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Soil Guideline Values for Naphthalene Contamination

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Soil Guideline Values for Naphthalene Contamination Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs The Environment Agency SOIL GUIDELINE VALUES FOR NAPHTHALENE CONTAMINATION R&D Publication SGV 19 Publishing Organisation Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almondsbury, BRISTOL, BS32 4UD. Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 Website: www.environment-agency.gov.uk © Environment Agency 2005 November 2005 ISBN 1 844 32198 3 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Environment Agency. Officers, servants or agents of the Environment Agency and Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance upon views contained herein. Dissemination Status Internal: Released to Regions External: Released to Public Domain Statement of Use This publication sets out the derivation of the Soil Guideline Values for naphthalene contamination. The report has been written for technical professionals who are familiar with the assessment and management of the risks posed by land contamination to human health. It is expected to be of use to all parties involved with or interested in contamination, but in particular to those concerned with the assessment of land contamination. Keywords Soil Guideline Values, naphthalene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH, land contamination, priority contaminants, risk assessment. Research Contractor This document was produced by: URS Corporation Ltd Alpha Tower, 7th Floor, Suffolk Street, Queensway, Birmingham, B1 1YQ Tel: 0121 693 3795 Fax: 0121 693 3780 Environment Agency Contact Ian Martin, Principal Human Health Scientist, Ecosystems & Human Health Science Group, Environment Agency, Olton Court, 10 Warwick Road, Olton, Solihull, B92 7HX Further copies of this report can be obtained from the Environment Agency's National Customer Contact Centre by emailing [email protected] or by telephoning 08708 506506. R&D Publication SGV 19 Contents 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 4 2 Naphthalene in the environment...................................................................... 6 Chemistry of naphthalene................................................................................ 6 Sources of naphthalene................................................................................... 6 Behaviour in the soil environment.................................................................... 8 Potential for harm to human health and relevant health criteria values for soil............................................................................................. 12 3 Soil Guideline Values for naphthalene........................................................... 15 Purpose ......................................................................................................... 15 Land use........................................................................................................ 16 Soil Guideline Values according to land use.................................................. 17 Further information for assessors who apply these Soil Guideline Values........................................................................................................ 18 Mobility of naphthalene in the environment ................................................... 21 Other considerations including acute exposure............................................. 21 Comparison with other approaches ............................................................... 22 4 References .................................................................................................... 25 List of tables Table 1.1 Assessment of risk to human health from land contamination. Key reports from Defra and the Environment Agency. ........................................................... 5 Table 2.1 Physical-chemical properties of naphthalene (Environment Agency 2004a, IUPIC-NIST 2003) ............................................................................................... 9 Table 2.2: Tolerable Daily Intakes (TDI) and Adult Mean Daily Intakes (MDI) derived from oral and inhalation studies ........................................................................ 14 Table 3.1 A brief description of the standard land-uses for Soil Guideline Values .. 16 Table 3.2 Soil Guideline Values for naphthalene as a function of land-use............. 18 Table 3.3 Contribution to total exposure from soil for the relevant pathways expressed as a percentage of the mean exposure calculated by the CLEA model ................................................................................................................ 19 R&D Publication SGV 19 Soil Guideline Values for Naphthalene Contamination 1 Introduction 1.1 This report is one of a series of documents issued by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Environment Agency. The main purpose of the Contaminated Land Reports (CLR) series is to provide regulators, developers, landowners and other interested parties with relevant, appropriate, authoritative and scientifically based information and advice on the assessment of risks that arise from the presence of soil contamination. 1.2 This report describes soil guideline values (SGVs), generic assessment criteria for assessing the risks to human health from chronic exposure to soil contaminated with naphthalene. It is essential that the information presented here be used in conjunction with an understanding of the main reports in this series (see Table 1.1) and in the wider context of assessing environmental risk (DETR, Environment Agency and IEH, 2000). 1.3 This technical material can be used in support of the application of the statutory regimes that address land contamination, especially Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 (the contaminated land regime) and development control under the Town and Country Planning Acts (DETR, 2000; ODPM, 2004). See paragraphs 3.1 to 3.3 for further information. R&D Publication SGV 19 4 Soil Guideline Values for Naphthalene Contamination Table 1.1 Assessment of risk to human health from land contamination. Key reports from Defra and the Environment Agency. CLR7 Assessment of Risks to Human Health from Land Contamination: An Overview of the Development of Soil Guideline Values and Related Research (Defra and Environment Agency, 2002a). CLR7 serves as an introduction to the other reports in this series. It sets out the legal framework, in particular the statutory definition of contaminated land under Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990, the development and use of SGVs and references to related research. CLR8 Priority Contaminants for the Assessment of Land (Defra and Environment Agency, 2002b). This identifies priority contaminants (or families of contaminants), selected on the basis that they are likely to be present on many current or former sites affected by industrial or waste management activity in the UK in sufficient concentrations to cause harm, and that they pose a risk, to any of human health, buildings, water resources or ecosystems. It also indicates which contaminants are likely to be associated with particular industries. CLR9 Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans (Defra and Environment Agency, 2002c). This report sets out the approach to the selection of tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) and Index Doses for contaminants to support the derivation of SGVs. CLR10 The Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA): Technical Basis and Algorithms (Defra and Environment Agency, 2002d). This report describes the conceptual exposure models for each standard land use that are used to derive the SGVs. It sets out the technical basis for modelling exposure and provides a comprehensive reference to all default parameters and algorithms used. TOX 20 Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Naphthalene (Defra and Environment Agency, 2003). This report details the derivation of the oral and inhalation based tolerable daily soil intakes (TDSI) for naphthalene. Environment Agency (2004a) Update on the dermal exposure pathway, Briefing Note 1. Environment Agency (2004b) Update on estimating vapour intrusion into buildings, Briefing Note 2. Environment Agency (2004c) Update of supporting values and assumptions describing UK building stock, Briefing Note 3. Environment Agency (2005) An update on deriving soil guideline values based on combined intake from individual routes of exposure, Briefing Note 4. This document: SGV 19 Soil Guideline Values for Naphthalene Contamination. This report presents the SGVs for naphthalene and sets out their derivation. R&D Publication SGV 19 5 Soil Guideline Values for Naphthalene Contamination 2 Naphthalene in the environment Chemistry of naphthalene 2.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds that consist of two or more fused benzene ring structures in various arrangements (Environment Agency, 2003). Naphthalene (C10H8) is the simplest PAH in the group, and consists of two benzene rings (see Figure 1.1). At room temperature, naphthalene is a white crystalline solid with a strong tar-like odour (ATSDR, 1995; Defra and
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