Myriophyllum spicatum

Eurasian Watermilfoil

A Non-Native Submerged Aquatic Plant EURASIAN WATERMILFORD (EWM) & STARRY STONEWORT (SSW) SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANTS IN LAKE WAWASEE & SYRACUSE LAKE PROBLEM STATEMENT1

EWM is present throughout the littoral zone in both Lake Wawasee & Syracuse Lake. EWM & SSW are impacting the use of Lake Wawasee & Syracuse Lake in many areas. Both EWM & SSW form dense mats in many areas, which can inhibit fishing, swimming, and boating. Observations from Lake

Wawasee & Syracuse Lake over the past 8 years indicate that SSW is extremely aggressive & even appears to be out-competing EWM in many areas. These invasive plant beds may also prevent the growth of beneficial native species which often provide less recreational interference & better quality fish habitat. SSW is currently present In over 239 surface acres on Lake Wawasee and over 231 acres in Syracuse Lake.

1Source: Aquatic Weed Control. 2018. Lake Wawasee and Syracuse Lake Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan, 2017 Update. Kosciusko County, Indiana. 55pp. [see page 5] EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum General Characteristics 1. Eurasian watermilfoil (EWM), Myriophyllum spicatum, is a submerged perennial vascular plant in the family Haloragaceae.

a. It is native to Europe, Asia, & northern Africa (Patten 1954). It also occurs in India, Canada, & the U. S.

2. EWM leaves, about 2 inches long, are olive-green, arranged in whorls of 3 to 6 (usually 4) leaves around the stem. Leaves are deeply dissected with 14 or more uniform (in diameter) leaflets on Source: Online photo. Q.bank- each leaf, giving the leaves a feathery 250 X250. EWM leaves & leaflets. appearance (Patten 1954). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum General Characteristics

3. M. spicatum flowers twice as year, typically mid-June & late July, followed by autofragmentation of the plant after each flowering (Nichols 1975). Flowers are monoecious & have 4 petals, are pink, very small, & arranged in 4-flowered whorls along a spike. They are held above the water on an emerged flower spike that is 5-20 cm (about 2-8 inches) long.

a. Female flowers are basal while male flowers are located distally on the same Source: Online photo gobotany inflorescence. They have a 4-lobed pistil & newenglandwild.org. EWM flowers. lack sepals & petals. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum General Characteristics

4. Unlike other watermilfoil species, EWM lacks turions, which are overwintering buds that store starch to be used for subsequent growth (Jacobs 2009).

5. Stems are slender, smooth, green, reddish-brown or pinkish-white, & can grow over 7 meters in length (Gleason & Cronquist 1991). EWM branches profusely once it reaches the water surface & forms a dense canopy (Aiken et al 1979).

6. Eurasian watermilfoil spreads & reproduces asexually by regrowth of plant fragments. EWM can also be spread by EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum General Characteristics 7. Fruits produced by sexual reproduction are 2.3 mm long with 4 grooves. Each fruit is indehiscent & contains 4 nutlike seeds (Jacobs 2009).

8. Eurasian watermilfoil is a submerged, rooted perennial; roots are fibrous, often developing on plant fragments.

9. EWM is temperature tolerant, winter-hardy, & is able to overwinter in frozen lakes & ponds in northern states & Canada. It is also able to grow Source: Online photo Myciophyllum in shallow, over-heated bays. spicatum nutlets. Source:Legagneua,P.- 200 X 150.

10. EWM has reduced xylem, since water & nutrients can be taken up through leaf tissue (Hartman and Brown (1967). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Phenology in the Great Lakes Region*

• EWM breaks dormancy & begins growing shoots from root crowns when water temperatures begins increasing & approach 15C (59F) (Smith 1990).

• Growth usually occurs between March & May in the Great Lakes Region (Grace 1978). • EWM can be established by April, well before other macro-phytes show growth (Grace 1978).

• In the Great Lakes Region, flowering can occur in June when the plant reaches the surface of the water (Smith & Barko 1990). • Fruits are set in June (later in July & August in higher latitudes), & EWM continues fruiting until September.

*Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor,MI. (www.mtu.edu). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Phenology in the Great Lakes Region* • Maximum biomass of EWM occurs shortly after the plants flower (Grace 1978).

