DOCSLIB.ORG

Mira: a Distance Indicator

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mira: a Distance Indicator Outlines Outlines Goal Goal Mira: A distance indicator Kamal Jnawali Rochester Institute of technology Astronomical observation technique and instrumentation 12/10/2013 Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Data § Calculation § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Calculation § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Results § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Future work Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation § Results Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal § Introduction § Classification § Physics of pulsation § Why should we care to variable stars § Goal- Distance to Mira star § Data § Calculation § Results § Future work Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Omicron Ceti: How far is it? Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Figure : Mira Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal HR diagram Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Figure : Mira Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Introduction § Mira: Red giant § Constellation = Cetus § RA 02h19m20.8s / DEC -02d58m37s § It is discovered by David Fabricius in 1596. § Mira means wonderful star § Radius=>400 ˆ Radius of Sun § Mass =0.6 to 4 ˆ Mass of Sun § Period= 80-1000 days § Omicron Ceti -Oldest known Mira star Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Variable stars § Apparent magnitude(brightness) changes periodically Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Classification Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Figure : Classification Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation in Mira (Fig-chandra.harvard.edu) Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Figure : Mira § If opacity blocks light then gas heats up. § Gas expands.Opacity decreases, photon passes through it. § Gas cools down to condensed state and the process continues to give periodic pulsation. § The κ relation is using for the ionized envelope proves the sustainability of the pulsation. Here the extra heat is being used to ionize the helium ion.So temperature dependence being less significant compared to ρ in the κ relation. κ is significantly determined by ρ. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: K mechanism/exchange between two state of He ρ § κ9 T 3:5 Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Gas expands.Opacity decreases, photon passes through it. § Gas cools down to condensed state and the process continues to give periodic pulsation. § The κ relation is using for the ionized envelope proves the sustainability of the pulsation. Here the extra heat is being used to ionize the helium ion.So temperature dependence being less significant compared to ρ in the κ relation. κ is significantly determined by ρ. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: K mechanism/exchange between two state of He ρ § κ9 T 3:5 § If opacity blocks light then gas heats up. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Gas cools down to condensed state and the process continues to give periodic pulsation. § The κ relation is using for the ionized envelope proves the sustainability of the pulsation. Here the extra heat is being used to ionize the helium ion.So temperature dependence being less significant compared to ρ in the κ relation. κ is significantly determined by ρ. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: K mechanism/exchange between two state of He ρ § κ9 T 3:5 § If opacity blocks light then gas heats up. § Gas expands.Opacity decreases, photon passes through it. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § The κ relation is using for the ionized envelope proves the sustainability of the pulsation. Here the extra heat is being used to ionize the helium ion.So temperature dependence being less significant compared to ρ in the κ relation. κ is significantly determined by ρ. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: K mechanism/exchange between two state of He ρ § κ9 T 3:5 § If opacity blocks light then gas heats up. § Gas expands.Opacity decreases, photon passes through it. § Gas cools down to condensed state and the process continues to give periodic pulsation. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: K mechanism/exchange between two state of He ρ § κ9 T 3:5 § If opacity blocks light then gas heats up. § Gas expands.Opacity decreases, photon passes through it. § Gas cools down to condensed state and the process continues to give periodic pulsation. § The κ relation is using for the ionized envelope proves the sustainability of the pulsation. Here the extra heat is being used to ionize the helium ion.So temperature dependence being less significant compared to ρ in the κ relation. κ is significantly determined by ρ. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § When He layer is heated He`` increases that traps the light and causing the further heating. Hence the gas near the surface gets expand results with cooling with increase in radius and luminosity. § When He layer is cooled, He` increases which is less opaque(so do not absorb light) that makes decrease in radius and luminosity with compressing its size. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Continue. § There are two ionized state of Helium, He`and He``. There is also ionized state of hydrogen i.e. H` . He`` is more opaque than He`. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § When He layer is cooled, He` increases which is less opaque(so do not absorb light) that makes decrease in radius and luminosity with compressing its size. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Continue. § There are two ionized state of Helium, He`and He``. There is also ionized state of hydrogen i.e. H` . He`` is more opaque than He`. § When He layer is heated He`` increases that traps the light and causing the further heating. Hence the gas near the surface gets expand results with cooling with increase in radius and luminosity. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Continue. § There are two ionized state of Helium, He`and He``. There is also ionized state of hydrogen i.e. H` . He`` is more opaque than He`. § When He layer is heated He`` increases that traps the light and causing the further heating. Hence the gas near the surface gets expand results with cooling with increase in radius and luminosity. § When He layer is cooled, He` increases which is less opaque(so do not absorb light) that makes decrease in radius and luminosity with compressing its size. Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Similar kind of the equations(like pressure) are also necessary to radius and density distribution § Two possible boundary condition give a case to fundamental mode and first overtone to the pulsation. § We might imagine second overtone,third overtone which leads to more complex caluclation. § Fundamental mode is expected to the Mira star. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: Acoustic mode § Let us write a brief equation[Astro-dynamics Text-Book] § 2 d pδrq 4 ρ0g0 dpδrq ρ0 2 g0 2 ` p ´ q ` p! ` p4 ´ 3Γqq qδr “ 0 dr0 r0 P0 dr0 ΓP0 r0 § Ppm; tq “ P0pmqp1 ` δPpmqqexppi!tq Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § Two possible boundary condition give a case to fundamental mode and first overtone to the pulsation. § We might imagine second overtone,third overtone which leads to more complex caluclation. § Fundamental mode is expected to the Mira star. Outlines Outlines outlines Goal Goal Pulsation: Acoustic mode § Let us write a brief equation[Astro-dynamics Text-Book] § 2 d pδrq 4 ρ0g0 dpδrq ρ0 2 g0 2 ` p ´ q ` p! ` p4 ´ 3Γqq qδr “ 0 dr0 r0 P0 dr0 ΓP0 r0 § Ppm; tq “ P0pmqp1 ` δPpmqqexppi!tq § Similar kind of the equations(like pressure) are also necessary to radius and density distribution Kamal Jnawali Mira: A distance indicator § We might imagine second overtone,third overtone which leads to more complex caluclation. § Fundamental mode is expected to the Mira star.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Astronomy 142, Spring 2013 2 April 2013
    Astronomy 142, Spring 2013 2 April 2013 Today in Astronomy 142: distances to the galaxies Standard candles and standard rulers. Cepheids, and Henrietta Leavitt’s invention of standard candles. The extragal acti c nature of the spiral nebulae and the Shapley-Curtis debate. Type Ia supernovae as standard candles. The extragalactic distance The Small Magellanic Cloud, site of the scale. discovery of Leavitt’s Law. (Photograph by Weihao Wang (NRAO).) 2 April 2013 Astronomy 142, Spring 2013 1 Standard candles and standard rulers There’s only one direct distance measurement method for individual objects more than a few light-hours away – trig parallax – and it only works on objects within a few hundred parsecs, these days. (> 10 kpc, after Gaia is deployed.) Distance being key, astronomers have often sought standard candles or rulers to aid in its determination. Standard candle: an object with a well-determined luminosity L known a priori, whose distance is therefore rLf4(or equivalently 5log r10 pc mM ) . Standard ruler: an object with length d perpendicular to the line of sight is known a priori, whose distance is rdsin d . 2 April 2013 Astronomy 142, Spring 2013 2 Henrietta Leavitt and standard candles Today tens of thousands of Cepheid variable stars are known, a large fraction of which – about 2400 – were discovered by Henrietta Leavitt, perhaps the most illustrious of the women Henrietta Swan Leavitt (AIP photo) who worked as “computers” in Edward Pickering’s group at Harvard College Observatory. 969 of them are in the Small Magellanic Cloud (Leavitt 1908), and therefore all about the same distance (~60 kpc).
