Research and Development: Selected R & D Highlights

• In summary, 655 establishments in Ohio were engaging in investable and scalable technology, as well as tech- R & D in the engineering and the physical and life sciences enabled companies. (NAICS 54171) during 2016—a 6.0 percent increase from • The state of Ohio has six Edison Technology Centers 2014. At least 80 percent are located in Ohio’s six larger dedicated to technological innovation: metropolitan areas: o MAGNET (Manufacturing Advocacy and Growth o Akron (37, with 30 in Summit County) Network) located in Cleveland contributes to o Cincinnati (136, with 82 in Hamilton County) innovation in the manufacturing sector, and o Cleveland (145, with 119 in Cuyahoga County) conducts contract research for government o Columbus (111, with 85 in Franklin County) agencies. o Dayton (76, with 40 in Greene County and 34 in o TechSolve, Inc. is a technical consulting center Montgomery County) in Cincinnati that provides innovative solutions o Toledo (23, with 15 in Lucas County) to improve operational efficiencies for the • Battelle Memorial Institute, headquartered in Columbus, manufacturing, healthcare, and aerospace & has five locations in Ohio throughout three counties. defense industries. Battelle works to be a major force in science and o EWI (Edison Welding Institute) is the largest technology discovery with both government and nonprofit, industrial-driven engineering commercial offerings. organization dedicated to the development, • The National Cancer Institute has two Comprehensive testing, and implementation of manufacturing Cancer Centers located in Ohio; the Case Comprehensive technologies. Located in Columbus, EWI works Cancer Center in Cleveland and The Ohio State in the aerospace, automotive, consumer Comprehensive Cancer Center in Columbus. products, electronics, medial, energy & • GE-Aviation, headquartered in Cincinnati, is a world- chemical, government and heavy leading manufacturer and service provider for jet engines. manufacturing industries. EPISCENTER (Electrical Power Integrated Systems o CIFT (Center for Innovative Food Technology) in Research and Development Center), located in Dayton, Toledo is a provider of technical innovations creates new advanced electrical power technologies. and solutions for the food processing, • The NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland designs agribusiness, and agricultural sectors. and develops innovative technology to advance NASA’s o BioOhio in Columbus is a nonprofit organization missions in aeronautics and space exploration. Plum that accelerates the bioscience industry, Brook Station, a remote test facility for NASA Glenn, is research, and education. located in Sandusky. It is the world’s only facility capable o PolymerOhio, located in Westerville, is focused of testing full-scale, upper-stage launch vehicles and on enhancing the polymer industry’s rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions. competitiveness and growth. A study conducted by Cleveland State University found • OAI (Ohio Aerospace Institute), with locations in that the NASA Glenn Research Center generates over Cleveland and Dayton, works to enhance aerospace $700 million in economic activity. competitiveness through research and technology • The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Research Laboratory development. OAI is a joint initiative of the NASA Glenn is a global technical enterprise located near Dayton that Research Center and the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base focuses on the discovery, development, and integration Research Laboratory. of affordable warfighting technologies for the air, space, • The Propulsion and Power Center at The Ohio State and cyberspace force. University in Columbus focuses on research and • Ohio Third Frontier facilitates R&D through a number of technology development related to aerospace, aviation, programs meant to accelerate the creation and growth of & flight activities, marine based power generation, wind turbines, energy needs, and the environment.

Research and Development: Performance by Sector (in millions) R & D Funds State Govt., $1, 0% Federal Govt., $705, 6% Performance Overview

• In 2014, research and development (R & D) expenditures in the state of Ohio totaled 12.01 billion dollars1, according to the National Higher Education, $2,159, 18% Science Foundation (NSF). Ohio ranked 11th 2. • Nearly three quarters of R & D activity was done by for-profit Non-Profits, business. Higher education followed at about 18.0 percent of funds $195, 2% spent. Business, $8,945, 74% • The Federal government spent $705 million on R & D, ranking Ohio 12th. Expenditures by the State of Ohio for its own purposes were $1 Total: $12,005 million, ranking the state 26th according to the NSF. Source: National Science Foundation Funding Overview Funding by Sector (in • For profit businesses were the sources of most R & D funds, millions) Higher Education, $405, 3% spending over $6.3 billion in Ohio during 2014. The federal government followed with over $3.3 billion. These sectors Federal Govt., $3,251, 27% combined accounted for 80% of all R & D funding. • Higher education institutions spent $405 million on R & D—3.0 State & Local percent of total expenditures. Expenditures by the state, local Govt., $136, 1% governments, and nonprofits combined for 2.0 percent of the total. Spending from all other sources amounted to 15.0 percent of the total. Non Profit, $95, 1% Business, The Roles of Businesses All Others, $1,855, 15% $6,313, 53%