• After plants flower & fruit, leaves begin to slough off the stems & autofragmentation occurs (late summer to early fall), which allows EWM to break into many fragments that float, then sink, root, and establish new EWM beds (vegetative propagation).

• In northern latitudes, the aboveground tissue dies back to the root crown in late fall then overwinter as young shoots or buds located in the root crown or as submerged fragments & seeds in the sediment (Grace 1978).

*Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor,MI. (www.mtu.edu). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction* • EWM can reproduce from seeds. • Sexual reproduction can occur in June once the inflorescence grows above the water surface (Nichols 1975).

• Female flowers open first followed by the male flowers at a later date (Aiken et al 1979). • This strategy favors cross pollination between plants to increase genetic diversity. • EWM is primarily wind pollinated (Haynes 1988)

• Once eggs are pollinated, the ovaries will mature into fruits that contain 4 nutlike seeds each. • An inflorescence typically produces 12-40 seeds. • Fruits are dispersed by wind before they sink (Nichols 1976). *Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor, MI. (www.mtu.edu). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction*

•Seeds have a long dormancy up to 7 years.

• Dormancy can be broken through scarification, freezing, drying, or extreme pH (Coble & Vance 1987).

•Seedlings are though to be rare, so the role sexual reproduction plays in the success of EWM is unknown.

• However, sexual reproduction is responsible for hybrid watermilfoil, M. spicatum X sibiricum (Moody & Les, 2002).

*Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor, MI. (www.mtu.edu). HYBRID WATERMILFOIL •M. spicatum is capable of hybridizing with the native M. sibiricum to produce M. sibiricum X M. spicatum which has an intermediate number of leaf segments between the two parent species (Reznicek et al 2011). There are 238 occurrences of this hybrid in 6 states as per USGS (nas.er.usgs. gov.).

•These hybrids have been documented in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Idaho, Oregon,& Washington (Moody & Les. 2002).

Source: nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/Greatlakes/Fact Sheet.aspx?Species IN=237 HYBRID WATERMILFOIL

• This hybrid has also been found in Steuben County, Indiana at Big Turkey Lake according to Rod Edgell, IN DNR, at LARE Meeting, Wawasee Center, 9-25-2018.

•This hybrid also occurs in Lake Wawasee and Syracuse Lake (WACF Ecology Committee Minutes 10-17- 2019).

Source: nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/Greatlakes/Fact Sheet.aspx?Species IN=237 HYBRID WATERMILFOIL CONTROL • The Procellacor EC specimen label, a group 4 herbicide, lists Hybrid Eurasian Watermilfoil (M.M. spicatumspicatum XX M.M. spp.spp.) as a vascular aquatic plant controlled with in-water application with this herbicide (see table 3 in the specimen label). Also controlled with this herbicide are Eurasian Watermilfoil (M. spicatum), and Variable Watermilfoil (M. heterophyllum). Source: nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/Greatlakes/Fact Sheet.aspx?Species IN=237 PROCELLACOR EC SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION 10 EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Life Cycle Asexual Reproduction* • EWM can reproduce asexually through plant fragmentation. EWM spreads & reproduces mainly by regrowth of plant fragments.

• EWM will autofragment:

• After EWM flowers, plants begin to produce layers of lignified cells at stem nodes allowing it to fragment without mechanical disturbance.

• Small branch fragments break off the plant & form roots which can establish new plants. Roots grow at the nodes & fragments, later sink, and establish roots in the substrate.

• Fragments that contain a node can produce a new viable plant. Fragments can stay alive for weeks out of water if kept moist.

*Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor, MI. (www.mtu.edu). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Life Cycle Asexual Reproduction*

•Boaters, waterfowl, & water currents readily move fragments between & within waters which is a major reason for its spread across the Unites States. Transport on boating equipment plays the largest role in introducing fragments to new waterbodies.

•EWM plants can store carbohydrates in the lower stems that allows the plant to survive over the winter. When water temperature reach 50-60°F, the plant will begin growing out of the root crown or overwintering stems & grows toward the water surface.

*Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor, MI. (www.mtu.edu). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Taxonomic Classification* • KINGDOM.………………..………. Plantae • SUBKINGDOM……………..…..… Virdiplantae • INFAKINGDOM…………………. Streptophyta – land plants • SUPERDIVISION……………….. Embryophyta • DIVISION………………………… Tracheophyta- vascular plants • SUBDIVISION…………………… Spermatophytina – seed plants • CLASS…………………..……….. Magnoliopsida • SUPERORDER…………………. Saxifraganae • ORDER………………….………… Saxifragales • FAMILY……………………………. Haloragaceae - watermilfoil • GENUS…………………………… Myriophyllum L. - watermilfoil • SPECIES………………………… spicatum – Eurasian watermilfoil

*Source: www.itis.gov. The Genus Myriophyllum*

• Myriophyllum (watermilfoil) is a genus of about 69 species of freshwater aquatic plants.

• There are 11 native watermilfoil species in North America. The native species are not as aggressive as the exotic species.

• Three species [M. aquaticum (parrot feather watermilfoil), M. heterophyllum (variable-leaf watermilfoil), and M. spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil)], have aggressively invaded lakes, natural waterways & irrigation canals in North America. The U. S. states most affected have implemented control plans.

*Source: Wikipedia. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriophyllum. Myriophyllum aquaticum and M. heterophyllum*

• Myriophyllum aquaticum was found in Starke County in 2014 in the north margin of a small pond about 4 miles east of North Judson on the south side of Indiana 10. Status Established.

• M. aquaticum also was found in Steuben County at Meserve Lake (just east of Pleasant Lake) in 2006. Status Eradicated.

• M. heterophyllum does not occur in Indiana. However there are 543 occurrences of this species in 10 U. S. States (AL, CT, MA, ME, NH, NY, OR, RI, VT, WA). Status Established.

*Source: USDI, USGS, Collection Data. See nas.er.usgs.gov for collection information. . EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum USDI, USGS, 1881-2017, EWM Distribution From EWM NAS FACT SHEET

• The first definitive Myriophyllum spicatum specimens in the U. S. were documented in 1881 from the Potomac River in Virginia, & in 1882 in Paddy’s Lake near Oswego, New York (Mills et al 1993; Reed 1977).

• M. spicatum was probably intentionally introduced to the United States (Couch & Nelson 1985). Long distance dispersal has been linked to the aquarium & aquatic nursery trade (Reed 1977).

• EWM is one of the most widely distributed of all non-indigenous aquatic plants. It is established in 48 states (absent in Wyoming & Hawaii), & in the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, & Quebec. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Western Regional Distribution • The Western Governors Association (WGA) recently released a first- ever regional list of the top 50 invasive species in the West.

• It is a compilation of the 19-state region encompassing the WGA. States included were Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, & Wyoming

• The regional list is divided into 2 categories, the top 25 aquatic invasive species in the West, & the top 25 terrestrial invasive species.

• States were asked to rank their top 15 most impactful & potentially impactful aquatic & terrestrial invasive species.

• Source: Drake, Phil. 2018. Feral cats rank in top 50 invasive species in the West. Published in Great Fall Tribune, Montana. March 22, 2018. The article is online. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Western Regional Distribution • Of the 25 top aquatic species in the West, EWM, which crowds out native species, was number 1. The remaining species in the top 10 included [2] Quagga & Zebra Mussel, [3] New Zealand mudsnail, [4] Asian Clam, [5] Curly- leafed pondweed, [6] Silver carp, [7] Northern Pike, [8] Purple loosestrife, [9] Hydrilla, & [10] Whirling disease.

• Topping the WGA list for terrestrial invasive species was salt cedar, also known as tamarisk. It lower the water table & creates large deposits of salt in the soil. Remaining species in the top 10 included [2] Cheatgrass, [3] Canada thistle, [4] Hoary cress,[5] Emerald Ash Borer, [6] Feral Hog, [7] Russian Olive, [8] Leafy spurge, [9] Johnsongrass, & [10] European starling.

• Western states work well together, especially with aquatic species, & this maximizes their resources & minimizes duplicate efforts.