    [Show full text]
  • AAS NEWSLETTER Issue 127 a Publication for the Members of the American Astronomical Society
    October 2005 AAS NEWSLETTER Issue 127 A Publication for the members of the American Astronomical Society PRESIDENT’S COLUMN know that Henrietta Swan Leavitt measured the Cepheid variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds Robert Kirshner, [email protected] to establish the period-luminosity relation, and that Inside this rung on the distance ladder let Hubble reach As I write this, summer is definitely winding down, M31 and other nearby galaxies. And I recognized George Johnson’s name from his thoughtful pieces 3 and the signs of Fall on a college campus are all in the New York Times science pages. Who Served Us Well: around: urgent overtime work on the last licks of John N. Bahcall summer renovations is underway, vast piles of trash and treasure from cleaning out dorm rooms are But I confess, though I walk on the streets where accumulating, with vigorous competitive double- she lived, work in a building connected by a 5 parking of heavily-laden minivans just ahead. With labyrinth to the one she worked in, and stand on Katrina Affected the Galaxy overhead most of the night, and the the distance ladder every day, my cerebral cortex Physics and summer monsoon in progress in Arizona, the pace is a little short on retrievable biographical details Astronomy (KAPA) of supernova studies slackens just a bit (for me, for Henrietta Swan Leavitt. Johnson has plumbed Community Bulletin anyway) and I had time to do a little summer reading. the Harvard archives, local census records, and the correspondence of Harvard College Board There were too many mosquitoes in Maine to read in a hammock, but there was enough light on the Observatory Directors to give us a portrait of screened porch.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Exploration: Big Bang Theory – Hubble's
    McCarthy Physical Science 2017 Name: Date: Student Exploration: Big Bang Theory – Hubble’s Law Vocabulary: absolute brightness, absorption spectrum, apparent brightness, Big Bang theory, blueshift, Cepheid variable, Doppler shift, Hubble constant, Hubble’s law, luminosity, megaparsec, period, redshift, spectrograph Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Standing by the side of a lonely highway at night, you see two motorcycle headlights, one in each direction. The headlight on your left appears brighter than the one on your right. 1. If the headlights are equally bright, which motorcycle is closer? Explain: 2. Suppose the dim-looking headlight on the right is actually a small light on the front of a bicycle. What can you conclude about the distance of the motorcycle and bicycle? Gizmo Warm-up In 1912, an astronomer named Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied a class of stars called Cepheid variables. These stars change from bright to dim to bright again. Her discoveries led to a method of measuring distances to other galaxies and eventually helped to support the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. In the Big Bang Theory – Hubble’s Law Gizmo™, select Region A. Look at the image of the Andromeda Galaxy, a galaxy relatively close to our own Milky Way galaxy. 1. Locate the two Cepheid variables, the stars that change in brightness over time. Star A-091 is the yellow star, and A-171 is the white star. A. Which star reaches a greater apparent brightness? B. Which star takes longer to pulse? 2. Because both stars are in the same galaxy, they are about the same distance from Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • 00:00 [Narrator] 1. the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Is Named After the Famous Astronomer Edwin Hubble. He Discovered That T
    Keywords: Distances, Cepheids, Henrietta Leavitt Hubblecast Episode 116: Henrietta Leavitt — the woman Visual notes ​ who measured the Universe 00:00 [Narrator] 1. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is named after the famous astronomer Edwin Hubble. He discovered that there are galaxies outside of our own and that the Universe is expanding. However, these remarkable discoveries wouldn’t have been possible without one exceptional astronomer before him — Henrietta Swan Leavitt. 00:30 2. Henrietta Leavitt — the woman who measured the Universe 00:40 [Narrator] 3. Henrietta Leavitt was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts in 1868. She studied at Oberlin College, Ohio, and then Harvard University's Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women. It wasn’t until her final year at university that she began to study astronomy — but this sparked a keen interest that she would pursue for the rest of her life. 01:10 4.She began to work at Harvard Observatory as a “computer” — one of several skilled women hired to process astronomical data. She helped with cataloguing the brightness of every measurable star and was quickly promoted to be head of the photographic stellar photometry department. 01:34 5. Supplied with photographic plates of the stars in the southern sky, Leavitt was tasked with classifying variable stars — ones that fluctuate in brightness. 01:47 6. While studying these changing stars she noticed a pattern: the brighter the star, the longer the period of the fluctuations. The easily measured length of the star’s fluctuations directly leads to its brightness — and to its distance. The observation of these Cepheid variables turned out to be the key to a fundamental change in our understanding of the Universe.
