vertical bar in front of anal-fin origin; body anterior to white bar light yellow-green with small maroon spots, posterior to white bar dark green with each scale dark edged; median fins with small dark spots, the outer edge whitish. Small individuals white with 2 large red-orange spots on upper portion of sides, numerous black spots on head and forward on sides; 2 prominent large black spots encircled first by white and then a series of black spots on dorsal fin above orange patches; remainder of dorsal fin and anal fin white with black speckles and stripes; caudal fin white with a black base. Males deep blue-green, usually with 1 or 2 broad, pale green bars in centre of body; head dark blue-green with dark lines extending forward and backward from eye; median fins light edged. Size: Maximum total length about 110 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Juveniles are common in shallow coral reefs and la- goons, while adults are found to depths of about 20 m. Adults are solitary in habit. Feeds mostly on hard-shelled prey including crustaceans, molluscs, and sea urchins. Caught by hook-and-line or with spear by divers, found in markets, and small individu- als very popular in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Western and Central Pacific reaching the Marquesas to the east. 3428 Bony Fishes

Coris gaimard (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) (Plate III, 19 and 20) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: Coris pulcherrima Günther, 1862 / None. FAO names: En - Yellowtail coris.

adult

Diagnostic characters: Body moderately slen- der, its depth 3.3 to 3.7 times in standard length. Dorsal profile of head only slightly convex, without a fleshy hump developing on fore- head in large individuals; head forming an acute angle; jaws prominent; 2 strong, mostly straight, canines situated anteriorly in each jaw, following teeth only slightly smaller but gradu- ally diminishing in size along each jaw; 1 or 2 juvenile separate canines present on each side at rear of upper jaw. Dorsal fin continuous, with IX flexible spines and 12 (rarely 13) soft rays; first 2 spines in large individuals considerably longer and set closer together than succeeding spines; anal fin with III flexible spines and 12 soft rays; pectoral fins with ii unbranched and 11 branched rays; pelvic fins filamentous in large individuals; caudal fin slightly rounded. Lateral line abruptly curved below posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, with 77 to 80 pored scales. Scales not reaching onto bases of dorsal and anal fins; scales in front of dorsal fin extending forward to above eye; cheek, opercle, and lower jaw without scales. Colour: red to dark green-brown with numerous small bright blue spots posteriorly on sides and tail; head with several bright green stripes, the most prominent directed from corner of mouth upward and backward toward lower side of eye, then backward and downward to edge of opercle opposite pectoral-fin base; dorsal and anal fins purplish brown with blue to green stripes and spots, caudal fin bright yellow; small individuals red-orange, with 4 or 5 prominent black edged white bands or spots high on sides. Size: Maximum total lengthh 40 cm. Habitat, biology, and habitat: Juveniles are common in shallow coral reefs and lagoons, while adults are found to depths of about 15 m. Feeds mostly on hard-shelled prey including crustaceans, molluscs, and sea urchins. Caught by hook-and-line or with spear by divers, rarely found in markets, but small individuals very popular in the aquarium trade. Distribution: Western and Central Pacific.

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