DOCSLIB.ORG

Vision Screening Procedures for Infancy, Childhood and Schoolage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vision Screening Procedures for Infancy, Childhood and Schoolage Vision Screening Procedures for Infancy, Childhood and School Age Children Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) Community and Family Health Division Maternal and Child Health Section Vision Screening Procedures for Infancy, Childhood and School Age Children Revised September 2017 For more information, contact: Minnesota Department of Health Maternal and Child Health Section Child and Adolescent Health Unit PO Box 64882 St. Paul, MN 55164-0882 MDH C&TC website (www.health.state.mn.us) Contents Background and Overview 5 Purpose and Rationale .................................................................................................................... 5 Minnesota’s Vision Screening Programs ......................................................................................... 5 Pediatric Eye Screening or Evaluation 6 Professional Academy Recommendations...................................................................................... 6 Minnesota Department of Health Recommendations ................................................................... 6 Child and Teen Checkups (C&TC) .................................................................................................... 6 Facility ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Equipment ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Vision Screening Preparation 10 General Considerations: C&TC Setting ......................................................................................... 10 Preparing For Mass Vision Screening ............................................................................................ 11 Rescreening, Referral, Follow-Up, and Program Evaluation ......................................................... 14 Vision Screening Procedures 16 Child and Family Vision History Taking ......................................................................................... 17 External Inspection and Observation ............................................................................................ 19 Binocular Fix and Follow ............................................................................................................... 21 Corneal Light Reflex ...................................................................................................................... 23 Unilateral Cover Test - At Near ..................................................................................................... 24 Unilateral Cover Test - At Distance ............................................................................................... 25 Visual Acuity .................................................................................................................................. 26 Distance Visual Acuity Screening - LEA SYMBOLS® or HOTV wall charts ...................................... 27 Distance Visual Acuity Screening - LEA SYMBOLS®/HOTV flip chart ............................................. 30 Distance Visual Acuity Screening - Sloan Letters .......................................................................... 33 Plus Lens Screening ....................................................................................................................... 35 Color Vision ................................................................................................................................... 36 Stereo Acuity Test: Random Dot E (Optional) ............................................................................... 37 Stereo Acuity Test: Stereo Butterfly (Optional) ............................................................................ 39 Procedures for Health Care Personnel 40 Pupillary Light Response ............................................................................................................... 41 Retinal (Red Light) Reflex .............................................................................................................. 43 Instrument Based Vision Screening 44 Overview and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 44 Considerations .............................................................................................................................. 44 Minnesota Expert Panel on Childhood Vision Screening 46 Expert Panel .................................................................................................................................. 46 Minnesota Department of Health Staff 46 Staff Member ................................................................................................................................ 46 Resources, Glossary, & References 48 Online vision resources ................................................................................................................. 