    [Show full text]
  • THE AGB NEWSLETTER an Electronic Publication Dedicated to Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars and Related Phenomena
    THE AGB NEWSLETTER An electronic publication dedicated to Asymptotic Giant Branch stars and related phenomena No. 117 | 1 February 2007 http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/AGBnews Editors: Jacco van Loon and Albert Zijlstra Editorial Dear Colleagues, It is our pleasure to present you the 117th issue of the AGB Newsletter. Of the 21 refereed journal publications, eight deal directly with Planetary Nebulae | which may have something to do with planets after all, and perhaps with dark energy as well (see the contribution by Gibson & Schild). Don't miss the many job advertisements, both for PhD studentships (Denver, Vienna, Portsmouth) and postdoctoral fellowships (Vienna, Keele). The Food for Thought statement published last month generated some reaction. One of you considered the relation between rotation rate and magnetic activity to be the principal question in relation to AGB stars that needs to be answered. Hence, we make it this month's Food for Thought statement. Reactions to this, or suggestions for other pertinent questions, are very welcome and will be discussed in future issues of the newsletter. The next issue will be distributed on the 1st of March; the deadline for contributions is the 28th of February. Editorially Yours, Jacco van Loon and Albert Zijlstra Food for Thought This month's thought-provoking statement is: The relation between rotation rate and magnetic activity is the principal question in relation to AGB stars that needs to be answered Reactions to this statement or suggestions for next month's statement can be e-mailed to [email protected] (please state whether you wish to remain anonymous) 1 Refereed Journal Papers Magnetic ¯elds in planetary nebulae and post-AGB nebulae.
    [Show full text]
  • 1903Apj 18. .3415 the SPECTRUM of O CETL' by Joel Stebbins. On
    .3415 18. 1903ApJ THE SPECTRUM OF o CETL' By Joel Stebbins. On account of the great instrumental power required for the observation of the spectra of faint objects, changes in the spectra of long-period variable stars have not been well studied. In fact, there is no star which undergoes a large variation in bright- ness whose spectrum has been systematically followed from maxi- mum to minimum, or vice versa. It is proposed to give here the results of a study of the spectrum of o Ceti> or Mira, made, at the suggestion of Director Campbell, with the thirty-six-inch refractor of the Lick Observatory, from June 1902 to January 1903. During this period the star faded in brightness from 3.8 to 9.0 magnitude. The first photograph of the spectrum was obtained about three weeks after the predicted time of maximum, and a series of plates was secured covering the interval to mini- mum. No negatives were obtained after the star had again begun to increase in brightness. The most important articles concerning the spectrum of Mira are those of Vogel,2 Sidgreaves,3 and Campbell.4 Neither Vogel nor Sidgreaves followed the star long enough to find much change in its spectrum, and Campbell’s work was mainly in con- nection with observations of the star for radial velocity, with the Mills spectrograph. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS. The spectrograph used in my observations was the one employed rby Messrs. Campbell and Wright in their work on 1 “ Dissertation in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of California,” Lick Observatory Bulletin No.
    [Show full text]
  • Astrophysical Distance Scale II. Application of the JAGB Method: a Nearby Galaxy Sample Wendy L
    Draft version May 22, 2020 Typeset using LATEX preprint style in AASTeX62 Astrophysical Distance Scale II. Application of the JAGB Method: A Nearby Galaxy Sample Wendy L. Freedman1 and Barry F. Madore1, 2 1Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637 2The Observatories Carnegie Institution for Science 813 Santa Barbara St., Pasadena, CA 91101 ABSTRACT We apply the near-infrared J-region Asymptotic Giant Branch (JAGB) method, re- cently introduced by Madore & Freedman (2020), to measure the distances to 14 nearby galaxies out to 4 Mpc. We use the geometric detached eclipsing binary (DEB) distances to the LMC and SMC as independent zero-point calibrators. We find excellent agree- ment with previously published distances based on the Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB): the JAGB distance determinations (including the LMC and SMC) agree in the mean to within ∆(JAGB T RGB) =+0.025 0.013 mag, just over 1%, where the − ± TRGB I-band zero point is MI = -4.05 mag. With further development and testing, the JAGB method has the potential to provide an independent calibration of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), especially with JW ST . The JAGB stars (with M = 6:20 mag) J − can be detected farther than the fainter TRGB stars, allowing greater numbers of cal- ibrating galaxies for the determination of H0. Along with the TRGB and Cepheids, arXiv:2005.10793v1 [astro-ph.GA] 21 May 2020 JAGB stars are amenable to theoretical understanding and further refined empirical calibration. A preliminary test shows little dependence, if any, of the JAGB magnitude with metallicity of the parent galaxy.
