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2014-15 editorial editor Chris Beytes [email protected] managing editor Jennifer Zurko retail editor Jennifer Polanz contributing editor ellen C. Wells contributing editor Jennifer D. White international editor ron Van der Ploeg

columnists John Friel Kerry Herndon Judy Sharpton Bill McCurry

contributing writers Bill Swanekamp Paul Westervelt Gary Mangum Albert Grimm Anne-Marie Hardie Abe Van Wingerden Chris Fifo Gerry Raker Charlie Hall roger McGaughey doug Cole

production manager Kathy Wootton creative director Chris Truesdale photographer Mark Widhalm copy editor Sue Olsen

sales 866.888.4237

publisher | Paul Black sales manager [email protected] account manager Kim Brown IT ONLY TAKES A MINUTE [email protected] sales assistant Adriana Heikkila [email protected] customer service Allison Klicek In that time, growers can turn on the lights and begin their day. But growers aren’t the only ones working hard. [email protected] It only takes a minute for pests like leafminers, or to invade your operation and start classified advertising [email protected] causing unsightly damage to your . In a new chemistry class, Mainspring™ insecticide is the perfect partner for integrated management programs. It quickly stops pests from feeding and prevents further plant damage. So while life is measured one minute at a time, it takes less than that to realize Mainspring is a great choice.

EVERY FLOWER TELLS A STORY™

For more information about how Mainspring will help control your pests, visit www.MainspringInsecticide.com or contact your Syngenta territory manager or distributor. All photos are the property of Syngenta unless otherwise noted. ©2014 Syngenta. Important: Always read and follow label instructions. Some products may not be registered for sale or use in all states or counties. Please check with your state or local Extension Service to ensure registration status. Every Flower Tells A Story™, Mainspring™, the Alliance Frame, the Purpose Icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. Syngenta Customer Center: 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368). www.SyngentaPlantProtectionUS.com Welcome!

editorial . Diseases. No matter how sophisticated we in horticul- editor Chris Beytes ture get, we’ll never completely eliminate those two banes of our [email protected] existence. managing editor Jennifer Zurko Thankfully, there are smart scientists in the management retail editor Jennifer Polanz industry, such as our sponsor, Syngenta Plant Protection, working contributing editor ellen C. Wells 24/7 to develop new products—both chemical and biological—that contributing editor Jennifer D. White are more effective, more targeted, safer and easier to use than ever be- international editor ron Van der Ploeg fore. Additionally, there are researchers in academia and the private sector who

dedicate their careers to finding methods for maximizing all the tools at our columnists John Friel Kerry Herndon disposal to control those aforementioned pests. Judy Sharpton Bill McCurry Hence, the purpose of GrowerTalks’ biannual & Fungicide Guide: to bring you the most current listings of available pest management products and the contributing writers newest methods for using them. Bill Swanekamp Paul Westervelt For instance, on page 4, Dr. Steve Frank of North Carolina State University Gary Mangum Albert Grimm shares up-to-date details on thrips control, including tips for breaking the thrips Anne-Marie Hardie Abe Van Wingerden population cycle, which he thinks “accounts for 90% of calls to Extension and Chris Fifo Gerry Raker industry personnel.” Charlie Hall roger McGaughey doug Cole Turning to the disease portion of this guide on page 12, Plant Pathologist Ann Chase of Chase Horticultural Research lays out the differences between using production manager Kathy Wootton pre-mixed versus tank-mixing your own combinations (hint: there’s no creative director Chris Truesdale wrong answer). photographer Mark Widhalm On page 16, Nancy Rechcigl, a Technical Service Representative with Syngenta, copy editor Sue Olsen offers best practices for sound disease management. She quotes Ben Franklin’s famous line, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” which could have sales 866.888.4237 been written specifically about disease management. And since everyone involved in this guide is invested in offering broad-based publisher | Paul Black sales manager [email protected] alternatives for your insect and disease management program, on page 20, Suzanne account manager Kim Brown Wainwright-Evans (the Buglady) outlines the basics of biological control in [email protected] production—including when and how to use sprays. sales assistant Adriana Heikkila Finally, all of the above will be much more effective if utilized within the frame- [email protected] work of a proper ICM—integrated crop management—program. On page 23, customer service Allison Klicek Marla Faver covers the eight elements of a successful ICM program, including the [email protected] most important one: scouting, which she says is “the only way for a grower to have classified advertising [email protected] an intimate knowledge of his crop and potential disease and pest pressures.” Of course, it’s the charts that make this a handy year-round reference: the Insecticide Guide begins on page 5, the chemical class chart on page 14 and the Fungicide Guide on page 17. A Friend Remembered A special thanks to our sponsor, Syngenta (whose products are in bold in the G. Victor Ball, Editor from 1949–1997 charts), and to all of our contributors. GrowerTalks general offices are located at: Good growing, PO BOX 1660, West Chicago, Illinois 60186 U.S.A. ph: 630.231.3675 | fax: 630.231.5254 | Toll-Free: 1-888-888-0013 www.growertalks.com

Chris Beytes, Editor GrowerTalks/Green Profit

Disclaimer: These recommendations may not be appropriate for conditions in all states and may not comply with laws and regulations in every state. These recommendations were current as of September 2014. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before purchasing or applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county Cooperative Extension Agent or advisor. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by Ball Publishing.

growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 3 How Thrips Evade

By Steve Frank

If greenhouse growers have a worst pest, entire greenhouse or compartment rather it’s Western flower thrips. They’ve been than just the most infested . Needless called “the most damaging greenhouse to say, if you have weeds, get rid of pest in the world” for good reason. They them. Weeds can also harbor many other reproduce quickly, feed on most crops and pests and diseases. evade insecticides in at least three different Western flower thrips’ life cycle also ways. Western flower thrips damage most helps them evade insecticides. They lay bedding plants, cut flowers, foliage plants in leaf tissue. Larvae hatch a couple and perennials, and can cause double days later and feed on leaves and flowers damage to ornamental plants by feeding for about a week. Thrips pupate in the on leaves and flowers. They scrape plant then emerge as adults that can from tissue then suck the juices that are released. plant to plant laying eggs and feeding This causes abraded patches of tissue for weeks. Eggs embedded in leaves on leaves that eventually become silvery aren’t killed by insecticide applications. Photo: A. Ernst, NCSU. or brown. On flowers, the damage may Neither are pupae; they’re snug in the soil. Western flower thrips . appear as white or brown streaks on petals. This leaves just half of thrips’ life stages, application. Another way thrips evade Thrips also leave small black fecal pellets at larvae and adults that are susceptible to insecticides is just by hiding. Thrips feed feeding sites. When thrips feed on young insecticide applications. Thus, even if you in concealed places. The most accessible leaves or buds, the leaves become distorted had a magical insecticide that killed every place thrips feed is the underside of leaves. as they grow. thrips adult and larvae (you don’t, by the Less accessible places include in flowers In this article, we’ll explore the way), the next day, new larvae will hatch and between layers of petals, in buds ways to circumvent thrips’ trickery and from eggs and new adults will emerge from and under unexpanded leaves, and all optimize insecticide efficacy. We’ll also pupae in the soil. the other nooks and crannies of plants. clear up some common misconceptions These concealed feeding sites are hard to about why insecticides sometimes Breaking the cycle cover with insecticides. To make matters appear to fail. Understanding some basic I believe this aspect of thrips biology worse, leaves that expand the day after biology combined with monitoring and accounts for 90% of calls to Extension you apply a contact insecticide doesn’t application techniques, you can improve and industry personnel that go something have insecticide residue. Flowers are the thrips management and crop protection. like, “I sprayed X insecticide last week and same way. Thrips love flowers and flowers it didn’t work” or “I have resistant thrips that open after an application don’t have Biology because I sprayed X insecticide and still residue. In addition, systemic insecticides Western flower thrips feed on hundreds have thrips.” In some cases, insecticides aren’t transported well to flower petals, of plant species. This means almost any don’t work (wrong product, old product, which are favored feeding sites and critical flower, vegetable or herb you grow is low or high pH, poor mixing) and, yes, to plants’ aesthetic value. Part of the lesson susceptible to thrips feeding and damage. thrips can develop insecticide resistance. In here is that you cannot rely on insecticides It also means that any weeds growing in or most cases though, especially when trying to protect plants from thrips feeding when around your greenhouse can also support to subdue an outbreak, one application thrips abundance is high. The goal should thrips. This adaptive biology has helped is just not enough. To break the thrips be to keep thrips abundance low enough Western flower thrips spread around the population cycle, you need two to three that very little feeding occurs in the first world. It can certainly help them set up applications five to seven days apart. This place. shop in your greenhouse and stay there. will hopefully kill larvae that hatch after Another misconception is that there This affects insecticide efficacy because the first application before they reproduce aren’t many insecticides available for thrips can easily move from sprayed to and kill adults that emerge from pupae thrips. In fact, there are many good unsprayed plants. If you spot-treat one before they lay too many eggs. By the third insecticides, but you need to give them a section of a house, thrips will just move application, the goal would be to have fighting chance. For the reasons outlined, to the next crop down. If you spray very few new eggs present and even fewer even the best insecticides will only kill the benches but have weeds growing in adults. some percentage of the thrips in your corners or below the benches, thrips will The efficacy of this plan depends greenhouse. Therefore, it’s better to stay just flit over to the weeds. Thus, if thrips on killing as many of the susceptible ahead and keep thrips abundance low are present, it’s generally best to treat the larvae and adults as possible with each rather than try to catch-up. To stay ahead,

4 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide it’s important to monitor thrips abundance with sticky cards. This will alert you to gradual population changes as thrips reproduce within your house and will also alert you to sudden changes due to external factors. For example, if your neighbor mows his hay field, you could get a sudden influx of homeless thrips that would require immediate action. You wouldn’t know this until several days—and much feeding and laying—had passed without sticky cards. Yellow sticky cards hung just above the crop canopy will catch adult thrips. Records of when and where you catch thrips throughout the year may help you identify seasonal or spatial patterns that help you predict thrips abundance and improve management. In most cases, even a few thrips caught on sticky cards is cause for action.

Photo: A. Ernst, NCSU. Photo: A. Ernst, NCSU. Thrips have a lot of tricks that help them

evade insecticide applications. We can’t change NCSU. Frank, Photo: S.D. thrips biology, but we can improve control by Fresh feeding and feces from thrips feeding on ornamental pepper leaves. monitoring, targeting small populations and making multiple applications when necessary to Steve Frank is Associate Professor and Extension Specialist in the Entomology Department interrupt their population cycle. Knowing your at North Carolina State University. You can reach him at [email protected] or visit his website enemy will help you knock them down. GT http://ecoipm.com.

Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) Mesurol 24 hours Esterase Inhibitor (1A) DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Gown Malathion 8F 12 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Orthene 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Attain/Talstar 12 hours Blocker (3) Decathlon 12 hours (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Lambda- Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) N/A 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Marathon 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Kinoprene Enstar II 4 hours Juvenile Mimic (7A) Preclude 12 hours Mimic (7B) Pymetrozine Endeavor 12 hours Selective Feeding Blocker (9B) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective Feeding Blocker (9C) q Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Antagonist (18B)

(Pest Control Material in bold typeface are from Syngenta.) growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 5 Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) APHID Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochodria Electron Transport Inhibitors (21A) continued Spirotetramat Kontos 24 hours Lipid Inhibitor (23) Mainspring 4 hours Receptor Modulator (28) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap/M-Pede 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green/SufOil X/Saf-T-Side 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Triact 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor BotaniGard/Naturalis 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC BROAD MITE Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupler (13) Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Spiromesifen Judo 12 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Ambush/Astro 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Bifenthrin Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and GABA Chloride Spinosad Conserve 4 hours Channel Activator (5) Emamectin benzoate Enfold 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Fenoxycarb Preclude 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7B) spp. kurstaki Dipel 4 hours Midgut Membrane Disruptor (11B2) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupler (13) Adept/Dimilin 12 hours Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Pedestal 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochodria Electron Transport Inhibitors (21) Cyantraniliprole Mainspring 4 hours Ryanodine Receptor Modulator (28) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Beauveria bassiana BotaniGard 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unclassified by IRAC CYCLAMEN MITE Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupler (13) Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Spiromesifen Judo 12 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23)

6 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) GNAT Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) LARVAE Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Imidacloprid Marathon 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Kinoprene Enstar II 4 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7A) Distance 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7C) Bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis Gnatrol 4 hours Midgut Membrane Disruptor (11A1) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupler (13) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (17) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Steinernema feltiae Exhibitline sf — Unclassified by IRAC FUNGUS GNAT Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) ADULTS Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green/SufOil X/Saf-T-Side 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Triact 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Neem Oil Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor LEAFHOPPER Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Acephate Orthene 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Talus 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (16) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Spirotetramat Kontos 24 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Beauveria bassiana BotaniGard/Naturalis 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC LEAFMINER Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Acephate Orthene 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) q Imidacloprid Marathon 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A)

(Pest Control Material in bold typeface are from Syngenta.) growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 7 Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) LEAFMINER Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) continued Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist and GABA Chloride Spinosad Conserve 4 hours Channel Activator (5) Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Emamectin benzoate Enfold 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (17) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Cyantraniliprole Mainspring 4 hours Ryanodine Receptor Modulator (28) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Acephate Orthene/Precise 24/12 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Imidacloprid Marathon 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist and GABA Chloride Spinosad Conserve 4 hours Channel Activator (5) Kinoprene Enstar II 4 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7A) Fenoxycarb Preclude 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7B) Pyriproxyfen Distance 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7C) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective Feeding Blocker (9C) Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (16) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Spirotetramat Kontos 24 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green/SufOil X/Saf-T-Side 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC PLANT BUG/ Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) LYGUS BUG Acephate Orthene 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) u Lambda-cyhalothrin Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3)