48 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................... 49 References .................................................................................................................................... 53 Forms, Questionnaires, and Practice Sheets 55 Teacher and Child Vision Pre-Screening Worksheet ..................................................................... 56 Child Vision History Questionnaire for Parent/Caregiver ............................................................. 58 Vision Screening Worksheet ......................................................................................................... 61 Vision Referral Letter .................................................................................................................... 65 Color Vision Advisory Letter .......................................................................................................... 67 Child and Teen Checkups Online Resources ................................................................................. 68 Prescreening LEA SYMBOLS ® Practice Sheet ............................................................................... 69 Prescreening HOTV Practice Sheet ............................................................................................... 70 Background and Overview Purpose and Rationale Vision screening is a set of procedures performed by properly trained persons for the purpose of early identification of children who may have vision problems and referral to appropriate medical professionals for further evaluation. The procedures in this manual were developed based on recommendations put forward by a panel of Minnesota-based vision screening experts who came from a cross-section of screening programs and professional organizations. The Expert Panel on Childhood Vision Screening was convened by the MDH Community and Family Health Division and met four times between April and June, 2015. The expert panel reviewed national vision screening recommendations from the American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) and others, revised the vision screening procedures, and developed a guideline document. The expert panel and other contributors are identified in the section titled Minnesota Expert Panel on Childhood Vision Screening near the end of the manual. Impaired vision in children can contribute to the development of learning problems which may be prevented or alleviated through early identification and intervention. Children with impaired vision often are not aware of their impairment; therefore, they do not complain or seek help. If they have always seen things in a blurred or distorted way, they accept the imperfect image without question. It is up to adults responsible for children’s health care and education to assure that children have their vision screened on a regular basis. Minnesota’s Vision Screening Programs This vision screening training manual provides the screener with instructional information to conduct vision screenings in schools or clinics. The screening procedures herein serve as guidelines for Child and Teen Checkups (C&TC), Head Start, Early Childhood Screening, and school programs. Child and Teen Checkups (C&TC) - (federally titled Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment [EPSDT]) is a program administered by the Minnesota Department of Human Services for children and teens enrolled in Medical Assistance under Minnesota Statute MS 256B.04-256B.0625. The Minnesota Department of Health provides health recommendations to the program. For more information refer to the Minnesota Child and Teen Checkups Provider Guide (www.mn.gov/dhs) Head Start - Head Start and Early Head Start are comprehensive child development programs which serve children from birth to age 5. They are child-focused programs and have the overall goal of increasing the school readiness of young children in low-income families. Minnesota Head Start follows Child and Teen Checkup guidelines. For more information refer to the Minnesota Head Start Page (www.mnheadstart.org). Early Childhood - Early Childhood Screening or evidence of a comparable screening by a non-school provider (e.g., Head Start, Child and Teen Checkups/EPSDT or a health care provider) is required for entrance in Minnesota’s public schools or within 30 days of enrollment into kindergarten (MS 121A.16- 121A.17). Early Childhood Screening is offered throughout the year by local school districts. For
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ophthalmological Findings in Children and Adolescents with Silver Russell