    [Show full text]
  • Henrietta Leavitt
    2 HENRIETTA LEAVITT BIOGRAPHY 980L HENRIETTA LEAVITT MEASURING DISTANCE IN THE UNIVERSE Born Died July 4, 1868 December 12, 1921 Lancaster, Massachusetts Cambridge, Massachusetts By Cynthia Stokes Brown, adapted by Newsela Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied distant stars that dim and brighten. These are called Cepheid variable stars. She made it possible for others to measure huge cosmic distances, discover additional galaxies, and begin mapping the Universe. 2 3 \Leavitt was a minister’s daughter. Her family moved frequently. period ranges from about one day to nearly four months. She attended the Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women, which is Leavitt studied thousands of photographs of these stars. She discovered now part of Harvard University. It was a school she had dreamed of a way to determine how bright they are and how far away they are. attending. In her senior year she discovered her calling — astronomy. She found that the longer a star’s period, the brighter it was. By comparing how bright a star appeared, and how bright it actually was, Leavitt could estimate how much of the star’s light had been lost while reaching Earth, At the Harvard College Observatory and how far away the star actually was. Leavitt liked astronomy so much that after graduation she became a volun- Leavitt published her first paper on the period-luminosity relationship in teer at the Harvard College Observatory as a “computer.” This was the 1908. Four years after that she published a table of the periods of 25 name used for women who examined tiny dots on photographs of the night Cepheid variables.
    [Show full text]
  • GTO Keypad Manual, V5.001
    ASTRO-PHYSICS GTO KEYPAD Version v5.xxx Please read the manual even if you are familiar with previous keypad versions Flash RAM Updates Keypad Java updates can be accomplished through the Internet. Check our web site www.astro-physics.com/software-updates/ November 11, 2020 ASTRO-PHYSICS KEYPAD MANUAL FOR MACH2GTO Version 5.xxx November 11, 2020 ABOUT THIS MANUAL 4 REQUIREMENTS 5 What Mount Control Box Do I Need? 5 Can I Upgrade My Present Keypad? 5 GTO KEYPAD 6 Layout and Buttons of the Keypad 6 Vacuum Fluorescent Display 6 N-S-E-W Directional Buttons 6 STOP Button 6 <PREV and NEXT> Buttons 7 Number Buttons 7 GOTO Button 7 ± Button 7 MENU / ESC Button 7 RECAL and NEXT> Buttons Pressed Simultaneously 7 ENT Button 7 Retractable Hanger 7 Keypad Protector 8 Keypad Care and Warranty 8 Warranty 8 Keypad Battery for 512K Memory Boards 8 Cleaning Red Keypad Display 8 Temperature Ratings 8 Environmental Recommendation 8 GETTING STARTED – DO THIS AT HOME, IF POSSIBLE 9 Set Up your Mount and Cable Connections 9 Gather Basic Information 9 Enter Your Location, Time and Date 9 Set Up Your Mount in the Field 10 Polar Alignment 10 Mach2GTO Daytime Alignment Routine 10 KEYPAD START UP SEQUENCE FOR NEW SETUPS OR SETUP IN NEW LOCATION 11 Assemble Your Mount 11 Startup Sequence 11 Location 11 Select Existing Location 11 Set Up New Location 11 Date and Time 12 Additional Information 12 KEYPAD START UP SEQUENCE FOR MOUNTS USED AT THE SAME LOCATION WITHOUT A COMPUTER 13 KEYPAD START UP SEQUENCE FOR COMPUTER CONTROLLED MOUNTS 14 1 OBJECTS MENU – HAVE SOME FUN!
