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Détection Et Caractérisation De Planètes Extrasolaires Par Photométrie Visible Et Interférométrie Infrarouge À Très Haute Précision Pascal Bordé

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Détection Et Caractérisation De Planètes Extrasolaires Par Photométrie Visible Et Interférométrie Infrarouge À Très Haute Précision Pascal Bordé Détection et caractérisation de planètes extrasolaires par photométrie visible et interférométrie infrarouge à très haute précision Pascal Bordé To cite this version: Pascal Bordé. Détection et caractérisation de planètes extrasolaires par photométrie visible et in- terférométrie infrarouge à très haute précision. Astrophysique [astro-ph]. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. Français. tel-00004349 HAL Id: tel-00004349 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004349 Submitted on 27 Jan 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universit´ePierre & Marie Curie – Paris VI Ecole´ doctorale Astronomie & Astrophysique d’ˆIle-de-France Observatoire de Paris D´etection et caract´erisation de plan`etes extrasolaires par photom´etrie visible et interf´erom´etrie infrarouge `atr`es haute pr´ecision THESE` pr´esent´ee et soutenue publiquement le 27 octobre 2003 pour l’obtention du Doctorat de l’universit´ePierre & Marie Curie – Paris VI (sp´ecialit´eastrophysique et instrumentations associ´ees) par Pascal Borde´ Composition du jury Pr´esident : Pr. Pierre Encrenaz Directeurs de th`ese : Dr. Vincent Coud´edu Foresto Pr. Pierre L´ena Rapporteurs : Dr. Pierre Barge Dr. Didier Queloz Examinateur : Dr. Alain L´eger Laboratoire d’Etudes´ Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique — UMR 8109 Mis en page avec la classe thloria. i Remerciements Par ses différents aspects, mon travail de thèse m’a conduit à travailler avec de nombreuses personnes dans différents observatoires ou laboratoires de la région parisienne ou des Amé- riques (États-Unis et Chili). Je voudrais remercier ici tous ceux qui m’ont orienté et conseillé dans mes recherches, ou qui plus généralement ont contribué à enrichir le contenu de ce manus- crit. Tout d’abord, ma gratitude va à Vincent Coudé du Foresto et Pierre Léna qui m’ont accueilli dans leur équipe d’interférométrie de l’observatoire de Meudon et ont assuré la direction de ma thèse. Les deux missions d’observation au Mont Hopkins (Arizona) avec Vincent furent pour moi l’occasion de faire mes premières armes d’astronome. C’est un rude métier qui nécessite un moral d’acier afin de faire face aussi bien aux difficultés techniques qu’à la météo capricieuse, mais qui apporte en contrepartie des satisfactions uniques. Au sein de l’équipe d’interférométrie, je tiens à remercier particulièrement Guy Perrin pour sa disponibilité à mon égard, pour de nombreuses discussions scientifiques très enrichissantes, pour avoir réalisé pour moi des observations d’étoiles binaires spectroscopiques et pour les heures de manipulation partagées au Laboratoire de physique des lasers à Villetaneuse. Je suis très redevable à Daniel Rouan du LESIA et Alain Léger de l’IAS pour tout ce qui concerne COROT et les transits d’exoplanètes. En dirigeant mon stage de DEA sur COROT en 1999, Daniel a guidé mes premiers pas en recherche et a su, aidé d’Alain, me communiquer le « virus des exoplanètes ». J’ai eu la chance que ce travail se poursuive jusqu’en 2002 au travers de passionnantes réunions, nous gagnant auprès d’Annie Baglin le surnom des « trois mousquetaires ». Je remercie également Marc Ollivier de l’IAS qui m’a souvent fait l’amitié de répondre à mes questions sur COROT, et avec qui j’ai eu beaucoup de plaisir à travailler sur une expérience préparatoire à Darwin. Je tiens à remercier l’équipe IRCO2 du Laboratoire de physique des lasers à Villetaneuse qui a accueilli le banc de test pour la caractérisation des fibres à10 µm : Thanh Nguyen, Anne Amy- Klein, Christophe Daussy et Christian Chardonnet. Il faut aussi souligner que rien n’aurait été possible sans le soutien de Gwenaël Mazé, directeur du Verre Fluoré, dont le désir de collaborer avec notre équipe s’est prolongé au-delà du terme du contrat attribué par la DGA. Je remercie Pierre Kervella de l’ESO pour une collaboration très agréable lors de mon séjour au Mont Paranal, ainsi que pour m’avoir associé à des études interférométriques sur Sirius et Procyon. Pour leur aide ponctuelle ou répétée, pour de (nombreuses) discussions scientifiques et ami- cales, je remercie Olivier Absil, Daniel Bonneau, Theo ten Brummelaar, Gilles Chagnon, An- drew Collier Cameron, Xavier Delfosse, Emmanuel di Folco, Marc Lacasse, Hal McAlister, Bertrand Mennesson, Antoine Mérand, Steve Ridgway, Jean Schneider, Peter Schuller, Wesley Traub, Tijl Verhoelst et Julien Woillez. Je suis très reconnaissant à Thérèse Encrenaz, directrice du DESPA, puis à son successeur Jean-Louis Bougeret, directeur du LESIA, d’avoir mis à ma disposition tous les moyens né- cessaires à ma recherche, de m’avoir toujours permis de partir en mission ou d’assister à des colloques. Enfin, je remercie particulièrement Jacqueline Thouvay, administratrice hors pair du LESIA, et plus généralement les secrétaires du LESIA et de l’école doctorale Astronomie & Astrophysique d’Île-de-France. ii iii À mes parents iv Table des matières Prologue 1 I De nouveaux mondes 3 1 Une quête astrophysique et métaphysique 5 1.1 L’Universinfini................................ 