• $6.1 billion of the $9.1-plus billion (67.0 percent) either received or spent by businesses for R & D were generated in the business Total: $12,005 sector for its own purposes. Source: National Science Foundation • Ohio businesses supplied $2.8 billion to the Federal government and other organizations. R & D by and for Businesses • Businesses turned to higher education institutions for 2.0 percent (in millions) of the R & D services they required. For Federal Govt., $1,053, 12%

Own, $6,137, 67%

For All Others, $1,755, Total 19% Recieved or Spent by Business For Business by Higher Education, $176, 2% for R & D: $9,121 Source: National Science Foundation

Research and Development: The Trend in Ohio

Higher Education $4,000 3.40% 3.40% 4.00% 3.35% 3.24% 3.24% 3.21% $3,500 3.14% 3.50% Research and Development $3,000 3.00% $2,222 $2,500 $2,052 $2,129 $2,168 $2,159 $2,153 2.50% $1,948 • Nearly $2 billion was spent by 19 higher education $2,000 2.00% institutions in Ohio in the fiscal year 2015 on R & D in $1,500 1.50% natural sciences, math, computer and engineering fields. $1,000 1.00% 66.0 percent of funds were spent on life sciences, followed Millions Millions Dollars of $500 0.50% by 23.0 percent on engineering; physical sciences spent 6.0 $0 0.00% percent of the remaining 11.0 percent. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 • Higher education institutions, both public and private, have Ohio a as Percent the of U.S. engaged in R & D research over the past several years, Higher Education R & D Expenditures according the NSF. Expenditures have risen from less than Expenditures as a Percent of the U.S. 1 $1.9 billion dollars to more than $2.1 billion . Source: National Science Foundation • Higher education institutions’ collective share of all national academic R & D has decreased slightly from 3.43 Where the Money Was Spent in percent to 3.14 percent, ranking Ohio 11th among the states. FY 2015 (in millions) • Significant spending in life sciences and engineering by Engineering, Ohio institutions accounted for 3.32 percent and 3.95 $437.6, 23% NEC, $24.8, percent of total national expenditures. 1% • Within the life sciences, the seven medical schools within Ohio spend over $1 billion on R & D in the fiscal year 2015, Environmental Sciences, $23.3, 1% 4.5 percent of the national total. • Case Western and the University of Cincinnati both spent Physical Sciences, over $400 million on R & D while Ohio State spent over $124.7, 6% $800 million on R & D in the 2015 fiscal year. Their Life Sciences, $1,288.2, 66% combined spending made up 77.9 percent of the higher Math & Computer Science, education R & D expenditures in Ohio. $50.6, 3% Total: $1,949.3 • 61.0 percent of the $2.15 billion spent by Ohio’s higher Source: National Science Foundation education institutions for R & D came from governmental sources, with the Federal government funding 56.0 percent. 19.0 percent of funds were supplied by the Funding Sources in FY2015 (in institution themselves, and 8.0 percent was provided by millions) businesses. Non-profit organizations and other sources State & Local Gov't, (NEC) made up the remaining 7.0 percent. $122.3, 6%

Federal Govt., Training All Other Sources, $1,268.9, 59% $39.2, 2% • 12 public and 3 private universities have awarded 7,609 PhDs in more than 30 specific fields of engineering, health, Non-Profits, $100.9, 5% math and natural sciences in fiscal years 2009 through 2015 according to the Ohio Dept. of Higher Education. Business, Ohio State University, Case Western Reserve, and the $185.2, 8% University of Cincinnati accounted for 67.3 percent of the total. Institution Funds, $436.3, 20% Total: • 121 higher education institutions in Ohio offer various $2,152.8 degrees and certificates in 40 specific fields associated Source: National Science Foundation Tot with high-tech occupations.

