/# h o o k ; 4 1 2 % ' * 1 / . GAZETTEER OF THE GI'JJRAT DISTRICT, 1 8 8 3 - 8 4 . , (A ‘Q ‘ C o m p i l e d a n d P u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h a ' P u n j a b Government. E a h o r c : PRINTED AT THE "ARYA PRESS," BY RAM DAS. -_-F 1 8 8 4 . eaeaasd PFKEI?A(IE. —_|_..|-__ THE period fixed by the Punjab Government for the compilation of the Gazetteer of the Province being limited to twelve months, the Editor has not been able to prepare any original matter for the present work; and his duties have been confined to throwing the already existing material into. shape, supplementing it as far as possible by contributions obtained from district officers, passing the draft through the press, circulating it for revision, altering it in accordance with the correc‘ tions and suggestions of revising officers, and printing and issuing the final edition. The material available in print for the Gazetteer of this district consisted of the Settlement Reports, and a draft Gazetteer compiled between 1870 and 1874 by Mr. F. Cunningham, Barrister-at-Law. Notes on certain points have been supplied by district officers; while the report on the Census of 1881 has been utilised. Of the present volume, Section A of Cap. V (General Administration), and the whole of Cap. VI (Towns), have been for the most part supplied by the Deputy Commissioner; and Section A of Cap. III (Statistics of Popula tion) has been taken from the Census Report. But with these excepe tions, the great mass of the text has been taken almost, if not quite verbally, from Mr. Cunningham's compilation already referred to, which again was almost wholly based upon Colonel Waterfield's Settlement Report of the district. The report in question was written in 1868, and, modelled on the meagre lines of the older settlement reports, affords somewhat inade quate material for an account of the district. No better or fuller material, however, was either available or procurable within the time allowed. But when the district again comes under settlement, a second and more complete edition of this Gazetteer will be prepared; and meanwhile the present edition will serve the useful purpose of collecting and publishing in a systematic form, information which had before been scattered, and in part unpublished. The draft edition of this Gazetteer has been revised by Colonels Waterfield and Parsons and Mr. Perkins. The Deputy Commissioner is responsible for the spelling of vernacular names, which has been fixed phroughout by him in. accordance with the prescribed system of trans iteration. Tm: Eorron. -~,-‘.| ‘rj' _"e " l r‘: I. V‘ " " ‘L D ' err-"w . ., -'¢-‘>e_ v _ v 5i. I i CONTENTS. CHAP. I.—THE DISTRICT A.—DESCRIPTIVE B.—GEOLOGY, Faun AND From )9 [IL-THE II.—HISTORY PEOPLE ‘1a N A.—STATISTICAL 25 B.—Socmr. AND Rauarous LIFE 30 O.—Tmnas, Cas'ras, AND LEADING FAMILIES 43 D.--Vu.r.aea Conmum'rms, Rlon'rs, AND TENURE! 53 III-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION A.-—Aemcm.'rvna, AaBomcUL'ruRa, AND Lrvn-Srocx... 69 B.——OCCUPATION8,C.—Pmcas, Wamn'rs INDUSTRIES AND Mmsoaas, AND Commune: AND Comuumcxrrons 85 92 K-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE ,, VI.—TOWNS A.—-Gaxaa.u.B.—LAND AND AND MUNICIPALITIES Anmms'rna'mon LAND REVENUE ... a; 99 112 STATISTICAL TABLES (Innax on Paar: ii) .r. a‘; CHAPTER I.—THE DISTRICT. Section A.—Deecriptive— General description—Physical features OQOQHI \IQ’IQFNH6' Physical features-The submontane zone The submontane zone-Submontane west of the Bhimbar-The central The plateau-The Chinab Valley-The Chinab Valley riverain of the Chinab and Jeh1em_Linee'ei drainage Lines of drainage-The Bhimbar-Minor streams—The Chinab The chines-The Jehlam-Rainfall, temperature, and climate-Disease 1': Disease Section B.—-Geo1ogy, Fauna and Flora— Geology-Mineral products. Saltpetre Mineral products. Saltpetre--Kankar-Lime Stone—Fauna, and capacity of district for sport-Flora \ f Flora CHAPTER II.—HISTORY. Early history : Antiquities-Mong : Nikoea l3 Mong : Nikoea—C0l0nisati0n of the district-Muhammadan Period Muhammadan Period l5 Sikh Period l6 .‘b' . [ Punjab Gazetteer . I ii Chapter II.——Hietory—(wntienued)— Page. Sikh Period—Annexation : battles of Gnjrét and Chelianwzila l8 Annexation : battles of Gnjrdt and Cheliénwdlu-The mutiny-—Famines. Sat paropiyé or San ehalis, A.D. I783 . l9 Fnmines. “ Sat paropv'yd ” or San clmlis, A.D. I783~The'l’6-imila famine, Ab. 1815—The )[arkanwa'la famine, in). 183l-The SnItarhawrila famine, A.D. 1863-Constitution of district and subsequent changes 20 Constitution of district and subsequent changes-List of District Ofiicers 21 Development since annexation-The Ohib border under Native rule 22 The Chib border under Native rule—Their depredutions during British rule—-Chib blackmail 23 Chib blackmail ... 24 CHAPTER III.—THE PEOPLE. Section A.—Sta.tistica.1— Distribution of population 25 Migration and birth-place of population-Increase and decrease of popu lation 26 Increase and decrease of population-Births and deaths ... 