    Ophthalmological findings in children and adolescents with Silver Russell Syndrome Marita Andersson Gronlund, Jovanna Dahlgren, Eva Aring, Maria Kraemer, Ann Hellstrom To cite this version: Marita Andersson Gronlund, Jovanna Dahlgren, Eva Aring, Maria Kraemer, Ann Hellstrom. Oph- thalmological findings in children and adolescents with Silver Russell Syndrome. British Journal of Ophthalmology, BMJ Publishing Group, 2010, 95 (5), pp.637. 10.1136/bjo.2010.184457. hal- 00588358 HAL Id: hal-00588358 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00588358 Submitted on 23 Apr 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ophthalmological findings in children and adolescents with Silver Russell Syndrome M Andersson Grönlund, MD, PhD1, J Dahlgren, MD, PhD2, E Aring, CO, PhD1, M Kraemer, MD1, A Hellström, MD, PhD1 1Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Ophthalmology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. 2Institute for the Health of Women and Children, Gothenburg Paediatric Growth Research Centre (GP-GRC), The Sahlgrenska
    [Show full text]
  • A Patient & Parent Guide to Strabismus Surgery
    A Patient & Parent Guide to Strabismus Surgery By George R. Beauchamp, M.D. Paul R. Mitchell, M.D. Table of Contents: Part I: Background Information 1. Basic Anatomy and Functions of the Extra-ocular Muscles 2. What is Strabismus? 3. What Causes Strabismus? 4. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Strabismus? 5. Why is Strabismus Surgery Performed? Part II: Making a Decision 6. What are the Options in Strabismus Treatment? 7. The Preoperative Consultation 8. Choosing Your Surgeon 9. Risks, Benefits, Limitations and Alternatives to Surgery 10. How is Strabismus Surgery Performed? 11. Timing of Surgery Part III: What to Expect Around the Time of Surgery 12. Before Surgery 13. During Surgery 14. After Surgery 15. What are the Potential Complications? 16. Myths About Strabismus Surgery Part IV: Additional Matters to Consider 17. About Children and Strabismus Surgery 18. About Adults and Strabismus Surgery 19. Why if May be Important to a Person to Have Strabismus Surgery (and How Much) Part V: A Parent’s Perspective on Strabismus Surgery 20. My Son’s Diagnosis and Treatment 21. Growing Up with Strabismus 22. Increasing Signs that Surgery Was Needed 23. Making the Decision to Proceed with Surgery 24. Explaining Eye Surgery to My Son 25. After Surgery Appendix Part I: Background Information Chapter 1: Basic Anatomy and Actions of the Extra-ocular Muscles The muscles that move the eye are called the extra-ocular muscles. There are six of them on each eye. They work together in pairs—complementary (or yoke) muscles pulling the eyes in the same direction(s), and opposites (or antagonists) pulling the eyes in opposite directions.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus 2017-2019
    Academy MOC Essentials® Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum 2017–2019 Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus *** Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus 2 © AAO 2017-2019 Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability As a service to its members and American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) diplomates, the American Academy of Ophthalmology has developed the Practicing Ophthalmologists Curriculum (POC) as a tool for members to prepare for the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) -related examinations. The Academy provides this material for educational purposes only. The POC should not be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed at obtaining the best results. The physician must make the ultimate judgment about the propriety of the care of a particular patient in light of all the circumstances presented by that patient. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind, from negligence or otherwise, for any and all claims that may arise out of the use of any information contained herein. References to certain drugs, instruments, and other products in the POC are made for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to constitute an endorsement of such. Such material may include information on applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use, and to use them with appropriate patient consent in compliance with applicable law.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved and Unapproved Abbreviations and Symbols For