Research and Development: Industry Employment by "High- Tech" Level Industry Trends and Projections 350 299.7 293.4 296.3 309.5 307.5 Recent Employment Trends 300 81.7 79.7 250 80.2 81.5 82.2 • 312,389 people worked in Ohio’s high-tech industries in 2016 45.3 200 47.1 45.6 46.1 46.3 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S. BLS). This is a 150 net increase of 12,734 people since 2014. 100

• Level 1 industries (high-tech occupations account for at least 24.7 166.2 169.2 171.4 181.5 182.6 NumberJobs of percent of all industry employment) continue to add significant 50 numbers of jobs. Level 2 industries (high-tech occupations 0 comprise 14.7 to 24.7 percent of all industry jobs) fluctuate 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 around 46,000 jobs. Level 3 industries (portions of high tech jobs Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 9.8 to 14.7 percent of all industry jobs) have begun a decreasing Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics trend since 2014. • High-tech industries may be broken up into two groups: goods- "High-Tech" Industry producing (machinery, chemical, and semi-conductor-based industries) and service-providing (selected professional, scientific, Employment by Sector 350 technical and telecommunication/internet activities). Service 299.7 304.7 307.5 providing industries maintain steady growth while goods- 300 293.4 296.3 producing industries declined in 2016. 250 • Computer systems design (NAICS 5415) and research and 174.6 179.1 200 166.8 170.2 172.8 development in the physical, engineering and life sciences (NAICS 54171) have the largest growth from 2012 to 2016. Engineering 150 (54133) has remained relatively stable. 100

Thousands Jobs of 126.6 126.1 126.8 130.1 128.4 Projected Employment for Selected Industries3 50 0 • Total employment in high-tech industries may rise 3.3 percent 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 from 258,870 in 2014 to 267,460 by 2024—prediction from the Service-Providing Industries Goods-Producing Industries Ohio Department of Job and Family Services’ Labor Market Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Information division (ODJFS/LMI). In comparison, the total number of jobs in Ohio are projected to rise 5.3 percent from 5.6 million to 5.9 million during the same time. Projected "High-Tech" • Summary employment in Level 1 industries may rise 10.2 percent Employment for Selected from 157,560 to 173,610. Industries • Summary employment in high-tech services may rise 7.5 percent 200.0 from 157,500 to 169,280. 175.0 • Computer systems design and related services and software 173.6 150.0 169.3 publishers are both included in the top 30 industries with the 157.6 125.0 157.5 fastest job growth at 22.4 percent and 20.5 percent, respectively. Both industries are Level 1 industries. 100.0 75.0 101.4 98.2 50.0 60.4

Thousands Jobs of 25.0 56.9 37.8 34.3 0.0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Goods Services 2014 Actual Source: ODJFS/LMI 2024 Projected

Research and Development: Patents by Ohio Residents 4000 3,688 3.50% 3,755 3,590 3,177 3,387 Activities 3500 3.00% 3000 2.92% 2.50% 2.80% 2.76% Patents 2500 2.60% 2.55% 2.00% 3,365 • 17,597 utility patents4 were granted to individuals and 2000 3,334 3,223 2,865 3,086 1.50% organizations located in Ohio from 2011 to 2015. 1500

• 90 percent of the patents went to organizations with operations 1000 1.00% NumberPatents of in Ohio. Proctor & Gamble led with over 1300 patents, followed 500 0.50% by Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Honda Motor Co, Ltd., and General 354 390 367 0 312 301 0.00% Electric, all with over 500 patents. 16 more organizations had Totalas Percent a the of U.S. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 over 100 patents from 2011 to 2015. Individuals Organizations • 13 universities in Ohio were granted 733 patents. Case Western Total as Percent of U.S. Reserve University led with 161 patents. Source: U.S. Patent Office • Ohio ranked 12th among U.S. states and territories in patents received with an average share of 2.73 percent of the U.S. during 2011-2015. Ohio Business R & D