8 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) PLANT BUG/ Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) LYGUS BUG Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) continued Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (16) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X, Azatrol/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green/SufOil X/Saf-T-Side 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Beauveria bassiana BotaniGard/Naturalis 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC SCALES Acephate Orthene/Precise 24/12 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) (HARD AND Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) SOFT) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Kinoprene Enstar II 4 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7A) Fenoxycarb Preclude 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7B) Pyriproxyfen Distance 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7C) Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (16) Azadirachtin Azatin/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Triact 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Neem Oil Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor SHORE FLY Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Pyriproxyfen Distance 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7C) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (17) Azadirachtin Azatin/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor SLUG AND Methiocarb Mesurol 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1A) SNAIL Metaldehyde Deadline/Metarex 24 hours Unclassified by IRAC Iron Phosphate Sluggo 0 hours Unclassified by IRAC TWOSPOTTED Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Emamectin benzoate Enfold 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) q Hexythiazox Hexygon 12 hours Growth and Embryogenesis Inhibitor (10A)

(Pest Control Material in bold typeface are from Syngenta.) growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 9 Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) TWOSPOTTED Clofentezine Ovation 12 hours Growth and Embryogenesis Inhibitor (10A) SPIDER MITE Etoxazole TetraSan 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (10B) continued Fenbutatin-oxide (Hexakis) ProMite 48 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibitor (12B) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupler (13) Acequinocyl Shuttle O 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (20B) Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Fenazaquin Magus 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Spiromesifen Judo 12 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Spirotetramat Kontos 24 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Bifenazate Floramite 4 hours GABA-Gated Antagonist (25) GABA-Gated Antagonist (25) GABA Chloride Channel Bifenazate+abamectin Sirocco 12 hours Activator (6) Cyflumetofen Sultan 12 hours Mitochrondrial complex II electron transport inhibitor (25) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green/SufOil X/Saf-T-Side 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Triact 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Neem Oil Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC THRIPS Methiocarb Mesurol 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1A) Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard 24 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Acephate Orthene/Precise 24/12 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin Scimitar GS 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Imidacloprid Marathon 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unclassified by IRAC Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist and GABA Chloride Spinosad Conserve 4 hours Channel Activator (5) Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Kinoprene Enstar II 4 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7A) Fenoxycarb Preclude 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7B) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective Feeding Blocker (9C) Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative Phosphorylation Uncoupler (13) Azadirachtin Azatin, Molt X/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) u Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21)

10 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide Insect Pest Control Material Pest Control Material Restricted Entry Mode of Action or Mite Pest Common Name Trade Name(s) Interval (REI) (IRAC Mode of Action Classification) THRIPS Cyantraniliprole Mainspring 4 hours Ryanodine Receptor Modulator (28) continued Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green/SufOil X/Saf-T-Side 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Beauveria bassiana Botanigard 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unclassified by IRAC Acephate Orthene/Precise 24/12 hours Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitor (1B) Bifenthrin Attain/Talstar 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Pyrethrins N/A 12 hours Sodium Channel Blocker (3) Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Imidacloprid Marathon 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Disruptor (4A) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist and GABA Chloride Spinosad Conserve 4 hours Channel Activator (5) Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA Chloride Channel Activator (6) Kinoprene Enstar II 4 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7A) Fenoxycarb Preclude 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7B) Pyriproxyfen Distance 12 hours Juvenile Hormone Mimic (7C) Pymetrozine Endeavor 12 hours Selective Feeding Blocker (9B) Flonicamid Aria 12 hours Selective Feeding Blocker (9C) Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (15) Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (16) Azadirachtin Azatin/Ornazin 4/12 hours Ecdysone Antagonist (18B) Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria Electron Transport Inhibitor (21) Spiromesifen Judo 12 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Spirotetramat Kontos 24 hours Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor (23) Cyantraniliprole Mainspring 4 hours Ryanodine Receptor Modulator (28) Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 12 hours Desiccation or Membrane Disruptor Petroleum Oil PureSpray Green 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Triact 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Neem Oil Paraffinic Oil Ultra-Fine Oil 4 hours Suffocation or Membrane Disruptor Beauveria bassiana Botanigard/Naturalis/Mycotrol 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 Preferal 4 hours Unclassified by IRAC

(Pest Control Material in bold typeface are from Syngenta.) growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 11 Pre-mix Fungicides . Tank Mixing

By A. R. Chase

Combining products for an application Pre-mixes have both positive and fungicide at a time is common, using has been and will be common in negative aspects. Some of the positive a pre-mix will give you the security ornamental production. It can be a aspects include: 1) diagnosis is less critical; of knowing that the two products are mixture of diverse products from fertilizer 2) mixed are covered; 3) plant chemically suited to work together. and minor elements to adjuvants to safety is known; 4) resistance management; Making your own mixtures has the insecticides, miticides, fungicides and 5) improved efficacy; 6) fewer products on drawback of possible phytotoxicity and . For disease prevention and the shelf; and 7) can be more cost effective. only your experience can determine safety control, the choice of using premixes If you don’t have time for a lab diagnosis of the mixture under your conditions. versus creating your own through tank of a problem, use of a pre-mix that covers One of the most important aspects of mixing is a critical decision. the most common disease possibilities pre-mixes is that if the correct partners would allow more timely control. It’s are chosen, they’re excellent for resistance Pre-mixes always better to obtain a diagnosis since management. The only requirement is Use of pre-mix fungicides can be driven not all problems are due to or that both active ingredients target the by a variety of goals, including resistance fungi. , phytotoxicity, nutritional . For instance, both management, ease of use, cost effectiveness imbalance and temperature extremes and mancozeb in the pre-mix Junction and breadth of activity. Using a pre-mix won’t be cured by a fungicide whether it’s work on bacteria like Pseudomonas and will give you the security of knowing a pre-mix or not. In the same vein, there Xanthomonas. Botrytis resistance can that the two products are chemically are often mixed infections of two or more be delayed with Palladium since both suited to work together and, in some fungi causing a disease. This is especially cyprodinil and fludioxonil target Botrytis. cases, both are effective on the target common in diseases, but sometimes Finally, stocking pre-mixes is an disease. The following table shows some leaf damage is caused by more than one attractive solution to the confusion that of the premixes available to ornamental fungus or bacterium. If you apply a pre- can occur by having every fungicide and producers. I’ve included the FRAC groups mix with the right combination of active that’s labeled on ornamentals. to demonstrate why some pre-mixes are ingredients, you’ll control both problems It will, obviously, also be much more additive and others aide in resistance with a single application. cost effective, especially for the smaller management. Since application of more than one producer who might not use large quantities of these products.

