Devolution and Democratic Accountability

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Devolution and Democratic Accountability Accounting in Politics This book looks at the effectiveness of the 1999 restructuring of the UK through the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and the Assemblies for Northern Ireland and Wales, considering the process of devolution and its consequences on the key mechanisms of accounting and democratic accountability. Many of the chapters in this book examine whether devolu- tion is enhancing democratic accountability, or creating a fragmentary state with conflict and tensions between the Westminster government and the devolved bodies. The focus is on the financial mechanisms for democratic accountability both in the UK and in international comparator countries (New Zealand, Norway and the US). The book examines the turbulent pattern of relation- ships between central and devolved government and explores whether the present arrangements for devolution in the UK represent an end game, or whether they may be merely a stepping stone to a more fully fledged federal state. It is argued that the main thrust of many of the financial reforms in the UK has confounded, obfuscated and complicated the desire for democratic accountability. The four academics involved in the editing of this volume were involved in a research project in a major ESRC programme on devolution and consti- tutional change. The resulting work will be of interest to students and researchers who are engaged in examining UK devolution and, more particu- larly, those with a concern related to resource accounting and budgeting issues. It will also make fascinating reading for civil servants and politicians involved in the devolution process. Mahmoud Ezzamel is Professorial Fellow of Cardiff Business School. Noel Hyndman is Professor of Management Accounting and Director of Research in Accounting at Queen’s University Management School. Åge Johnsen is Professor of Public Policy at Oslo University College. Irvine Lapsley is Pro- fessor of Accounting and Director of The Institute of Public Sector Account- ing Research at the University of Edinburgh Management School. Routledge Studies in Accounting 1 A Journey into Accounting Thought Louis Goldberg Edited by Stewart Leech 2 Accounting, Accountants and Accountability Poststructuralist positions Norman Belding Macintosh 3 Accounting and Emancipation Some critical interventions Sonja Gallhofer and Jim Haslam 4 Intellectual Capital Accounting Practices in a developing country Indra Abeysekera 5 Accounting in Politics Devolution and democratic accountability Edited by Mahmoud Ezzamel, Noel Hyndman, Åge Johnsen and Irvine Lapsley Accounting in Politics Devolution and democratic accountability Edited by Mahmoud Ezzamel, Noel Hyndman, Åge Johnsen and Irvine Lapsley First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2008 selection and editorial matter, Mahmoud Ezzamel, Noel Hyndman, Åge Johnsen and Irvine Lapsley; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Accounting in politics : devolution and democratic accountability / edited by Mahmoud Ezzamel ... [et al.]. p. cm. — (Routledge studies in accounting ; 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–415–42590–2 (hardback)—ISBN 978–0–203–92663–5 (e-book) 1. Decentralization in government—Great Britain. 2. Government accountability—Great Britain. I. Ezzamel, Mahmoud. JN329.D43A33 2008 352.4′390941—dc22 2007048248 ISBN 0-203-92663-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978–0–415–42590–2 (hbk) ISBN 978–0–203–92663–5 (ebk) Contents About the authors vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 MAHMOUD EZZAMEL, NOEL HYNDMAN, ÅGE JOHNSEN AND IRVINE LAPSLEY 2 The Westminster model of government: challenges and tensions 8 ANDREW GAMBLE AND IRVINE LAPSLEY 3 The process of devolution in the UK 18 SIMONA SCARPARO 4 Accountability in the UK devolved parliament and assemblies 38 SIMONA SCARPARO 5 Accounting and democratic accountability in Northern Ireland 55 NOEL HYNDMAN 6 Accounting and democratic accountability in Scotland 74 IRVINE LAPSLEY AND ARTHUR MIDWINTER 7 Accounting and democratic accountability in Wales 92 MAHMOUD EZZAMEL 8 Financial management and democratic accountability: lessons from New Zealand 109 JONATHAN BOSTON AND CHRIS EICHBAUM 9 Accounting and democratic accountability in Norway 134 ÅGE JOHNSEN vi Contents 10 State government budgeting in the United States: choices within constraints 152 CHRISTOPHER G. REDDICK 11 Conclusion: accounting, devolution and democratic accountability 163 MAHMOUD EZZAMEL, NOEL HYNDMAN, ÅGE JOHNSEN AND IRVINE LAPSLEY Index 175 About the authors The members of the research team behind this international comparative project have backgrounds in public management, management accounting and public policy. Jonathan Boston is Professor of Public Policy and Deputy Director of the Institute of Policy Studies in the School of Government at Victoria Uni- versity of Wellington. He has been a member of the New Zealand Political Change Project as well as the Tertiary Education Advisory Commission. He has published widely in the fields of public management, tertiary edu- cation, social policy and comparative government. He is currently working primarily on global and national policy responses to climate change. Chris Eichbaum is a Senior Lecturer in Public Policy in the School of Gov- ernment at Victoria University of Wellington. He previously held public service positions in Wellington and Canberra, and has also worked as Ministerial Advisor and as a Senior Policy Advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand. His principal research interests are in political and policy advisory structures in executive government, the design of the institutions of central banking, governance and social democratic politics. Mahmoud Ezzamel is Cardiff Professorial Fellow, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University. He has published widely in the areas of accounting in the public sector, the interface between accounting and social theory, management accounting, accounting history and corporate governance. Andrew Gamble is Professor of Politics at the University of Cambridge. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and joint editor of The Political Quarterly and New Political Economy. His books include Between Europe and America: The Future of British Politics, which was awarded the WJM Mackenzie Prize. Noel Hyndman is Professor of Management Accounting and Director of Research in Accounting at Queen’s University in Belfast, having previ- ously worked at the University of Ulster and the University of Ottawa in Canada. His research interests include performance measurement in viii About the authors not-for-profit organisations and reporting and control in public sector bodies. Åge Johnsen is Professor of Public Policy at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo University College. He has previously worked at Agder Research in Kristiansand and at the University of Edinburgh. His research interests are performance management in the public sector, audit and control in political institutions, contracting out, the political economy of municipal amalgamations and democratic accountability. Irvine Lapsley is Professor of Accounting and Director of the Institute of Public Sector Accounting Research at the University of Edinburgh Man- agement School. He is editor of Financial Accountability & Management. He has advised a number of public sector organisations, including the Finance Committee of the Scottish Parliament. Arthur Midwinter is a Visiting Professor in the Institute of Public Sector Accounting Research at the University of Edinburgh. He was Budget Adviser to the Finance Committee of the Scottish Parliament, and has also advised the Local Government Committee. Previously he was a mem- ber of the Scottish Local Government Staff Commission for 1994–1997, and has acted as a consultant to several local authorities on finance, governance and Best Value Audit. Christopher G. Reddick is Associate Professor and Department Chair in the Department of Public Administration at the University of Texas at San Antonio. His main research and teaching interests are in all areas of public administration, with a focus on electronic government, public sector financial management and employee health benefits. Simona Scarparo is Associate Professor of Accounting at Warwick Business School, the University of Warwick. She was previously a Research Fellow and a Postgraduate Research Fellow within the Institute of Public Sector Accounting Research at the University of Edinburgh. Acknowledgements Much of the empirical work, particularly that relating to Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Norway, that is used as the basis for this book, has its origins in a meeting held in Edinburgh in 2000 where the idea for a CIMA- sponsored
Recommended publications
  • Recognition of the Khojaly Genocide at the ICO
    Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan P R E S I D E N T I A L L I B R A R Y ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Recognition of the Genocide of Khojaly The member of the US California Assembly recognizes Khojaly Massacre (March 25, 2009) ............................................................................................................................................... 4 The recognition of the Khojaly Genocide at the ICO ............................................................... 5 Massachusetts State of the United States recognizes Khojaly tragedy as a massacre (February 25, 2010) ...................................................................................................................... 7 Recognition of the Khojaly genocide by Pakistan ..................................................................... 8 Recognition of the Khojaly massacre in Mexico ........................................................................ 9 The resolution adopted by the Senate of Mexico (October 27, 2011) .................................... 10 The resolution adopted by the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico (November 30, 2011) ....... 13 Khojaly to be recognized as Genocide in International level: representatives of the Parliaments of 51 States adopts the relevant resolution (January 31, 2012) ........................ 18 Texas House of Representatives passes resolution on Khojaly genocide (February 21, 2012) .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Strange Revival of Bicameralism
    The Strange Revival of Bicameralism Coakley, J. (2014). The Strange Revival of Bicameralism. Journal of Legislative Studies, 20(4), 542-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2014.926168 Published in: Journal of Legislative Studies Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2014 Taylor & Francis. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:01. Oct. 2021 Published in Journal of Legislative Studies , 20 (4) 2014, pp. 542-572; doi: 10.1080/13572334.2014.926168 THE STRANGE REVIVAL OF BICAMERALISM John Coakley School of Politics and International Relations University College Dublin School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy Queen’s University Belfast [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT The turn of the twenty-first century witnessed a surprising reversal of the long-observed trend towards the disappearance of second chambers in unitary states, with 25 countries— all but one of them unitary—adopting the bicameral system.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 5 Issue 2 2013
    VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 2013 ISSN: 2036-5438 VOL. 5, ISSUE 2, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS SPECIAL ISSUE Regional Parliaments in the European Union: A comparison between Italy and Spain Edited by Josep M. Castellà Andreu, Eduardo Gianfrancesco, Nicola Lupo and Anna Mastromarino ESSAYS National and Regional Parliaments in the EU decision-making process, after the The Relationship between State and Treaty of Lisbon and the Euro-crisis Regional Legislatures, Starting from the NICOLA LUPO E- 1-28 Early Warning Mechanism CRISTINA FASONE E-122-155 Spanish Autonomous Communities and EU policies State accountability for violations of EU law AGUSTÍN RUIZ ROBLEDO E- 29-50 by Regions: infringement proceedings and the right of recourse The scrutiny of the principle of subsidiarity CRISTINA BERTOLINO E-156-177 by autonomous regional parliaments with particular reference to the participation of the Parliament of Catalonia in the early warning system ESTHER MARTÍN NÚÑEZ E- 51-73 Early warning and regional parliaments: in search of a new model. Suggestions from the Basque experience JOSU OSÉS ABANDO E- 74-88 The evolving role of the Italian Conference system in representing regional interest in EU decision-making ELENA GRIGLIO E- 89-121 ISSN: 2036-5438 National and Regional Parliaments in the EU decision-making process, after the Treaty of Lisbon and the Euro-crisis by Nicola Lupo Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 5, issue 2, 2013 Except where otherwise noted content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons 2.5 Italy License E - 1 Abstract The Treaty of Lisbon increased the role of National and Regional Parliaments in the EU decision-making process, in order to compensate for some of the weaknesses of the European institutional architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Serving Scotland Better: Scotland and the United Kingdom in the 21St Century
    Serving Scotland Better: Better: Scotland Serving Serving Scotland Better: Scotland and the United Kingdom in the 21st Century Final Report – June 2009 Scotland and the United Kingdom in the 21st Century 21st the in Kingdom United the and Scotland Commission on Scottish Devolution Secretariat 1 Melville Crescent Edinburgh EH3 7HW 2009 June – Report Final Tel: (020) 7270 6759 or (0131) 244 9073 Email: [email protected] This Report is also available online at: www.commissiononscottishdevolution.org.uk © Produced by the Commission on Scottish Devolution 75% Printed on paper consisting of 75% recycled waste Presented to the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament and to the Secretary of State for Scotland, on behalf of Her Majesty’s Government, June 2009 Serving Scotland Better: Scotland and the United Kingdom in the 21st Century | Final Report – June 2009 Serving Scotland Better: Scotland and the United Kingdom in the 21st Century It was a privilege to be asked to chair a Commission to consider how the Scottish Parliament could serve the people of Scotland better. It is a task that has taken just over a year and seen my colleagues and me travelling the length and breadth of Scotland. It has been very hard work – but also very rewarding. Many of the issues are complex, but at the heart of this is our desire to find ways to help improve the lives of the people of Scotland. The reward has been in meeting so many people and discussing the issues with them – at formal evidence sessions, at informal meetings, and at engagement events across the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Scotland and the Isle of Man, C.1400-1625 : Noble Power and Royal Presumption in the Northern Irish Sea Province
    University of Huddersfield Repository Thornton, Tim Scotland and the Isle of Man, c.1400-1625 : noble power and royal presumption in the Northern Irish Sea province Original Citation Thornton, Tim (1998) Scotland and the Isle of Man, c.1400-1625 : noble power and royal presumption in the Northern Irish Sea province. Scottish Historical Review, 77 (1). pp. 1-30. ISSN 0036-9241 This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4136/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ The Scottish Historical Review, Volume LXXVII, 1: No. 203: April 1998, 1-30 TIM THORNTON Scotland and the Isle of Man, c.1400-1625: Noble Power and Royal Presumption in the Northern Irish Sea Province One of the major trends in Western European historiography in the last twenty years has been a fascination with territorial expansion and with the consolidation of the nascent national states of the late medieval and early modern period.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Other Parliaments
    The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Learning from other parliaments Study Program 2006 House of Representatives Standing Committee on Procedure August 2006 © Commonwealth of Australia 2006 ISBN 0 642 78826 X (printed version) ISBN 0 642 78827 8 (HTML version) Contents Foreword...................................................................................................................................................vii Participants..............................................................................................................................................viii 1 Overview of visit ..................................................................................................... 1 Background.....................................................................................................................................1 The program....................................................................................................................................2 Major themes...................................................................................................................................3 Overview Conclusion.....................................................................................................................4 2 Themes and issues................................................................................................. 5 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • CPA Learning System for Professional Development