Research and Development Projects, SBIR Grants $10,500 3.06% 2.63% 3.50% $9,000 2.57% 3.00% • Businesses in Ohio spent $6.1 billion1 on R & D projects in 2014 2.38% $7,500 2.50% according to the National Science Foundation, accounting for 2.63 $2,808 $2,353 $2,536 percent of total U.S. R & D spending. Ohio ranked 12th in the $6,000 $1,590 2.00% nation. (It is important to consider that California accounts for $4,500 1.50% nearly 30% of all business R & D performance) $3,000 $5,582 $6,137 1.00% • Business R & D performance increased 28 percent from 2011 to $5,403 $5,402 2014. Millions Invested $1,500 0.50% • 836 awards for Small Business Innovation Research totaling $- 0.00% $357,231,495.20 were made to Ohio companies in the 2012-2016 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ohio a as Percent the of U.S. fiscal years according to the U.S. Small Business Administration. Paid for by Others Both figures were 3.7 percent of U.S. totals, ranking Ohio 9th in Paid for by the Company both number of awards and total obligations. Source: National Science Foundation Venture Capital Deals Venture Capital Deal Flow $600 186 200 • Venture capital deal flow is a measure of the number of potential 168 164 175 investments that a fund reviews in any given period. In 2016, 135 $500 $510 135 deals were closed in Ohio, with $362.33 million of capital invested, $480 150 $400 according to the National Venture Capital Association. Ohio $440 125 ranked 13th for number of deals made and 20th in capital invested $300 $362 100 for that year. 75

• Total assets under management in Ohio have grown 45 percent $200 Deals Made 50 since 2012, totaling over $1.5 billion assets under management in Millions Dollars of $100 2016. This growth coincided with startup demand. Growth in Ohio 25 followed national trends, peaking in 2015 and normalizing in 2016. $- - • Specifically, companies in the Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor area closed 2013 2014 2015 2016 36 deals with $97.32 million invested and those in the Columbus Number of Deals Capital Invested area closed 31 deals with $62.01 million invested, accounting for Source: National Venture Capital Association 50 percent of the deals made and 44 percent of capital invested in 2016.

Research and Development: "High-Tech" Employment Total: 262,030 Work Force Engineers, etc., Occupations 93,770 , 36% Computer/Math, • 262,030 people were employed in Ohio in the innovative 140,120 , 53% occupations in the computer, math, engineering, life and physical science fields in 2016. This is a 6.7 percent increase Life/Physical Scientists, 28,140 , 11% since 2014. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics • 134,580 worked in computer fields as researchers, Ohio's Shares of Selected "High-Tech" programmers, analysts, administrators, technicians or support Occupations (2016) personnel; 5,540 worked in math related fields. This is an 8.5 percent Occupation Percent increase since 2014. of U.S. • 66,200 worked as engineers; while 22,860 did related drafting and Jobs technical work; 4,710 worked in architecture related fields. This is a 4.1 All Occupations 3.80% percent increase since 2014. "High Tech" Occupations 3.50% • 17,090 were life and physical scientists, while 11,050 were related Computer/Math 3.36% technicians. This is a 7.1 percent increase since 2014. Computer Systems Analysts 4.78% Software Developers, Applications 4.20% Ohio’s Shares of U.S. Jobs Computer Network Support Specialists 5.10% Actuaries 4.96% • 29 specific computer, math, engineering, life and physical science Engineers, Etc. 3.79% Landscape Architects 3.91% occupations are concentrated in Ohio, i.e., Ohio’s share of these “high- Aerospace Engineers 7.14% tech” jobs is greater than its summary proportion of 3.80 percent. Agricultural Engineers 4.55% • Computer-related jobs concentrated here include administrators, Chemical Engineers 4.47% systems analysts, software applications developers, and support Industrial Engineers 5.74% specialists. Materials Engineers 5.93% • Actuaries are the only mathematical occupation represented, which Mechanical Engineers 5.22% reflects the concentration of the insurance industry. Engineers, all other 5.66% • The different types of engineering occupations and their associated Mechanical Drafters 3.83% drafters and technicians concentrated in Ohio denote the presence of Drafters, all other 7.73% aerospace, chemical, and machine industries as well as the Industrial Engineering Technicians 5.06% manufacturing industry. Mechanical Engineering Technicians 5.01% Engineering Technicians, all other 4.39% • The concentration of scientists and their associated technicians reflect Life/Physical Scientists 3.35% the food processing and chemical industries as well as the presence of Food Scientists and Technologists 5.28% research facilities. Medical Scientists, except Epidemiologists 5.28% Chemists 4.74% Researchers and Technicians as Entrepreneurs Materials Scientists 8.26% Hydrologists 3.97% • In 2015, approximately 4.5 percent of computer, engineering, and Biological Technicians 3.92% science workers in Ohio were self-employed. Chemical Technicians 5.74% Environmental Science and Protection • 4.3 percent of computer and mathematical workers were self- Technicians, including Health 4.64% employed, 3.2 percent of architecture and engineering workers were Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics self-employed, and 9.6 percent of life, physical, and social science were Entrepreneurs Among Researchers, etc. (2015) self-employed. Occupation Self- Other Privately Employed Employed Computer/Math 5,100 118,600 Engineering, etc. 2,800 86,600 Life/physical sciences 2,600 27,200 Total 10,500 232,400 Source: U.S. Census Bureau5