Table 1. Some premix fungicides for ornamentals. Fungicide Manufacturer Components (FRAC group) Nature of pre-mix Key targets Banrot 40WP Scotts Company Thiophanate methyl (1)/ etridiazole (14) additive soil-borne Concert II Syngenta Chlorothalonil (M5)/propiconazole (3) additive/resistance management foliar diseases (except downy mildew) Hurricane WDG Syngenta Fludioxonil (12)/mefenoxam (4) additive soil-borne pathogens Junction SePRO Copper hydroxide (M1)/mancozeb (M3) resistance management foliar diseases Orvego BASF Corp. Dimethomorph (40)/ ametoctradin (45) resistance management downy mildew, Phytophthora Pageant BASF Corp. (11)/ boscalid (7) additive/resistance management foliar and crown diseases Palladium Syngenta Fludioxonil (12) /cyprodinil (4) additive/resistance management foliar diseases (except downy mildew) RootShield Plus BioWorks Trichoderma harzianum T-22/T. virens G41 additive soil-borne pathogens Spectro 90WDG Cleary Chemical Company Chlorothalonil (M5)/ thiophanate methyl (1) additive/resistance management foliar diseases Strike Plus OHP Trifloxystrobin (11)/ triadimefon (3) additive/resistance management foliar and crown diseases

12 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide (Pest Control Material in bold typeface are from Syngenta.) Some possible negative aspects of pre-mixes are that the specific ratios of the two active ingredients may not be ideal for all diseases and that using a pre-mix may give you a false sense of security. They think they’ve covered all of the possible bases and, unfortunately, there’s always a new disease that escapes the broad-spectrum treatment. These growers usually wait until it’s too late to notice that something is amiss and then the crop is ready for the dumpster. Pre-mixes aren’t insurance policies—they’re conveniences.

Tank mixes Tank mixing can be a better solution in a number of situations. It gives the user ultimate control of the rates and specific products utilized. Certainly, there’s not a pre-mix for all situations and thus you may need to do your own customized tank-mix. Sometimes, tank mixing is mandated by A poinsettia starting with bad . the product label. This is the case with Adorn, which must be tank-mixed with another fungicide from a different FRAC group for any use. Subdue Maxx must be tank-mixed (also with a fungicide from another FRAC group) if it’s used as a foliar spray for downy mildew. These restrictions are specifically designed for resistance management (delaying resistance development). One of the biggest drawbacks of tank mixing is the practice of decreasing the rates of the two (or more) products mixed. It’s not recommended in any case to reduce rates even when they’re combined. This is actually exactly what a scientist would do to create resistance in a population of a pathogen to that particular active ingredient or FRAC group.

Conclusions Pre-mixes save time and allow the user to be less involved in your disease management. Tank mixes are by nature customized and allow you to be more involved in your disease management. In the case of pre-mixes, you’re making use of A mixed of Alternaria and Xanthomonas leaf spots on zinnia. outside expertise and, in the case of tank mixing, you’re becoming the expert. Both are valid and effective ways to approach disease management Ann Chase is a plant pathologist and president of Chase Horticultural Research, Inc., in ornamental production. GT Mt. Aukum, California; www.chasehorticulturalresearch.com.

growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 13 Chemical Class Chart for Ornamental Fungicides FRAC group Chemical Class Active Ingredient common name Trade Name 1 Methyl Benzimidazole (Thiophantes) thiophanate-methyl AllBan Flo, Banrot*, 3336, ConSyst*, OHP 6672, Spectro*, SysTec 1998, T-Storm, TM 4.5, TM/C*, 26/36*, Zyban* 2 Dicarboximides iprodione Chipco 26019, Lesco 18 Plus, OHP 26GT-O, 26/36* 3 Demethylation Inhibitors (, pyrimidine, fenarimol Rubigan triazole) imazalil Fungaflor TR metconazole Tourney (not registered for use in CA) myclobutanil Clevis*, Eagle, MANhandle*, Systhane propiconazole Banner Maxx, Concert II* triadimefon Strike 50 triflumizole Terraguard triticonazole Trinity 4 Phenylamides mefenoxam Hurricane WDG*, Subdue GR, Subdue Maxx 5 Amines “Morpholines” (Piperadines) piperalin Pipron 7 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors - SDHI boscalid Pageant* (Pyridine carboxamides, phenyl-benzamides) flutolanil Contrast, Prostar 9 Anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil Palladium* 11 QoI-fungicides (strobilurins) Heritage fluoxastrobin Disarm O kresoxim-methyl Cygnus pyraclostrobin Insignia, Pageant*, Empress trifloxystrobin Compass O Imidazolinone fenamidone Fenstop 12 Phenylpyrroles fludioxonil Hurricane WDG*, Medallion WDG, Palladium*, Mozart™ TR 14 Aromatic Hydrocarbons (chlorophenyl) dicloran Botran pentochloronitrobenzene (PCNB) Terraclor Thiadiazole etridiazole Banrot*, Terrazole, Terrazole CA, Truban 17 Hydroxyanalide fenhexamide Decree 19 Polyoxins polyoxin - D Endorse, Affirm WDG, Veranda O 21 Quinone inside inhibitors (Cyano-imidazole) cyazofamid Segway O 28 propamocarb Banol 33 Phosphonates fosetyl-Al Aliette phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite Alude, Biophos, Fosphite, Reliant, Vital 40 Carboxylic Acid Amines dimethomorph Stature DM, Orvego* (cinnamic acid amides, mandelic acid amides) mandipropamid Micora 43 Benzamides (Pyridinemethyl-benzamides) fluopicolide Adorn 44 Microbials (QST 713) Cease, Companion Bacillus subtilis (MBI600) Subtilex NG 45 Quinone x Inhibitor ametoctradin Orvego* M1 (multi-site) Inorganics copper salts Camelot O, Champion, Copper-Count N, CuPro 5000, Cuproxat, Junction*, Nordox, Nu-Cop, Phyton 27, Phyton 35 M3 (multi-site) Dithiocarbamate mancozeb Clevis*, Dithane, Fore, Junction*, Pentathlon, Protect, Zyban* M5 (multi-site) Chloronitriles chlorothalonil Clevis*, ConSyst*, Concert II*, Daconil Ultrex, Daconil Weatherstik, Echo, Exotherm Termil, Manicure 6FL, Spectro 90*, TM/C* Not Classified Micorbial/ Streptomyces griseoviridis Mycostop Streptomyces lydicus (strain WYEC 108) Actinovate SP Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain Rootshield Trichoderma harzianum T22, Trichoderma RootShield Plus* virens G41 Not Classified Inorganic Protectants botanical extract Neem Oil, Regalia hydrogen dioxide Zerotol hydrogen peroxide X3, Zeroton potassium bicarbonate Armicarb 100, Kaligreen, Milstop quaternary ammoniums KleenGrow * Indicates a product that contains more than one active ingredient in a pre-pack mixture.

14 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide (Pest Control Material in bold typeface are from Syngenta.)