27 Births and deaths—Age, sex, and civil condition 28 Age, sex, and civil condition-—Intirmities-—Europeun and Eurasian popul - tion 29 Section B. —Socia.1 and Religious Life Domestic occurrences ali'ect the people-Betrothal-The day is fixed 30 The day is fixed—The anointing and serenading—The dyeing with kind The bath, the garlanding and the toilet 31 The bath, the garlanding and the toilet-Wedding presents or tambol-The procession of the bridegroom and the meeting of the fathers 32 The presents for the bride, and the procession—'1‘he reading of the service -The dower-Fees paid by both parties 33 The going ofi'—The mukla'wall-Marriages at what agc—-Expenses—-Th birth of a. son 34 The ceremony of the 7th day-The feast after the 40th day-Circumcision —Oustom among Hindus—-Customs among Chibs—-Oeremony of the 6th evening—-Funerals—The carrying to the grave, and service 35 The burial-The lament and the fusting—-The priest and his dues ; the visits of condolence-—The annirersnry—Expenscs—Expenses increasing again with means-Games 86 Food of the people-General statistics and distribution of religions 37 General statistics and distribution of religions-District fairs ; molds 38 Gujrét- Mission—Gujriit Mission schools—-Lnnguage--Educntion 39 Education-Character and disposition of the people. Pecnliarities of phy siognomy and physique. amongst the tribes-General character 41 Crime-Povorty or wealth of the people ... 42 Poverty or wealth of the people . 43 Section O.—Tribes, Castes, and Loading Families Statistics and local distribution of tribes and castes-Number of villages and area. owned by the different tribes 43 Number of villages and area owned by the different tribes 44 .Bnihmans, Khatris and Arorns—Bnhrripiyas-Lnb:11ius 45 I4ihdnas—Réjputs -Cl1ibs ... 46 Gairat District. 1 iii Section C.—Tribes, Castes, and Leading Fami1i6S——(cont'imwd)-— Page. Chiba-‘Tats 47 J ats--Varaitch . 48 Varaitch 49 Tairar—-Gondal—Ranjha—Gujars . 50 Gujars—-Sayads—-Mughals bl Mnghals-Awiins-PrincipM families 52 Principal families 53 Section D.—Vil1a.ge Communities, Rights, and Tenures Village tenures 53 Village tenures—Proprietary tenures 54 Proprietary tenures-Tenants and rent-Tenant right in 1857 56 Tenant right in l857—-Tenant right in 1870 57 Tenant right in 1870—Rent rates 58 Rent rates—Rights of possession in pasture land—Riparian boundaries— The Jelilam river 59 The J ehlam river-The Ohinab river-—Village ofiicers 60 Village oificers-Zailddrs-Head lambarda'rs 62 Village servants or kamim. The blacksmith ; Lohér-The carpenter; Tarkhrin—The potter ; Kumhdr 63 The potter ; Kumhdr--The barber ; Hajzim or mii-The washerman ; Dhob+'—The sweeper ; Chaim or Musalli 64 The nwc/iicarpenter ; Oobbler—-The carrying seed mzishki; grain—Mirrisis, water-carrier or bards and and baker—Potter their duties 65 Agricultural labourers--Petty village grantees—1’overty or wealth of the proprietors . 66 Poverty or wealth of the proprietors—-Debts in the Gujrat tahsiL—State of the Kharian talm'l-Of the Phalia tahsil—State of the case under Sikh rule 67 Improvement under British rule 68 CHAPTER IV.-—PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. Section A-Agriculture, Arboriculture, and Live-Stock General statistics of agriculture—>The seasons .. 69 The seasons-Agricultural calendar 70 Agricultural calendar~Zones of fertility 71 Submontane zone-Central zone—Lowland zone-Alluvial zone-Low flooded zone—S0ils 72 Irrigation-Profits of an average well-Agricultural implements an appliances .. 73 Soils 74 Agricultural implements and appliances—Manure and rotation of crops 76 Manure and rotation of crops—Principal staples 77 Principal staples-Average yield. Production and consumption of feed grains 80 Average yield. Production and consumption of food grains-Arboriculture and forests 81 Arboriculture and forests 82 Live-Stock—-Horses-Horsc and mule-breeding operations Cattle [Punjab Gazetteer, > ‘LU Section B.—Occupations, Industries, and Commerce— Page. Occupations of the people-—Principal industries and manufactures 85 Principal industries and manufactures-—Damascening 86 Damascening-—Ohair-making-Course and nature of trade 87 Course and nature of trade-Exports—1mports 90 Imports—-Khojah trafiic 91 Foreign trade 92 Section C.-Priees, Weights and Measures, and Communications Prices, wages, rent-rates, interest 92 Local weights and measures-Communications—Rivers 93 Rivers-—Railways-Roads ___ 9 4 Roads-Post oflices-—Telegraph 9 5 CHAPTER V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. Section A.—Genera.1 Administration Executive and J udicial—Criminal, Police, and Gaols 96 Criminal, Police, and Gaols--Revenue, Taxation, Registration, 620. 97 Statistics of land revenue—Education-Gdjré.t District School 98 Gujrat District School-Medical--Ecclesiastical-Head-quarters of other departments 99 Section B.—La.nd and Land Revenue The Sikh system 99 The Sikh system-First Summary Settlement, 1846 A.D.—Second Summary Settlement, 1849 Ann-Revision of 1851-52 A.D.—-Regular Settlement, 1852-58 an.