Research and Development: Work Force Trends and Projections Recent Trends in "High-Tech" 300.0 Occupations 257.2 262.0 Recent Occupational Trends 241.5 245.5 229.0 236.2 250.0 28.5 28.1 26.3 • The number of high-tech workers in Ohio rose 14.4 percent 23.0 23.8 25.0 200.0 from 229,040 to 262,030 during the 2011-2016 period 92.5 93.8 81.0 83.7 86.0 90.1 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (U.S. BLS) 150.0 annual May Occupational Employment Surveys. In comparison, total employment in Ohio rose 7.2 percent in 100.0 the same period. 125.0 128.7 130.5 129.1 136.2 140.1 Thousands Jobs of 50.0 • Ohio’s portion of high-tech jobs in the U.S. has remained constant over the past five years at 3.5 percent. 0.0 • High-tech employment in Ohio is largely made up of 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 computer and math related occupations, which rose 12.1 Computer/Math Architects/Engineers Life/Physical Sciences

percent from 125,020 to 140,120, adding over 15,000 jobs. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics6 Specifically, software application developers, computer user support specialists, and operations research analysts have had significant growth. Projected Growth of "High-Tech" • Architectural and engineering related jobs have grown 15.8 Occupations 180 percent without interruption since 2011, adding 12,770 jobs. 155.81 160 In this area, industrial and mechanical engineers have added 138.09 140 a significant amount of jobs. 120 • Life and physical science occupations have grown 22.2 100 89.63 91.23 percent, an addition of over 5,000 jobs, since 2011. In this 80 area, medical and biological scientists have had the largest 60 job growth. 40 25.78 27.25 Thousands ofJobs 20 Projected Growth 0 Computer/Math Engineering, Life/Physical • The number of people in Ohio working in high-tech etc. Sciences occupations may rise 8.2 percent, from 253,500 in 2014 to 274,290 in 2024 according to the Department of Job and Solid- 2014 Counts Source: ODJFS/LMI6 Pattern- 2024 Projections Family Services’ Labor Market Division (ODJFS/LMI). In comparison, the total number of jobs in the state of Ohio is forecast to rise 5.3 percent in the same time.

• Computer and math related occupations may rise 12.8 percent from 138,090 to 155,810. Within this category, "High-Tech" Occupations Forecast to Add More Than growth may be driven by the addition of computer 1,000 Jobs by 2024 systems analysts, web developers, software application Occupation Predicted Job Gains developers, and computer user support specialists. These Computer Systems Analyst 5,990 four jobs alone may add over 14,000 jobs. Fourteen of the Software Developer, Application 4,670 sixteen occupations in this category are forecast to gain Computer User Support Specialist 2,250 jobs. Web Developers 1,380 • Architectural and engineering jobs may rise 1.8 percent Source: ODJFS/LMI from 89,630 to 91,230. 19 of the 32 occupations are forecast to gain jobs, led by civil engineering. • Life and physical science jobs may rise 5.7 percent from 25,780 to 27,250. Twenty-one of the twenty-five occupations in this category are forecast to gain jobs, led by environmental health specialists and environmental scientists/technicians. 2016 Employment in "High-Tech" Industries7 NAICS Industry Name Jobs in Ohio Jobs in U.S. Ohio as Code Percent of the U.S.