Protecting Your Crops With Sound Disease Management

By Nancy Rechcigl environmental conditions are favorable to the disease? The wise and industrious Ben Franklin n How does the disease spread (air once said, “An ounce of prevention is movement, contact, insects, splashing worth a pound of cure.” In short, if we water/overhead irrigation)? take steps to prevent a problem, it’ll n Is the disease host-specific or can it save us a great deal more in time, effort spread to surrounding plant material? and expense than it would if we have to n What cultural changes can you correct or repair the problem later. While implement to minimize risk? this phrase can apply to many aspects of Many disease problems can be reduced our life, it also certainly applies to the or eliminated with proper watering A close up of . production of ornamental crops. The practices, adjustments in relative humidity expense of inputs (plants, seed, soil, pots, and avoiding excessive soluble salts. water, fertilizer, energy and labor) is an Important cultural tips to integrate in your investment that needs to be protected. To disease management program include: ensure plant quality and future sales, an effective disease management strategy is n Clean growing area/greenhouse and important and should include a preventive benches of all debris and sanitize between fungicide rotation partnered with proper crops. cultural practices to reduce the risk of n Irrigate early in the day to allow time disease. for the foliage to dry before evening. While there are many different n Provide good spacing of plants and flats fungicide products on the market, to allow for good air circulation and spray they differ in their mode of action and coverage. spectrum of activity. Fungicides are n Scout and rogue crop weekly for insect classified as having protectant or curative and disease problems. activity. Those that work through An effective disease management pro- contact with the pathogen are considered gram should include a built-in fungicide protectants and work by preventing resistance management strategy. After Cercospora lesions. infection. Fungicides with curative activity identifying the primary disease problem have systemic or partially systemic activity that can affect each crop in production, and can move within the plant tissue or select three to four fungicide products with from the site of application to other areas different modes of action that have proven of the plant. Systemic fungicides tend to activity on each potential disease. You have longer residual activity than those may notice some fungicides have activity that work through contact and can be across different diseases and utility across effective after an infection has occurred. multiple crops. This can help make your A fungicide strategy that contains both product selection easier and help manage contact and systemic products tends to inventory in your chemical shed. provide the best results. Certain disease problems may be more of a problem during different times of Designing a disease production. Adjust your plan accordingly Stem rot on dianthus. management strategy and rotate among the products based This can help save resources without Before making any selection of fungicides, upon the label recommendations. Modify sacrificing quality. However, when disease it’s important to have an understanding of your treatment interval based on disease is already present in the crop, the shortest the parameters that can affect your crop. pressure and current environmental application interval listed on the label Important questions to ask include: conditions. Many of the newer fungicides should be used. Remember to keep good n What diseases can affect the crops you’re have broad application intervals. Keep records; this will help provide a framework in mind that when making fungicide growing? for your strategy with future crops. GT applications in a preventive manner, n When is the crop susceptible? That is, you can extend the treatment interval what stage of plant growth, time of year or Nancy Rechcigl is a Technical Service based upon the label recommendations. Representative for Syngenta.

16 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide Know the diseases to which Know the conditions that your crop is prone Recognize disease symptoms cause diseases to develop Understand disease management ROOT AND CROWN ROT DISEASES Pythium Damping off; attacks root tips; lower leaves yel- Generally cool, wet substrate but depends on Pathogen-free potting substrate; sterilized flats; low and wilt; poor growth; nutrient deficiencies; Pythium species present. P. aphanidermatum plant when soil and air temps are favorable for brown, limp roots—outer cortex sloughs off; can be found at high temps; over fertilization rapid emergence; good drainage; careful irriga- plant may die. Plant wilts during warm, sunny may predispose plants to infection. Produce tion; sanitation. Make sure flat cells are filled days even with adequate moisture. Uneven survival structures. Can be spread by irrigation evenly. Preventative fungicide applications if a height or coloration within a crop. water. history of disease. Geranium, , calibrachoa

Phytophthora Root Infects roots and may move into crown and High substrate moisture more than 70%; gener- Good drainage and water management; use and Crown Rot stems; stunting of leaves and plant; leaves turn ally cool temps (59 to 74F); wet substrate; over pathogen-free potting substrate, plants, water yellow, wilt and may drop prematurely; plant fertilization generally predisposes plants. Wide and equipment. Preventative fungicide applica- may die; roots turn dark and rot—outer cortex host range. Produce survival structures. Can be tions if a history of disease. sloughs off; may also be present withPythium. spread by irrigation water. Gerbera, poinsettia, pansy, African violet, lavender, annual vinca

Thielaviopsis Root Rot Yellowing, stunted growth; signs of nutritional Moist, cooler (55 to 61F) substrates favor disease; Sterilize containers, grow plant at pH most (Black Root Rot) deficiencies; root decay; wilting; roots develop weakened/stressed plants are more susceptible; favorable for the crop, good sanitation; discard black lesions along root and root tips. Wide host range. Can be spread by fungus infected plants. Use preventative fungicide gnats. applications for highly susceptible crops. Avoid stressing crop. Calibrachoa, pansy, petunia, annual vinca

Rhizoctonia Crown Rot Damping off; infection starts at crown and moves Drier substrate, but still wet (~40% water-hold- Discard infected plants (all plants in a flat). Apply up stem; constriction of stem; stem becomes ing capacity); humid and warmer conditions. fungicides to protect visibly healthy plants. Avoid soft; plant may wilt; rotted crown (shredded, Wide host range. Survives in plant debris and placing plants directly on the ground. Irrigate dry-appearance); roots sometimes affected. soil on benches, floors, pots, etc. plants only when plants will dry quickly; increase Brown, irregular-shaped spots can develop air circulation to reduce humidity. Clean pots and on leaves and stems. Aerial web blight can production facility surfaces of dirt and crop de- develop when the fungus grows from the potting bris, followed by application of a on medium surface into the plant canopy. Fungus all surfaces. Use pathogen-free potting substrate; grows in a radial pattern, so that infected areas good drainage; careful irrigation. look like a circle or semi-circle of dead plants. Chrysanthemum, celosia, and New Web-like strands of the fungus can be seen when Guinea impatiens, poinsettia humidity is high.

Fusarium Wilt Lower leaves yellow and dry; can be followed by High air and substrate temperatures (75 to 86F); Infected plants nearly always die. Remove crop rapid wilting of the entire plant or one side of the infected plants may appear symptomless at soil debris and disinfest between crops. Avoid reusing plant in the case of . Infected temperatures less than 68F: can be spread by trays and pots; use fungicides preventatively. plants wilt under moisture stress. On some hosts, infected but healthy-looking cuttings; fungus Chrysanthemum, cyclamen, gerbera, lisianthus, if stems cut open, the vascular system appears may be present on seed coats. Drought or pansy, annual vinca reddish-brown. Yellowing and stunting of older flowering stress can result in rapid and severe plants. Symptoms often expressed at time of symptoms. Can be spread by fungus gnats. flowering. Damping off of seedlings. and fungal fragments move via irrigation water. Produces survival structures.

Myrothecium Leaf Spot Petioles rot at the soil line, leaf collapses. Leaf Warm, moist, humid conditions favor infection Remove and discard infected plants. and Crown Rot spots initially appear water-soaked, and eventu- and disease development. Wounds are quickly Highly susceptible crops should be carefully ally turn brown or light tan in color. Diagnostic colonized by this soilborne fungus. scouted or fungicides applied on a preventative symptom is the presence of raised, dark green- basis. Remove plant debris between crops and to-black masses of spores surrounded by a fringe disinfect benches. of white fungal tissue. Spores typically produced New Guinea impatiens, pansy, syngonium in a circular pattern on the leaf tissue.