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide Table of Contents
    STUDY GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS DIRECTOR’S NOTE 2 THE PLAYWRIGHT 6 HENRIETTA LEAVITT 7 ANNIE JUMP CANNON 9 WILLIAMINA FLEMING 10 EDWARD PICKERING 11 THE LIFE OF A COMPUTER AT HCO 12 STAR SPANKING! 13 TELESCOPES AND THE GREAT REFRACTOR AT HCO 14 GLOSSARY OF ASTRONOMICAL TERMS 15 AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY 17 THE CAST 18 TIMELINE 20 WHEN I HEARD THE LEARNED ASTRONOMER 21 AUDIENCE ETIQUETTE 22 STUDENT EVALUATION 23 TEACHER EVALUATION 24 2 3 4 5 THE PLAYWRIGHT LAUREN GUNDERSON is the most produced living playwright in America, the winner of the Lanford Wilson Award and the Steinberg/ATCA New Play Award, a finalist for the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize and John Gassner Award for Playwriting, and a recipient of the Mellon Foundation’s 3-Year Residency with Marin Theatre Co. She studied Southern Literature and Drama at Emory University, and Dramatic Writing at NYU’s Tisch School where she was a Reynolds Fellow in Social Entrepreneurship. Her work has been commissioned, produced and developed at companies across the US including the Denver Center (The Book Of Will), South Coast Rep (Emilie, Silent Sky), The Kennedy Center (The Amazing Adventures Of Dr. Wonderful And Her Dog!), the O’Neill Theatre Center, Berkeley Rep, Shotgun Players, TheatreWorks, Crowded Fire, San Francisco Playhouse, Marin Theatre, Synchronicity, Olney Theatre, Geva, and more. Her work is published by Dramatists Play Service (Silent Sky, Bauer), Playscripts (I and You; Exit, Pursued by a Bear; and Toil and Trouble), and Samuel French (Emilie). She is a Playwright in Residence at The Playwrights Foundation, and a proud Dramatists Guild member.
    [Show full text]
  • Observational Cosmology - 30H Course 218.163.109.230 Et Al
    Observational cosmology - 30h course 218.163.109.230 et al. (2004–2014) PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 31 Oct 2013 03:42:03 UTC Contents Articles Observational cosmology 1 Observations: expansion, nucleosynthesis, CMB 5 Redshift 5 Hubble's law 19 Metric expansion of space 29 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 41 Cosmic microwave background 47 Hot big bang model 58 Friedmann equations 58 Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 62 Distance measures (cosmology) 68 Observations: up to 10 Gpc/h 71 Observable universe 71 Structure formation 82 Galaxy formation and evolution 88 Quasar 93 Active galactic nucleus 99 Galaxy filament 106 Phenomenological model: LambdaCDM + MOND 111 Lambda-CDM model 111 Inflation (cosmology) 116 Modified Newtonian dynamics 129 Towards a physical model 137 Shape of the universe 137 Inhomogeneous cosmology 143 Back-reaction 144 References Article Sources and Contributors 145 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 148 Article Licenses License 150 Observational cosmology 1 Observational cosmology Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. Early observations The science of physical cosmology as it is practiced today had its subject material defined in the years following the Shapley-Curtis debate when it was determined that the universe had a larger scale than the Milky Way galaxy. This was precipitated by observations that established the size and the dynamics of the cosmos that could be explained by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Astronomy: an Introductory Resource Guide
    Women in Astronomy: An Introductory Resource Guide by Andrew Fraknoi (Fromm Institute, University of San Francisco) [April 2019] © copyright 2019 by Andrew Fraknoi. All rights reserved. For permission to use, or to suggest additional materials, please contact the author at e-mail: fraknoi {at} fhda {dot} edu This guide to non-technical English-language materials is not meant to be a comprehensive or scholarly introduction to the complex topic of the role of women in astronomy. It is simply a resource for educators and students who wish to begin exploring the challenges and triumphs of women of the past and present. It’s also an opportunity to get to know the lives and work of some of the key women who have overcome prejudice and exclusion to make significant contributions to our field. We only include a representative selection of living women astronomers about whom non-technical material at the level of beginning astronomy students is easily available. Lack of inclusion in this introductory list is not meant to suggest any less importance. We also don’t include Wikipedia articles, although those are sometimes a good place for students to begin. Suggestions for additional non-technical listings are most welcome. Vera Rubin Annie Cannon & Henrietta Leavitt Maria Mitchell Cecilia Payne ______________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents: 1. Written Resources on the History of Women in Astronomy 2. Written Resources on Issues Women Face 3. Web Resources on the History of Women in Astronomy 4. Web Resources on Issues Women Face 5. Material on Some Specific Women Astronomers of the Past: Annie Cannon Margaret Huggins Nancy Roman Agnes Clerke Henrietta Leavitt Vera Rubin Williamina Fleming Antonia Maury Charlotte Moore Sitterly Caroline Herschel Maria Mitchell Mary Somerville Dorrit Hoffleit Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Beatrice Tinsley Helen Sawyer Hogg Dorothea Klumpke Roberts 6.
    [Show full text]