5 1.2 Lachasseauxplanètesgéantes. 6 1.2.1 Lestentativesastrométriques . 6 1.2.2 Lesplanètesdupulsar ........................ 6 1.2.3 Lessuccèsdelaspectroscopie. 7 1.2.4 Laconfirmationphotométrique . 7 1.3 ObjectifTerres!................................ 8 1.4 Établirlecontact? .............................. 9 2 Les exoplanètes géantes 11 2.1 Qu’est-cequ’uneplanète? . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 2.2 Panoramadesdécouvertes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 2.3 Distributionsstatistiques . .. 12 2.3.1 Histogrammedesmasses . 12 2.3.2 Histogrammedesdemi-grandsaxes . 13 2.3.3 Étudedel’excentricité . 14 2.3.4 Influencedelamétallicité . 15 2.4 LafamilledesPégasides ........................... 15 2.4.1 Propriétésgénérales . 16 2.4.2 Modèlesd’atmosphèreetspectres . 17 v vi Table des matières 3 Des compagnons planétaires aux compagnons stellaires : les systèmes doubles 21 3.1 Introduction.................................. 21 3.2 Intérêtastrophysique . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 3.3 Descriptiondynamique............................ 22 3.3.1 Mouvementducompagnondansleplanorbital . 22 3.3.2 Mouvementducompagnondansleplanduciel . 23 3.4 Vélocimétrieradiale ............................. 26 3.4.1 Calculdesvitessesradiales . 26 3.4.2 Exploitationdesmesuresvélocimétriques . ... 27 3.5 Lesbinairesàéclipses ............................ 30 II La méthode des transits ou la quête des petites planètes et des grandes statistiques 33 4 La science des transits 35 4.1 Principeetgrandeurscaractéristiques . ...... 35 4.1.1 Variationphotométrique . 35 4.1.2 Durée................................. 36 4.1.3 Probabilitégéométrique . 37 4.2 Exploitationd’unecourbedelumière . ... 37 4.2.1 Premièreapproche .......................... 37 4.2.2 Modélisationfine........................... 38 4.2.3 Mesuredesparamètresstellaires. 39 4.3 Succèsetambitionsdelaphotométrie . ... 39 4.3.1 SpectaculaireHD209458 . 39 4.3.2 CandidatsdurelevéOGLE . 40 4.4 Algorithmesdedétection. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 4.4.1 Inconvénientsdel’analysedeFourier . 41 4.4.2 Filtrageadapté ............................ 42 4.4.3 Autresméthodes ........................... 46 4.5 Variabilitéssolaireetstellaire . ..... 47 4.5.1 Causesdelavariabilité. 47 4.5.2 Modèledebruitdevariabilité . 49 vii 4.5.3 Extrapolationauxautresétoiles . 51 5 Prédiction des performances de la mission COROT 53 5.1 LamissionCOROT.............................. 53 5.2 Performancesescomptées . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 5.2.1 Champd’étoilessynthétique. 56 5.2.2 Procéduredesimulation . 57 5.2.3 Courbes d’efficacitédedétection . 59 5.2.4 Nombretotaldedétections. 64 5.2.5 Étudeen fonctiondu typespectral et delamagnitude . .... 66 5.3 Effets réduisant l’efficacitédedétection . 69 5.3.1 Variabilitéstellaire . 69 5.3.2 Variabilitéinduiteparlesétoilesdefond . ... 70 5.3.3 Binairesàéclipses .......................... 71 5.3.4 Difficultédesélectiondescibles. 72 5.4 Conclusion .................................. 72 6 De l’utilisation de la couleur 75 6.1 Propriétés chromatiques de la variabilitésolaire . .......... 75 6.1.1 Mesuresdel’instrumentSPM . 75 6.1.2 Modèledechromaticitésolaire . 77 6.1.3 Coefficientsdechromaticitéenbandelarge . 78 6.2 Soustractiondubruitdevariabilité . ..... 79 6.3 Reconnaissancedestransitsuniques . .... 81 6.3.1 Principedutest............................ 81 6.3.2 Exempled’utilisation . 82 6.4 Conclusion .................................. 83 III Interférométrie infrarouge et exoplanètes géantes 85 7 L’interférométrie astronomique 87 7.1 Motivation .................................. 87 7.2 Brève présentation de l’interférométrie astronomique . ........... 88 7.2.1 De la naissance de l’idée au premier diamètre stellaire . ..... 88 7.2.2 Unessorrécent............................ 88 viii Table des matières 7.3 Observableinterférométrique. .. 88 7.3.1 Degrécomplexedecohérence . 90 7.3.2 ThéorèmedeZernike-VanCittert . 90 7.3.3 Étalonnage.............................. 90 7.4 L’interférométriefibrée. 91 7.4.1 Principe................................ 91 7.4.2 MesuredediamètreavecVINCI. 93 8 Un catalogue d’étoiles-étalons
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