(Susceptible plants in bold) growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 17 Know the diseases to which Know the conditions that your crop is prone Recognize disease symptoms cause diseases to develop Understand disease management Bacterial Soft Rot Watery decay of plant tissue at the soil line; foul Requires high humidity to infect. Bacterium is Immediately discard infected plants. Porous (Pectobacterium=Erwinia) odor; collapse of plant (meltdown). ubiquitous in environment. Increased irrigation substrates have been reported to decrease increases severity of the disease. Excessive disease on calla lily. Copper dips are effective for nitrogen increases disease on calla lily. about 6 weeks. Calla lily, cyclamen, primrose, bulb crops

Sclerotinia Blight Water-soaked spots on the stems or leaves Spread is primarily by airborne ascospores. High Difficult, if not impossible, to control once infec- (White Mold) become covered in a white cottony mass of soil moisture, high humidity and cool tempera- tion has occurred. fungal mycelium. Plant becomes soft and slimy. tures (50 to 75F) favor disease development. Lobelia, marigold, petunia, zinnia Hard black structures (sclerotia ) develop within the fungal mass. May also cause dry lesions that girdle the stem; sclerotia form within the stem.

FOLIAR AND STEM DISEASES Anthracnose Anthracnose is a catch-all term for leaf spot Warm, moist conditions with high humidity Minimize duration of leaf wetness through en- or stem canker symptoms caused by several favor disease development. vironmental modification and cultural practices, different fungal species. Affected tissue dies. such as irrigation and plant spacing. Preventative Colletotrichum forms masses of pinkish-orange fungicide applications may help to reduce new spores within the lesions or stem cankers. infections and spread. Pathogen populations of Colletotrichum species resistant to thiophanate- methyl have been found. Begonia, cyclamen, osteospermum, pansy

Botrytis Leaf Blight Symptoms vary with host and tissue invaded; High humidity more than 85%; poor air Keep relative humidity below 85%; do not allow (gray mold) leaf spots; bud rot; flower blight; cutting rot; circulation; 70 to 77F optimum temp for leaves to stay wet for more than 6 hours; provide stem canker, stem and crown rot; proliferation of germination; spores must have free moisture to good air circulation around plants; remove fluffy, brown/gray fungal mycelium containing germinate; old flowers and decaying vegetation infected plants; strict sanitation to remove spent spores; damping-off. source of spores; rapidly colonizes wounded flowers and old leaves; fungicides alone will not tissue. control Botrytis. Cyclamen, geranium, poinsettia, rose

Powdery Mildew Fluffy white patches on upper leaf surface, Favored by warm days and cool, damp nights; Must be detected early, as this disease can spread turning gray with age. Can also infect stems and free water inhibits spore germination. This quickly. Susceptible crops should be treated with flower petals when severe. fungus can infect at low relative humidity. a fungicide prior to development of powdery mildew. Increase air movement, reduce humidity. Gerbera, petunia, , rose, verbena

Downy Mildew White/purple/gray fuzz (spores) on undersides Favored by high humidity, long durations of leaf Immediately discard infected plants and adjacent of leaves. Yellowish or pale green mottling on wetness and cool weather (60 to 74F daytime). plants. All remaining plants on premises should upper leaf surface. On garden impatiens, foliage Can survive in plant debris in soil. Spores are be treated with a fungicide. Fungicides are used appears to have yellow stippling similar to spread by splashing water and air currents. to prevent spread to non-infected plants and to spider mite injury. Downward curling of leaves. Increasingly detected during warm months and new growth when symptoms first appear (apply Emerging leaves may be small or discolored. Can in warmer regions. frequently with good coverage). Fungicides will become systemic in plants, resulting in stunting not cure an already infected plant. Keep relative or distorted new growth. humidity below 80 to 85%. Do not reuse pots from diseased plants. Bracteantha, coleus, garden impatiens, snap- dragon, veronica

18 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide Know the diseases to which Know the conditions that your crop is prone Recognize disease symptoms cause diseases to develop Understand disease management Fungal leafspot diseases Round to irregular leaf spots; often with a border Prolonged leaf wetness, high humidity and Minimize leaf wetness. Scout frequently. Fungi- (Alternaria, Cercospora, (red/purple/brown). Center of lesions becomes warm temperatures favor most fungal leafspot cide applications. Septoria, Phyllosticta) tan with age; size of lesion increases over time. diseases. Geranium, impatiens, pansy, zinnia, many Fruiting bodies may be present within lesion. perennials

Rust Yellow, orange or brown spore masses or Infect under mild, moist conditions. Spores Minimize the time foliage stays wet. Discard pustules form on the underside of the leaf and easily spread in air currents. infected plants as soon as they're detected. Pro- erupt through the leaf tissue. On geranium and vide good air circulation and don’t crowd plants. snapdragon, the pustules are formed in a target Fungicides applied at the first sign of infection pattern. can help prevent serious damage. Aster, fuchsia, geranium, snapdragon

Bacterial Leaf Spot Small, round, water-soaked lesions sometimes High humidity, wet leaf surfaces. Splashing Discard infected plants and leaves showing (Pseudomonas sp., surrounded by a purple or yellow halo on leaves. water moves bacteria and allows infection of symptoms. Surface-disinfect clipping shears, Xanthomonas) Lesions often vein-delimited. Lesions initially new leaves. Reducing nitrogen may reduce dis- tools and benches between plantings. Monitor yellow or light green, quickly progressing to dark ease caused by Pseudomonas. Insects (fungus humidity; reduce free moisture on leaves; bacte- brown or black (lesions may turn tan with age). gnats, shore , leaf miners) and may ricides may help reduce spread, but are generally Lesions may rapidly enlarge and entire leaf will spread bacteria. not very effective; preventative applications may rot. Infection may follow the petiole down to mask symptoms and still not control disease. the crown. Irrigate when leaves will dry quickly. Drip irriga- tion or ebb & flow will help to control some leaf spot diseases. Reiger begonia, English ivy, geranium, gerbera, poinsettia, zinnia

Viruses: Symptoms vary with host; yellow or necrotic Transmission from infected to healthy plants Careful monitoring and management of thrips INSV spots on stems or leaves; leaf mosaic; black leaf via thrips; introduction into the greenhouse via population; inspection and isolation of new plant (Impatiens necrotic spot ) spots; black ring spots; line patterns, overall infected plants or insect vector. materials; purchase material certified virus free; TSWV yellowing; stunting. weed management; avoid carrying over stock (Tomato spotted wilt virus) plants unless tested free of viruses. Many ornamental hosts

Viruses: Symptoms highly variable depending on cultivar. No evidence this virus is transmitted by insects. Some reported differences in cultivar susceptibil- HVX (Hosta Virus X) Major leaf veins may take on a feathered ap- Vegetative propagation most important means ity. Tiara series, Blue Cadet and Honeybells pearance at the edges, resulting in a “bleeding” of spread. are highly susceptible. Purchase plants from a appearance. Extreme symptoms include severe reputable source. Sanitize tools often and avoid necrosis and death of leaves. mixing lots from different sources. Hosta

