Forever Wild": Wilderness Values and Historic Preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve

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Forever Wild University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2017 "Forever Wild": Wilderness Values and Historic Preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve Carolyn Zemanian University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Zemanian, Carolyn, ""Forever Wild": Wilderness Values and Historic Preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve" (2017). Theses (Historic Preservation). 635. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/635 Suggested Citation: Zemanian, Carolyn (2016). "Forever Wild": Wilderness Values and Historic Preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/635 For more information, please contact [email protected]. "Forever Wild": Wilderness Values and Historic Preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve Abstract Article XIV of the New York State Constitution (1894) declares that the Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserves will be “forever kept as wild forest lands.” The State of New York has interpreted this “forever wild” clause to mean that most structures are inherently incompatible with the wilderness values of the preserves. As a result, the State has sought to enhance wilderness by removing structures it deems “non- conforming” with the forest preserves’ natural qualities. Approaching the Catskill Forest Preserve as a cultural landscape, this thesis describes and analyzes the current and past enabling (or disabling) environment of historic preservation in the preserve and offers remedies that might increase the preservation of cultural resources. Key elements of the narrative include a human history of the Catskills region, an analysis of wilderness theory as applied to American public lands, an evaluation of legislative and management practices of the preserve, case studies of recent preservation successes, and recommendations for future management of heritage resources in the Catskill Forest Preserve. Keywords Department of Environmental Conservation, DEC, ECL § 9-0109, Demolition, Fire Tower Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Suggested Citation: Zemanian, Carolyn (2016). "Forever Wild": Wilderness Values and Historic Preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/635 “FOREVER WILD”: WILDERNESS VALUES AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN THE CATSKILL FOREST PRESERVE Carolyn Kearns Zemanian A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2017 ________________________ Advisor David Hollenberg Adjunct Professor, Graduate Program in Historic Preservation ________________________ Program Chair Randall F. Mason Associate Professor ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without significant help from a large number of people. I am especially grateful to the following individuals: Erin Tobin, for answering my first questions on historic preservation and the Catskill Forest Preserve, recommending fruitful research avenues, and making invaluable introductions; Chuck Vandrei, for thoroughly answering countless questions about the Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Forest Preserve history and management, and historic preservation and the Catskill Forest Preserve; Steven Engelhart, for providing crucial insight into historic preservation advocacy in the Adirondack Forest Preserve; John Bonafide, for explaining the Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Office’s involvement in the Catskill Forest Preserve; Erik Johanson, for describing the preservation work of the Catskill Center for Conservation and Development and the modern day operations of the restored Catskill Fire Towers; Laurie Rankin, for describing the advocacy and restoration process surrounding the Catskill Fire Towers, and for sending me a long list of primary sources concerning the towers’ restorations; and Jeff Rider, for providing me with vital documentation concerning historic properties no longer extant on Catskill Forest Preserve land. A special thank you to David Hollenberg, my thesis advisor, whose coffee chats and critical pen have greatly improved this final product. And finally, thank you to my wonderful family; and especially my uncle Mike, who loved the Catskills first, and who has hosted us for so many happy summers in the mountains. i TABLE OF CONTENTS !"#$%&'()*+($,-. /! '0-,.%1.10*23(-. ///! 0$,3%)2",0%$. 4! +(,5%)%'%*6. 7! "5!8,(3.49.'0,(3!,23(.3(:0(&. 4;! "5!8,(3.<9.!.=30(1.52+!$.50-,%36.%1.,5(."!,-#0''.+%2$,!0$-. 4>! "5!8,(3.?9.&0')(3$(--.:!'2(-. ?@! "5!8,(3.@9.'(*0-'!,0%$.!$).+!$!*(+($,.%1.,5(.1%3(-,.83(-(3:(. 77! "5!8,(3.79."!-(.-,2)0(-. A4! "5!8,(3.>9.3("%++($)!,0%$-. 4;B! =0='0%*3!856. 44>! !88($)0"(-. 4<@! 0$)(C. 4?>! ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 ............................................................................................................................... 2! Figure 2 ............................................................................................................................. 18! Figure 3 ............................................................................................................................. 21! Figure 4 ............................................................................................................................. 21! Figure 5 ............................................................................................................................. 22! Figure 6 ............................................................................................................................. 26! Figure 7 ............................................................................................................................. 50! Figure 8 ............................................................................................................................. 51! Figure 9 ............................................................................................................................. 51! Figure 10 ........................................................................................................................... 56! Figure 11 ........................................................................................................................... 72! Figure 12 ........................................................................................................................... 78! Figure 13 ........................................................................................................................... 84! Figure 14 ........................................................................................................................... 87! Figure 15 ........................................................................................................................... 88! Figure 16 ......................................................................................................................... 102! iii INTRODUCTION Article XIV of the New York State Constitution, passed in 1894, says: “the lands of the state, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed, or destroyed.”1 These two sentences designate state-owned land in the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains as protected forest preserves. The interpretation of the “forever wild clause” (the first sentence of Article XIV) and its implications for historic preservation in the Catskill Forest Preserve form the basis of this thesis. The Catskill Forest Preserve, located in upstate New York’s Catskill Mountains, spiderwebs across four New York counties: Ulster, Greene, Delaware, and Sullivan.2 New York legislators created the Catskill Forest Preserve and its northern counterpart, the Adirondack Forest Preserve, to guard against rampant deforestation and mining, which threatened natural resources in New York City’s watershed. The State acquired and protected these lands in 1885 by statute law, and in 1894, voters permanently codified the two New York Forest Preserves in the State Constitution, ensuring that the forest preserves' timber would be forever protected from destruction.3 A character-defining feature of the Catskill and Adirondack Forest Preserves has always been, and remains, the public lands’ interspersion with privately owned parcels. State lands frequently abut private tracts. In 1904, the New York State legislature drew 1 N.Y. Constitution, Article XIV, § 1. 2 State of New York, “Catskill Forest Preserve, ” Department of Environmental Conservation. http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/5265.html (accessed 4/6/2017). 3 Eleanor Brown, The Forest Preserve of New York State: A Handbook for Conservationists, (Glens Falls, NY: The Adirondack Mountain Club) 1985, 27. 1 two “blue lines” surrounding the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskill Mountains.4 Lawmakers drew these boundaries to identify lands that they felt contained enough natural character for possible inclusion
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