water Article Challenges to Water Management in Ecuador: Legal Authorization, Quality Parameters, and Socio-Political Responses Sarah Wingfield 1, Andrés Martínez-Moscoso 2, Diego Quiroga 3 and Valeria Ochoa-Herrera 3,4,* 1 School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 3700 O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
[email protected] 2 Colegio de Jurisprudencia, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 17-1200-841 Quito, Ecuador;
[email protected] 3 Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Alsacio Northia Avenue, 200150 Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, Ecuador;
[email protected] 4 Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 17-1200-841 Quito, Ecuador * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: Ecuador has historically had a unique experience with water law, management, and policy as a result of its constitutional declaration of water access as a human right. In this paper, the legal, environmental, economic, and social aspects related to water management in Ecuador are analyzed. In doing so, the incorporation of local governance structures such as water users’ associations (WUAs) are characterized within a national model of authorization under SENAGUA, Ecuador’s former water agency, highlighting the importance of integrated management for meeting the country’s geographi- Citation: Wingfield, S.; cally and environmentally diverse needs. Additionally, the role of anthropogenic activities such as Martínez-Moscoso, A.; Quiroga, D.; crude oil production, artisanal and small-scale gold (ASGM) mining, agriculture, sewage discharge, Ochoa-Herrera, V.