Total 5,337,890 140,400,040 3.80% Levels 1-3 307,545 9,473,946 3.25% Level 1 182,553 6,699,923 2.72% 3254 Pharmaceutical & medicine mfg. 4,844 285,501 1.70% 3341 Computer & peripheral eqpt. mfg. 1,297 164,203 0.79% 3342 Communications eqpt. mfg. 1,742 85,739 2.03% 3344 Semiconductor & other electronic component mfg. 6,241 365,376 1.71% 3345 Navigational, measuring, electro-medical & control instruments mfg. 10,707 394,353 2.72% 3364 Aerospace products & parts mfg. 18,603 486,372 3.82% 5112 Software publishers 6,315 354,374 1.78% 5179 Other telecommunications 2,615 78,538 3.33% 5182 Data processing, hosting & related services 6,603 300,667 2.20% 51913 Internet publishing & broadcasting & web search portals 4,917 202,968 2.42% 54131 Architectural services 5,406 181,692 2.98% 54132 Landscape architectural services 420 33,196 1.27% 54133 Engineering services 25,935 934,693 2.77% 54134 Drafting services 395 8,505 4.64% 54136 Geophysical surveying & mapping services 249 14,580 1.71% 54137 Other surveying & mapping services 1,069 45,807 2.33% 54138 Testing laboratories 6,731 165,794 4.06% 5415 Computer systems design & related services 59,445 1,976,621 3.01% 54171 R & D in physical, engineering and life sciences 19,019 620,944 3.06% Level 2 45,272 1,127,326 4.02% 2111 Oil & gas extraction 1,650 174,961 0.94% 2211 Electric power generation, transmission, & distribution 12,606 391,863 3.22% 3251 Basic chemical mfg. 9,703 148,491 6.53% 3252 Resin, synthetic rubber & fibers & filaments mfg. 5,566 93,221 5.97% 3332 Industrial machinery mfg. 9,694 111,307 8.71% 3333 Commercial & service industry machinery mfg. 3,685 89,394 4.12% 3343 Audio & video eqpt. mfg. 170 19,503 0.87% 3346 Mfg. & reproducing magnetic & optical media 249 15,117 1.65% 54162 Environmental consulting 1,949 83,469 2.33% Level 3 79,720 1,646,697 4.84% 32411 Petroleum refineries 2,161 69,152 3.13% 3253 Pesticide, fertilizer & other agricultural chemical mfg. 2,007 35,215 5.70% 3255 Paint, coating & adhesive mfg. 7,903 61,539 12.84% 3259 Other chemical product & preparation mfg. 4,961 81,124 6.12% 3336 Engine, turbine & power transmission eqpt. mfg. 3,916 97,539 4.01% 3339 Other general-purpose machinery mfg. 24,257 258,208 9.39% 3353 Electrical eqpt. mfg. 8,187 138,613 5.91% 3369 Other transportation eqpt. mfg. 853 33,542 2.54% 4861 Pipeline transportation of crude oil - 11,253 0.00% 4862 Pipeline transportation of natural gas 487 28,980 1.68% 4869 Other pipeline transportation - 8,725 0.00% 5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 20,126 589,590 3.41% 5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers (exc. satellite) 1,547 122,654 1.26% 5174 Satellite telecommunications 59 7,806 0.76% 8112 Electronic & precision eqpt. repair & maintenance 3,256 102,757 3.17% Bold type refers to industries that are concentrated in Ohio.

Notes: 1. This includes small percentages for social science as well as non-science research. 2. Although some R&D is performed in U.S. territories, ranks consider only the states and the District of Columbia. 3. The Ohio Department of Jobs and Family Services does not make projections for very small industries; data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics is incomparable. 4. Utility patents are given for original inventions, as opposed to design patents or trademarks. 5. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census figures differ due to different methodologies. 6. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Ohio Department of Jobs and Family Services Labor Market Division differs due to different time lengths and other methodological differences. 7. Industry and industry level definitions are drawn from “High-technology employment: a NAICS-based update,” by Daniel F. Heckler.