    Facility: Illinois College of Optometry and Illinois Eye Institute Policy: Approved And Unapproved Abbreviations and Symbols for Medical Records Manual: Information Management Effective: January 1999 Revised: March 2009 (M.Butz) Review Dates: March 2003 (V.Conrad) March 2008 (M.Butz) APPROVED AND UNAPPROVED ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS FOR MEDICAL RECORDS PURPOSE: To establish a database of acceptable ocular and medical abbreviations for patient medical records. To list the abbreviations that are NOT approved for use in patient medical records. POLICY: Following is the list of abbreviations that are NOT approved – never to be used – for use in patient medical records, all orders, and all medication-related documentation that is either hand-written (including free-text computer entry) or pre-printed: DO NOT USE POTENTIAL PROBLEM USE INSTEAD U (unit) Mistaken for “0” (zero), the Write “unit” number “4”, or “cc” IU (international unit) Mistaken for “IV” (intravenous) Write “international unit” or the number 10 (ten). Q.D., QD, q.d., qd (daily) Mistaken for each other Write “daily” Q.O.D., QOD, q.o.d., qod Period after the Q mistaken for Write (“every other day”) (every other day) “I” and the “O” mistaken for “I” Trailing zero (X.0 mg) ** Decimal point is missed. Write X mg Lack of leading zero (.X mg) Decimal point is missed. Write 0.X mg MS Can mean morphine sulfate or Write “morphine sulfate” or magnesium sulfate “magnesium sulfate” MSO4 and MgSO4 Confused for one another Write “morphine sulfate” or “magnesium sulfate” ** Exception: A trailing zero may be used only where required to demonstrate the level of precision of the value being reported, such as for laboratory results, imaging studies that report size of lesions, or catheter/tube sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Squint Caroline Hirsch, MD, FRCPS As Presented at the College of Family Physicians of Canada’S 50Th Anniversary Conference, Toronto, Ontario (November 2004)
    Practical Approach Childhood Strabismus: Taking a Closer Look at Pediatric Squint Caroline Hirsch, MD, FRCPS As presented at the College of Family Physicians of Canada’s 50th Anniversary Conference, Toronto, Ontario (November 2004). trabismus, colloquially known as squint, is a com- Table 1 S mon pediatric problem with an incidence of three Strabismus manifestations per cent to four per cent in the population. It is fre- quently associated with poor vision because of ambly- Latent (phoria) Manifest (tropia) opia and is occasionally a harbinger of underlying neu- Convergent Esophoria Esotropia rologic or even life-threatening disease. The family Divergent Exophoria Exotropia physician has a vital role in identifying strabismus Vertical (up) Hyperphoria Hypotropia patients and re-enforcing treatment, ensuring followup Hypophoria Hypotropia and compliance once treatment is started. Comitant (the angle Non-comitant The different manifestations of strabismus derive Vertical (down) is the same in all (differs in all their name from the direction of occular deviation, as directions of gaze) directions of gaze) well as whether it is latent or manifest (Table 1). Congenital (very soon Acquired after birth) Congenital strabismus out by rotating the baby to elicit abduction nystagmus, Although babies will not outgrow strabismus, many or by “Doll’s head” quick head turn, both of which will infants have intermittent strabismus, which resolves by move the eyes into abduction. Congenital exotropia is four months, due to their immature visual system. seen infrequently, but is similar in features to congen- Therefore, it is best to delay referral for strabismus for tial esotropia. the first four to six months of an infant’s life.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Protocol P-321-202
    Clinical Protocol P-321-202 Project Number P-1003-I101 Compound Number/ Name P-321 Ophthalmic Solution Protocol Number P-321-202 Protocol Title Randomized, Double-Masked, Parallel Group Study of P-321 Ophthalmic Solution Compared to Placebo in Subjects with Dry Eye Disease Assessing Safety and Efficacy Over 28 Days Sponsor Parion Sciences, Inc. 2800 Meridian Parkway Suite 195 Durham, NC 27713 Medical Monitor Authors Issue Date Original: Version 1.0 released 29 April 2016 Amendment 1.0: Version 2.0 Released 10 February 2017 Sponsor Signature and Date _____________________________________________ The information in this document is confidential and is provided to you as an investigator or consultant for review by you, your staff, and the applicable Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee. Your acceptance of this document constitutes agreement that you will not disclose the information contained herein to others without written authorization from Parion Sciences. Parion Sciences, Inc. P-321 Ophthalmic Solution Protocol P-321-202 Amendment 01 PARION SCIENCES, INC. Clinical Protocol P-321-202 Investigator Signature Page Project Number P-1003-I101 Compound Number/ Name P-321 Ophthalmic Solution Protocol Number P-321-202 Protocol Title Randomized, Double-Masked, Parallel Group Study of P - 321 Ophthalmic Solution Compared to Placebo in Subjects with Dry Eye Disease Assessing Safety and Efficacy Over 28 Days Sponsor Parion Sciences, Inc. 2800 Meridian Parkway Suite 195 Durham, NC 27713 Issue Date Original: Version 1.0 released 29 April 2016 Amendment 1.0: Version 2.0: Released 10 February 2017 I have reviewed and understand this protocol and all amendments associated with it.