Foliar Pattern of damage is dictated by the pattern of Spread by vegetative propagation, splashing Exclusion is the most effective method of major leaf veins (i.e., stripes, patchwork). Nema- water, plant-to-plant contact, worker move- management. Inspect plant materials before todes enter leaf cells through wounds or natural ment and tools. introduction. Separate dormant materials until openings. Plant tissue initially turns yellow and new growth has emerged and can be inspected eventually brown and necrotic. Symptoms often for symptoms. Plants confirmed with foliar not visible until population becomes nematodes should be promptly discarded. quite large. Chemical control is highly variable, with limited effectiveness. Many herbaceous and woody perennials

(Susceptible plants in bold) growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 19 true. While can be a compatible Biological Control in Production option, it’s not as if you can just spray any product on your beneficials before doing By Suzanne Wainwright-Evans your homework. There are definitely some products that can cause problems. Thank- fully, many of the newer products on the or specific species of whitefly you have. Bugs eating bugs has been going on since market today are softer on most beneficials, Assuming that an aphid is an aphid is not the beginning of time. Until recent years, and if used intelligently, they can be suc- enough. Don’t worry—you don’t have to go this hasn’t been something that commercial cessfully incorporated as a tool in your pest back to school to get an advanced degree in growers have really relied on as a weapon in management program alongside the ben- entomology in order to get positive identifi- their arsenal, but with the many concerns eficials. cation. There are many resources out there facing our industry today, growers are look- To figure out the chemical compatibility that can help you with positive ID and you ing to use biological control as a way to information, you’ll need to know the active can always ask your local extension office. combat their pests. ingredient in the product you’re considering Why is accurate identification of your Why are growers choosing to incorpo- applying, as well as how you’ll be applying pest so important for biological control? rate biological control agents (BCA) into it (drench, spray, etc.). You’ll also need to Because some beneficials are host-specific their pest management program? One know the scientific name of the BCA you’re to their pests (this is more true for parasites driving factor has been managing pesticide using. This information can be plugged into than predators). Take for example the cot- resistance. This could be growers encoun- tables provided by the biological control ton/melon aphid, If you find tering pests that were resistant to pesticides Aphis gossypii. companies or by asking your supplier. Don’t this pest in your greenhouse and want to (and not being able to control them) or make an assumption that just because one treat using biological control agents, you using the BCAs to proactively help pre- product is compatible with one specific could use the parasitic vent developing . Other Aphidius cole- BCA that it’ll be compatible with all others. . reasons BCAs are gaining popularity are mani Always check for each beneficial and active But let’s say instead you have the potato environmental concerns, worker safety, ingredient before treating. This will include the convenience of zero aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae. You (or the are a class not only insecticides, but fungicides as well. biocontrol company you’re dealing with) of neuro-active insecticides re-entry intervals, and Details are important here. chemically similar to . in some cases, simple will need to know that Aphidius colemani They’re found in several economics. Recently won’t work that well on that particular When to use pesticides commercial pesticides today. though, a new factor has aphid species. You would want to get When are pesticide sprays needed in a bio- been prompting more Aphidius ervi or even Aphelinus abdomina- control program? Sometimes it’s right when commercial growers to look at biocontrol— lis; these parasites prefer the potato aphid. you’re getting started. Remember, biological social pressures. The use of neonicotinoids There are increasing numbers of different control is not a curative; it’s a preventative has been coming under scrutiny and some aphid parasites commercially available, so program. BCAs need to be released when growers are under pressure to reduce the use it’s important to match the correct benefi- pest levels are low or sometimes when the of this class of pesticides. The result is that cial with your pest. This information can be pests aren’t even present yet. I say “yet” be- some companies are looking for alternatives supplied by your biological control supplier. cause they do come every year—the thrips, to this class of chemistry. One viable alter- Using beneficials , and so on. If you can get native is to use BCAs. the beneficials out first, then sprays may not Once you know exactly what your target be necessary. If you do need to spray, try to Know your enemy pests are, you’ll need to check the spray select products, such as soaps or oils, where records for the specific crop over the last When starting with a biological control beneficials can be released once the sprays three months. This may mean asking for program it’s critical that you properly iden- dry. The last thing you want to do when spray records from your liner or plug sup- tify your pests before you start. Don’t guess, starting a bio program is shoot yourself in plier. Some pesticides, such as synthetic or assume—you MUST have POSITIVE the foot by using a pesticide with a long , have extremely long persistence ID! Biological control often is going to spray residual that might kill the beneficials periods. From the date of the application require a more specific level of identifica- you’re releasing. of the , you’ll need to wait eight tion than traditional spray programs may Sometimes even if you do everything to 12 weeks before your first BCA release. require. With traditional chemical appli- right, the pest population can climb beyond What can you do in the meantime? Your cations, often just knowing what type of the control of the BCAs. If this happens, a supplier or crop consultant can help put insect you have is enough. For instance, you cleanup or spot spray may be needed (using together a spray program of products that might have only had to know that your pest a compatible product) to help reduce the have shorter persistence times, getting you was a whitefly, aphid or thrips, but that may pest population. ready for your first release. not be enough for a successful biocontrol Another time a pesticide spray may be Once you get your beneficials out there program. In order to select the right control needed is if a new pest pops up for which working for you, don’t think that you can- agent for your situation, one may often there’s not a predator or parasite com- not use pesticides at all. It’s simply not need to know the specific species of aphid mercially available. Sometimes this can

20 growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide happen when applications of broad-spectrum tion is still a new emerging sci- pesticides aren’t being used anymore. First, as ence. I don’t think anyone will deny that the always, make sure to accurately identify the advancements in just the last 10 years have newcomer, making sure it’s not a beneficial. It’s been great ones. Many growers are running not uncommon for growers to make every ef- successful programs controlling Western flower fort to kill a new insect, when in fact it may be thrips, spider mites, aphids and other pests of a volunteer predator. Once you have a positive economic importance. When getting started, identification, select a product that you can growers just need to realize they’ll have to learn apply with minimum impact of your ongoing a lot, but it’ll pay off in the end. GT beneficial program (your biological supplier Suzanne Wainwright-Evans is an Ornamental can help you with this). Entomologist specializing in integrated pest An Orius insidiosus release box. Biological control in commercial produc- management and owner of Buglady Consulting.