    CPA Learning System for Professional Development Module on Parliamentary Democracy COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARY ASSOCIATION in association with Athabasca University a Course Team Author: David Stewart, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Course Team Managers: ąMalinda S. Smith, Athabasca University and ąDavid McNeil, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Alberta Branch Course Team: David Stewart, Malinda S. Smith, David McNeil, Alvin Finkel, ąMicheline Gravel, Patrick Guiton, Sandra Rein Library and Internet Resources: Sandra Perry, Vivianne Fagnan, ąWolfgang Maul, Heather Close Managing Editor: Erna Dominey Visual Presentation: Athabasca University Typesetting Unit Visual Design: Margaret Anderson Project Coordinator: Raja Gomez ISBN 0Ć919737Ć51ĆX Every effort has been taken to ensure that these materials comply with the requirements of copyright clearances and appropriate credits. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and Athabasca University will attempt to incorporate in future printings any corrections which are communicated to it. The inclusion of any material in this publication is strictly in accord with the consents obtained. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and Athabasca University do not authorize or license any further reproduction or use without the consent of the copyright holders. Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and Athabasca University 2001 All rights reserved Expert Group on Professional Development of Parliamentarians Hon. Hector McClean, MP Speaker of the House of Representatives, Trinidad
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Labour Devolution Commission Report
    Powers for a purpose - Strengthening Accountability and Empowering People Scottish Labour Devolution Commission March 2014 Powers for a Purpose Strengthening Accountability and Empowering People Foreword Scottish Labour is a party of both devolution and the union. For over 100 years, Labour has led the argument for Scottish devolution within the union, and it is a cause we have advanced out of deep-seated conviction. That is why it was a Labour Government which set up the Scottish Parliament, delivering on what John Smith memorably called “unfinished business”. In making the case for devolution, Labour has brought enhanced democratic accountability for decisions affecting the people of Scotland. Our desire has always been a simple one: meeting the Scottish people’s legitimate desire for more powers and enhanced accountability within a strengthened union. To lead in the twenty-first century, to preserve our values and advance the people’s interests, Scotland needs the United Kingdom and the United Kingdom needs Scotland. As a successful multinational state we have shared over 300 years of history in a joint endeavour for economic security and social justice. The question for us today is how we remodel the union to preserve the gains we have made and lay the foundations for further achievements in the twenty-first century. The UK is a union with economic, social, and political dimensions. All three are connected. Without political union it is not possible to have the economic integration which promotes jobs, growth and economic security. We as a Labour Party are committed to the sharing of resources and risks which allows social union across the whole UK – we believe in social solidarity that gives security for pensioners and others who have to rely on social services wherever they are.
    [Show full text]
  • Officers of State and Representation in the Pre-Modern Scottish Parliament
    Chapter 7 Officers of State and Representation in the Pre-modern Scottish Parliament Alastair J. Mann Pre-modern parliamentary historiography’s obsession with the two main branches of representative study—the “selection” of individual members of parliament by some electoral process, and the credibility of parliamentary par- ticipants from the ranks of a social group or estate—has resulted in limited reflection on officers of state.1 It is as if the very condition of crown ministers, not being “public men”,2 undermines the value of collective or particularized analysis, other than through studies of the ubiquitous great ministers of na- tional history, such as Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654) of Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus or Cardinal Mazarin (1602–61) of France under Louis xiv. Anach- ronistically, the others seem but civil servants in a pre-modern setting. In a Scottish parliamentary context this is especially unsatisfactory from both pro- cedural and political perspectives. Scottish historians are to blame themselves, of course. The fact that no monograph of the pre-1707 Scottish Parliament was published between 1924 and 1996 confirms what MacDonald describes as a limited “historiographical tradition on which to draw”.3 Nevertheless, in the last two decades, fresh interest in procedural exploration coupled with a reappraisal of the significance and sophistication of the Scottish Parliament 1 Most, deliberately or by omission, are unconvinced, see Antonio Marongiu, Medieval Parlia- ments: A Comparative Study (London, 1968), pp. 223–28; A.R. Myers, Parliaments and Estates in Europe to 1789 (London, 1975), pp. 23–29; Wim Blockmans, “Representation (Since the Thir- teenth Century)”, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Governmental Relations in the UK
    SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION Inter-governmental relations in the UK Oral and written evidence Contents Professor Derek Birrell, University of Ulster—Written evidence (IGR0013) ............................. 3 Dr Andrew Blick, Institute of Contemporary British History, King’s College London— Written evidence (IGR0006) .................................................................................................................... 9 Rt Hon. Alistair Carmichael MP, Secretary of State for Scotland; and Rt Hon. Lord Wallace of Tankerness, Advocate-General For Scotland—Oral evidence (QQ 76-86) ......................... 11 Mr Bruce Crawford MSP, Devolution (Further Powers) Committee, Scottish Parliament; Mr Ian Davidson MP, House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee; and Mr Laurence Robertson MP, House of Commons Northern Ireland Affairs Committee—Oral evidence (QQ 55-63) ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Mr Ian Davidson MP, House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee; Mr Laurence Robertson MP, House of Commons Northern Ireland Affairs Committee; and Mr Bruce Crawford MSP, Devolution (Further Powers) Committee, Scottish Parliament—Oral evidence (QQ 55-63) .............................................................................................................................. 27 Mr David Davies MP, House of Commons Welsh Affairs Committee; and Mr David Melding AM, Welsh Assembly Constitutional and Legislative Affairs
    [Show full text]
  • The Experiences of Scottish Devolution
    The Experiences of Scottish Devolution Constitutional and Parliamentary Mechanisms of the Scottish Parliament June 2016 FOREWORD DPI aims to create an environment which facilitates the sharing of knowledge, opinions, ideas and concerns relating to peace and democracy building. We seek to create a structured public dialogue and support the diversity of opinion, as well as creating and widening existing platforms for discussion. DPI’s principle objective is to identify common priorities and develop innovative approaches to participate in and influence the process of finding democratic solutions. Comparative studies of associated case studies enable us to effectively analyse past mistakes so as to avoid their repetition. Therefore, we see comparative analysis of models of peace and democracy building to be central to the achievement of our aims and objectives. As domestic politics continue to shape international affairs and the potential for conflict, it is vital to comprehend the nature of local government structures. This paper seeks to map the steps taken towards devolving greater power from the UK central government to Scotland. The relationship between Westminster and Holyrood has shifted significantly over the past two decades, and faces further changes today. Through understanding the nature of these developments we can seek to pre-empt the future of these relationships and to recognise the way society is developing as a result. The UK and in particular the case of Scotland, continues to provide a useful case study on questions of governance, presenting numerous topics in relation to power sharing and devolution processes. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. COUNTRY OVERVIEW II. INTRODUCTION III. CONSTITUTIONAL AND PARLIAMENTARY MECHANISMS OF SCOTTISH PARLIAMENT AND GOVERNMENT i.
    [Show full text]
  • Officers of State and Representation in the Pre-Modern Scottish Parliament
    Accepted for publication in Political Representation: Communities, Ideas and Institutions in Europe (c.1200-c.1690) edited by M Damen, J Haemers and AJ Mann, Later Medievel Europe, 15. Leiden, Brill, pp. 142-160 1 Officers of state and representation in the pre-modern Scottish Parliament Alastair J. Mann Pre-modern parliamentary historiography’s obsession with the two main branches of representative study — the “selection” of individual members of parliament by some electoral process, and the credibility of parliamentary participants from the ranks of a social group or estate — has resulted in limited reflection on officers of state.1 It is as if the very condition of crown ministers, not being “public men”,2 undermines the value of collective or particularized analysis, other than through studies of the ubiquitous great ministers of national history, such as Axel Oxenstierna (1583-1654) of Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus or Cardinal Mazarin (1602-61) of France under Louis XIV. Anachronistically, the others seem but civil servants in a pre-modern setting. In a Scottish parliamentary context this is especially unsatisfactory from both procedural and political perspectives. Scottish historians are to blame themselves, of course. The fact that no monograph of the pre-1707 Scottish parliament was published between 1924 and 1996 confirms what MacDonald describes as a limited “historiographical tradition on which to draw”.3 Nevertheless, in the last two decades, fresh interest in procedural exploration coupled with a reappraisal of the significance and sophistication of the Scottish parliament provides some foundations for a consideration of Scottish officers of state and their parliament.4 1 Most, deliberately or by omission, are unconvinced, see Antonio Marongiu, Medieval Parliaments: A Comparative Study (London, 1968), pp.
    [Show full text]