    [Show full text]
  • Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction
    OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction OPTOMETRY: THE PRIMARY EYE CARE PROFESSION Doctors of optometry are independent primary health care providers who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as diagnose related systemic conditions. Optometrists provide more than two-thirds of the primary eye care services in the United States. They are more widely distributed geographically than other eye care providers and are readily accessible for the delivery of eye and vision care services. There are approximately 36,000 full-time-equivalent doctors of optometry currently in practice in the United States. Optometrists practice in more than 6,500 communities across the United States, serving as the sole primary eye care providers in more than 3,500 communities. The mission of the profession of optometry is to fulfill the vision and eye care needs of the public through clinical care, research, and education, all of which enhance the quality of life. OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH ACCOMMODATIVE AND VERGENCE DYSFUNCTION Reference Guide for Clinicians Prepared by the American Optometric Association Consensus Panel on Care of the Patient with Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction: Jeffrey S. Cooper, M.S., O.D., Principal Author Carole R. Burns, O.D. Susan A. Cotter, O.D. Kent M. Daum, O.D., Ph.D. John R. Griffin, M.S., O.D. Mitchell M. Scheiman, O.D. Revised by: Jeffrey S. Cooper, M.S., O.D. December 2010 Reviewed by the AOA Clinical Guidelines Coordinating Committee: David A.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Background Case Summary Treatment and Management Discussion Conclusion References
    Converging Cars: Adult Acute Onset Diplopia and the Treatment and Management with Fresnel Prism - Jessica Min, OD • Shmaila Tahir, OD, FAAO 3241 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60616 Illinois Eye Institute, Chicago, Illinois ABSTRACT DISCUSSION FIGURE 1a FIGURE 2a FIGURE 2b Herpes simplex keratitis is an ocular condition which possesses a The question of whether this patient had a decompensation of an standard protocol for treatment and management. This case report existing esophoria that was exacerbated by the uncontrolled diabetes highlights the use of Prokera Cryopreserved Amniotic Membranes was largely considered. No prior eye exams were performed at the (PCAM) to treat herpes simplex keratitis and examines its unanticipated, same clinic, strabismus was denied, and old photos were not provided previously unreported, anti-viral effect. to support this. Interestingly, the Fresnel prism could have helped increase his fusional vergences similar to the effects of vision therapy so that he could compensate the residual amount of 12▵ IAET. BACKGROUND Adult patients with an acute onset diplopia all share the same problem CONCLUSION of functional disability. When appropriate, prism can be a great tool to minimize symptoms and restore binocularity. This can improve quality It is important for clinicians to realize the value in utilizing prism of life. This case explores the treatment and management of an adult compared to occlusion. When fitting the Fresnel, choose the patient’s patient with an acute acquired esotropia with Fresnel prism. most useful direction of gaze, set realistic expectations, and closely monitor with frequent follow- up exams CASE SUMMARY REFERENCES A 55 year old male presented with a sudden onset of constant horizontal diplopia.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Cataracts: a Retrospective Study of 12 Years (2004
    Pediatric Cataracts: A Retrospective Study of 12 Years (2004 - 2016) Cataratas em Idade Pediátrica: Estudo Retrospetivo de 12 ARTIGO ORIGINAL Anos (2004 - 2016) Jorge MOREIRA1, Isabel RIBEIRO1, Ágata MOTA1, Rita GONÇALVES1, Pedro COELHO1, Tiago MAIO1, Paula TENEDÓRIO1 Acta Med Port 2017 Mar;30(3):169-174 ▪ https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.8223 ABSTRACT Introduction: Cataracts are a major cause of preventable childhood blindness. Visual prognosis of these patients depends on a prompt therapeutic approach. Understanding pediatric cataracts epidemiology is of great importance for the implementation of programs of primary prevention and early diagnosis. Material and Methods: We reviewed the clinical cases of pediatric cataracts diagnosed in the last 12 years at Hospital Pedro Hispano, in Porto. Results: We identified 42 cases of pediatric cataracts with an equal gender distribution. The mean age at diagnosis was 6 years and 64.3% of patients had bilateral disease. Decreased visual acuity was the commonest presenting sign (36.8%) followed by leucocoria (26.3%). The etiology was unknown in 59.5% of cases and there was a slight predominance of nuclear type cataract (32.5%). Cataract was associated with systemic diseases in 23.8% of cases and with ocular abnormalities in 33.3% of cases. 47.6% of patients were treated surgically. Postoperative complications occurred in 35% of cases and posterior capsular opacification was the most common (25%). Discussion: The report of 42 cases is probably the result of the low prevalence of cataracts in this age. Although the limitations of our study include small sample size, the profile of children with cataracts in our hospital has characteristics relatively similar to those described in the literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Don't Lose Sight of Cataract
    Don’t lose sight of Cataracts Information for people at risk What is cataract? 1 When the lens of your eye gets cloudy, it is called a cataract. It can cause vision loss in one or both eyes. It cannot spread from one eye to the other. What causes a cataract? 2 The lenses of the eyes are made mostly of water and protein. As we age, some of this protein may clump together and cloud the lenses of our eyes. Over time, this “cloud” may grow and cover more of the lens. This makes it harder to see. Smoking, alcohol use, diabetes, and prolonged exposure to the sun can also cause cataract. When are you most likely to have a cataract? 3 Older people mostly get cataracts. But people in their 40s and 50s may get them, especially if the eye has been injured. The risk of having a cataract increases after age 60, and by age 80, more than half of all Americans will have a cataract or will have had cataract surgery. Normal vision. What are the symptoms of a cataract? A scene as it might be viewed by a 4 When you first get a cataract, you may not notice much person with a cataract. change. Your vision may become blurry, as if looking through a foggy window. Or colors may not appear as bright as they once did. As the “cloud” over the lens of your eye grows, it may be harder for you to read. You may also see more glare from a lamp or car headlights at night.