Aphid Biological Control Agents Aphidius matricariae Aphidius colemani Aphidius ervi Aphelinus abdominalis Aphidoletes aphidimyza Chrysoperla sp. (parasite, wasp) (parasite, wasp) (parasite, wasp) (parasite, wasp) (predator, midge) (predator, lacewing) Green peach Myzus persicae yes yes somewhat somewhat / Melon Aphis gossypii no yes somewhat no Potato Macrosiphum euphorbiae no no yes yes Attacks over 60 species of Attacks most species of aphids Foxglove Aulacorthum solani no yes yes aphids. that live on the foliage. Myzus nicotianae yes yes Rose Macrosiphum rosae yes yes

Western Flower Thrips (WFT) Biological Control Agents Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius swirskii Amblydromalus limonicus Hypoaspis miles (Stratiolaelaps scimitus) Orius insidiosus Atheta coriaria Steinernema feltiae (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, insect) (predator, insect) (parasite, nematode) Western Flower Thrips (WFT) Immatures and Early instars on plant Early instars on plant Early instars on plant Pupa in soil Pupa in soil Pupa in soil Frankliniella adults on plant occidentalis

Fly Biological Control Agents Steinernema feltiae Steinernema carpocapsae Hypoaspis miles (Stratiolaelaps scimitus) Atheta coriaria (parasite, nematode) (parasite, nematode) (predator, mite) (predator, insect) Fungus gnats Bradysia sp yes yes yes Shore Flies Scatella sp. yes

Whitefly Biological Control Agents Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus eremicus Eretmocerus mundus Delphastus catalinae Amblyseius swirskii Amblydromalus limonicus Chrysoperla sp. (parasite, insect) (parasite, insect) (parasite, insect) (predator, insect) (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, insect) Greenhouse Whitefly yes yes yes yes yes Will feed but not control Trialeurodes vaporariorum Sweet Potato / Tobacco yes yes yes yes yes Will feed but not control Bemisia tabaci

Spider Mite Biological Control Agents Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius fallacis Amblyseius andersoni Feltiella acarisuga Chrysoperla sp. (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, mite) (predator, insect) (predator, insect) Spider mite species yes yes yes yes yes Will feed but not control

Leafminer Biological Control Agents n When on a bio program, native beneficials often show up to work for free for you. Be sure not to kill them with sprays. Diglyphus isaea Dacnusa sibirica n Watch for pesticides that are incorporated into media. They can impact some of the BCAs. (ectoparasitic, (endoparasitoid, n Beneficial nematodes do well under mist systems in propagation. insect) insect) n Get your beneficials in early, before you have a pest problem.

Leafminer species yes yes Tip s n Scouting is critical. You must know what’s going on in your crop!

growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 21 Strengthen your offensive lines with Syngenta coaching and strategy.

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©2014 Syngenta. Important: Always read and follow label instructions before buying or using Syngenta products. The label contains important conditions of sale, including limitations of warranty and remedy. All products may not be registered for sale or use in all states. Please check with your state or local Extension Service before buying or using Syngenta products. Bioline™, the Alliance Frame, the Purpose Icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. TM Scouting for Success with Integrated Crop Management

By Marla Faver Integrated Crop Management (ICM) is For a scouting program to be successful, problem sites aren’t clearly noted, showing the comprehensive and coordinated use of there must be people devoted to scouting where disease, mite and insect infestations cultural, biological and chemical tactics to regularly. Look at all crops weekly and on are located in the growing area. A good way reduce pest populations to acceptable levels. the same day each week to avoid missing to organize the scouting data is to summarize Successful ICM programs are those that have significant outbreaks. Many pest life cycles the information for each growing area, ac- been well thought-out then customized for during periods of higher temperatures may cording to the pests detected, the counts and individual needs. Gathering information be completed within seven days or less. any unusual circumstances discovered. Infor- before, during and after a program is essen- Scouting is an important job and cannot be mation generated by scouting can be used to tial to perfecting the strategy and achieving done appropriately with a hit-or-miss ap- determine if pests present are above or below continued success, year after year. proach. It’ll be difficult to detect and identify action thresholds to make effective pest To begin an ICM program, it’s essential pest problems early in the infestation cycle control decisions. As the season progresses, to evaluate cultural practices, gather infor- without a good scouting program in place. growers will observe pest trends developing mation on crops, and scout and examine within the scouting data, which will allow environmental conditions. Growers should Scouting methodology improved pest management decisions. compile historical data on pests, diseases The first important step in scouting is to Scouting must continue after pesticide and resistance issues, as well as chemicals, thoroughly inspect all newly arriving plant and/or BCA application to make sure pest biological control agents (BCAs) and other material for any hitchhikers. management practices are successful. Choos- treatments used in the growing area. All Utilize yellow sticky cards to monitor ing an insecticide or BCA that’s effective ICM programs, including BCAs, are best flying insect pests. For specific monitoring for the pest life stage present and fits into a implemented preventively. Understanding of thrips, blue sticky cards may be used. At proper rotation is essential. Keeping detailed your crop and potential pest pressure is im- a minimum, evaluate sticky cards weekly to records of any or BCA perative. monitor adult populations and determine release is very helpful when comparing previ- appropriate application and timing of con- ous pest management practices and evaluat- Elements of a successful ICM program trol options. One sticky card every 1,000 to ing if fewer control ap­plications are necessary n Scouting 3,000 sq. ft. is usually sufficient. Sticky cards or more efficacious chemical or biological n Monitoring may also be used to monitor populations controls should be substituted. n Good record keeping two to three days after a pesticide application Implementing a scouting program takes n Realistic expectations to ensure proper control was achieved. Sticky time and patience. Adequate time must be n Dedication cards are a very useful scouting tool, but take invested into the production of a crop and n Communication at all levels care not to rely solely on them for moni- detailed records must be kept. Over time, n Flexibility toring pest populations. Without careful growers can determine their own economic n Preventative cultural practices incorporation of multiple scouting methods, threshold for any given insect, related pest instances of minor disease and insects/mites or disease, allowing better decisions for pest Unfortunately, ornamental pest activity are often missed. control. Early detection by scouts will allow doesn’t follow a calendar. Scouting is the key When scouting, look for obvious signs growers to substitute or incorporate a tar- to any successful ICM program. The decision of plant damage, such as chlorotic, stunted geted insecticide or BCA application before to implement a scouting program is one that or malformed growth, cast off skins, feeding pest populations reach unmanageable levels. can weigh heavily on the minds of grow- damage, honeydew, sooty mold and the pres- This will also help decrease the likelihood ers. Production facilities that don’t utilize ence of . Using a hand lens, check un- that pests will develop resistance, which will a scouting program often rely on broad- dersides of leaves from the top to the bottom allow the grower to maintain effective prod- spectrum calendar sprays and/or “curative” of the plant to detect infestations before they ucts in their arsenal against pests. applications to gain control of established cause severe plant damage. Take hanging Results with any particular program will pest populations. Calendar spraying can baskets down and inspect from sides and top depend on many factors, including time of result in unnecessary and costly pesticide to ensure devastating populations of spider year, number of applications, environmen- applications and may accelerate the develop- mites, thrips or aphids don’t go unchecked. tal conditions and specific products used. ment of pesticide resistance. Last minute or Just as a successful ICM program requires Releases of BCAs and chemical applications curative applications are often not successful, a good scouting program, scouting without should be based on particular scouting/ resulting in multiple applications and/or an proper record keeping will be ineffective. monitoring programs. GT unsellable crop. Growers who attempt to diagnose a problem Scouting is the only way for a grower to without records are at a disadvantage and Marla Faver specializes in technical service for have an intimate knowledge of his crop and may overlook potential causes of the prob- ornamental production and can be reached at potential disease and pest pressures. lem. Scouting data isn’t very useful if the [email protected].

growertalks 2014-2015 Insecticide & Fungicide Guide 23