    [Show full text]
  • Post Trauma Vision Syndrome in the Combat Veteran Abstract
    Post Trauma Vision Syndrome in the Combat Veteran Abstract: A 43-year-old Hispanic male with history of traumatic brain injury presents with progressively worsening vision. Vision, stereopsis were decreased and visual field constricted to central 20° OU. Ocular health was unremarkable. I. Case History • Patient demographics: 43 year old Hispanic male • Chief complaint: Distance/near blur, peripheral side vision loss; he has stopped driving for the past year to avoid accidents. Also reports severe photophobia and must wear sunglasses full-time indoors and outdoors. Patient has had ongoing issues of anger, is easily irritable, frequently bumps into objects, and suffers from insomnia. • Ocular history: o Diabetes Type 2 without retinopathy or macular edema o Chorioretinal scar of the right eye o Cataracts o Photophobia o Esophoria with reduced compensating vergence ranges ▪ Only able to sustain reading for 10 minutes before eye fatigue, strain. Unable to concentrate, skips and loses his place while reading o Myopia, Presbyopia • Medical history: o Hyperlipidemia, diabetes type 2, sleep apnea, PTSD, chronic headaches, low back pain, vertigo o History of TBI/encephalomalacia: ▪ 1997: Sustained crown injury via a heavy bar while on ship. Subsequently right side of head hit mortar, then patient fell head first onto metal platform. Underwent loss of consciousness for ~10 minutes. ▪ 1999-2002: Exposure to several blasts while in the service. • Medications: amitriptyline, atorvastatin, capsaicin, metformin, naproxen, sumatriptan II. Pertinent findings
    [Show full text]
  • Strabismus: a Decision Making Approach
    Strabismus A Decision Making Approach Gunter K. von Noorden, M.D. Eugene M. Helveston, M.D. Strabismus: A Decision Making Approach Gunter K. von Noorden, M.D. Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Eugene M. Helveston, M.D. Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Published originally in English under the title: Strabismus: A Decision Making Approach. By Gunter K. von Noorden and Eugene M. Helveston Published in 1994 by Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, MO Copyright held by Gunter K. von Noorden and Eugene M. Helveston All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the authors. Copyright © 2010 Table of Contents Foreword Preface 1.01 Equipment for Examination of the Patient with Strabismus 1.02 History 1.03 Inspection of Patient 1.04 Sequence of Motility Examination 1.05 Does This Baby See? 1.06 Visual Acuity – Methods of Examination 1.07 Visual Acuity Testing in Infants 1.08 Primary versus Secondary Deviation 1.09 Evaluation of Monocular Movements – Ductions 1.10 Evaluation of Binocular Movements – Versions 1.11 Unilaterally Reduced Vision Associated with Orthotropia 1.12 Unilateral Decrease of Visual Acuity Associated with Heterotropia 1.13 Decentered Corneal Light Reflex 1.14 Strabismus – Generic Classification 1.15 Is Latent Strabismus
    [Show full text]