• Source: Drake, Phil. 2018. Feral cats rank in top 50 invasive species in the West. Published in Great Fall Tribune, Montana. March 22, 2018. The article is online. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum USDI, USGS, 1881-2017, EWM Distribution From Animated Map of NAS DATA EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Habitat Perameters* • EWM is typically found in waters between 1 and 3 meters deep, but it can grow up to 10 meters deep (Smith 1990). • Turbid water can restrict EWM to shallow depths in lakes (Titus & Adams 1970). • Wave action, ice cover & scour, & seasonal variations of water levels limit EWM to waters deeper than 1 meter.

• EWM grows best in fine textured inorganic sediment of intermediate density (0.8 to 1 g/ml) (Barko et al 1986). • EWM produces the most biomass in substrates that are 11-26% sand with organic matter between 5-14% (Nichols 1975).

• Optimum photosynthetic temperature of EWM is 33.6C (92.5F) (Titus & Adams 1979). It grows well at temperatures between 15 & 35C (59 & 95F) (Smith 1990). • EWM begins photosynthesizing when water temperatures reach 10C (50F). The ability to photosynthesize at low temperatures allows it to grow earlier than other aquatic plants in the spring. *Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor, MI. (www.mtu.edu). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Habitat Perameters *

•EWM grows best in alkaline lakes with high organic carbon concentration (Nichols 1975). It can grow in waters of pH from 5.4 to 11. It typically is found in lakes with pH between 7.41 and 9.23 (Smith 1990).

•EWM can tolerate salinity & is able to survive where salt concentration are up to 20 ppt (Martin & Valentine 2012).

•EWM can grow in a wide variety of habitats & conditions. EWM grows well in lakes with nutrient concentrations, & heavy EWM growth is an indicator of eutrophic conditions (Jacobs 2009), but EWM can tolerate oligotrophic waters.

*Source: After Huckins, C. et. al. Arresting the spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in the Great Lakes. Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Tech University, Ann Arbor, MI. (www.mtu.edu). 2017 Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: According to USGS data, there are 20 non-native aquatic plant species reported to occur in Indiana in 2017. EWM is the most common & widespread of these plant species. There are 210 occurrences of EWM in 27 Indiana Counties as of 2017. EWM has been reported as established in 25 counties outside our Wawasee watershed. Readers are referred to the site nas.er.usgs.gov for EWM information on these specific counties: Perry Allen Henry Porter Brown LaGrange Putnam Cass Lake St. Joseph Clay LaPorte Steuben Daviess Madison Sullivan DeKalb Marshall Wabash Elkhart Martin Wayne Fulton Monroe Whitley

2017 Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum

1. EWM has been reported as established in 25 counties outside of the Wawasee watershed. These counties are displayed on the Indiana map with blue dots.

2. EWM has been reported as established in Kosciusko (1996) & Noble counties (1995) inside the Wawasee watershed. These counties are displayed on the Indiana map with red dots.

Indiana County Map Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Currently there are 210 occurrences of EWM in 27 Indiana Counties as of 2017. EWM has been reported as established in Kosciusko County inside our Wawasee watershed. There are more than 100 lakes in Kosciusko County (https://indianahometown locator.com).This slide & the following 3 slides list 29 of 75 lakes in Kosciusko County infested with EWM (USGS Data): Kosciusko Backwater Lake, North Webster 1996 Established* Kosciusko Banning Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Big Barbee Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Little Barbee Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Beaver Dam, town of Silver Lake 1996 Established Kosciusko Boner Lake, Syracuse 1996 Established Kosciusko Center Lake, Warsaw 1996 Established Kosciusko Big Chapman Lake, Warsaw 1996 Established Kosciusko Little Chapman Lake Warsaw 1996 Established * Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Continued from previous slide:

Kosciusko Dewart Lake, Milford 1996 Established* Kosciusko Diamond Lake, town of Silver Lake 1996 Established Kosciusko Goose Lake, Warsaw 1996 Established Kosciusko Hill Lake, town of Silver Lake 1996 Established Kosciusko Irish Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko James Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Huhn Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Loon Lake, town of Silver Lake 1996 Established Kosciusko Oswego, Oswego 1996 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Continued from previous slide:

Kosciusko Palestine Lake, Palestine 1996 Established* Kosciusko Sawmill Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Sechrist Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Shoe Lake, North Webster 1996 Established Kosciusko Silver Lake, town of Silver Lake 1996 Established Kosciusko Syracuse Lake, Syracuse 1996, 2005 Established Kosciusko Tippecanoe, Leeburg 1996, 2003 Established Kosciusko Wabee Lake, Milford 1996 Established Kosciusko Lake Wawasee, Syracuse 1996, 2006 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Continued from previous slide:

Kosciusko Webster Lake, North Webster 1996 Established* Kosciusko Winona Lake, Warsaw 1996 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: EWM has been reported as established in Noble County inside our Wawasee watershed. There are 115 lakes in Noble County, IN (https://indianahometown locator.com). This slide & the following 3 slides list 29 of 115 lakes in Noble County infested with EWM (USGS Data): Noble Baugher Lake, Etna 1996 Established* Noble Bear Lake, town of Wolf Lake 1995 Established Noble Big Lake, Columbia City 1996 Established Noble Bristol Lake, Merriam 1996 Established Noble Cree Lake, Kendallville 1996 Established Noble Duely Lake, Wilmont 1996 Established Noble Engle Lake, Ligonier 1996 Established Noble Gordy Lake, Indiana Village 1996 Established Noble Harper Lake, Ormas 1996 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Continued from previous slide:

Noble High Lake, town of Wolf Lake 1996 Established* Noble Bear Lake, town of Wolf Lake 1995 Established Noble Indian Village, Indian Village 1996 Established Noble Little Long Lake, Kendallville 1996 Established Noble Upper Long Lake, town of Wolf Lake 1996 Established Noble Moss Lake, Wilmont 1996 Established Noble Pleasant Lake, town of Wolf Lake 1996 Established Noble Round Lake, Kendallville 1996 Established Noble Sand Lake, Chain of Lakes State Park1996 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Continued from previous slide:

Noble Silver Lake, town of Wolf Lake 1996 Established* Noble Skinner Lake, Albion 1996 Established Noble Smalley Lake, Wilmot 1996 Established Noble Steinbarger Lake, Rome City 1996 Established Noble Summit Lake, Ege 1996 Established Noble Sylvan Lake, Rome City 1996 Established Noble Tamarack Lake, Rome City 1996 Established Noble Waldron Lake, Rome City 1996 Established Noble Jones Lake, Rome City 1995 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution (USGS Data) EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum Indiana: Continued from previous slide:

Noble Bixler Lake, Kendallville 1989 Established* Noble Noble County 2007 Established

* Established means population is reproducing & overwintering.

Indiana Distribution EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum

• Of the approximate 616 lakes and reservoirs in the northern one-third of Indiana, EWM had infested at least 175 of them as of the late 1900’s.*

• Throughout Indiana, approximately 126,000 acres of lakes and impoundments contain some level of EWM.

*(Online publication “Aquatic Invasive species, Eurasian Watermilfoil”. No authors listed) Ecological Impacts of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum

• EWM can form thick underwater strands of tangled stems & vast mats of vegetation that readily fill lake surfaces & even stop boat traffic.

• When EWM mats are well established, channels are needed to allow access from the shoreline out into deeper water areas.*

*Online publication: (Aubrey Maccoux, 2007; Modifed by Laura Herman 2009)*. Native water-milfoil weevil. 12 Monitoring Protocol. Aquatic invasive species monitoring manual-Citizen lake monitoring network. P.263-266.

Ecological Impacts of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum

•Typical dense beds restrict swimming, fishing & boating, clog water intakes, & result in decaying mats that foul lakeside beaches (Source:nas.er.usgs.gov).

•The growth & senescense of thick vegetation degrades water quality & depletes dissolved oxygen levels (Engel 1995).

Ecological Impacts of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum • EWM reduces the number of native of plants .

• EWM can crowd out native plants & become so thick that the larger fish cannot swim through the tangled mats.*

• EWM can completely destroy stands of native vegetation at the water surface. Also an EWM canopy on the water surface can shade out native plants.*

*Online publication: (Aubrey Maccoux, 2007; Modifed by Laura Herman 2009)*. Native water-milfoil weevil. 12 Monitoring Protocol. Aquatic invasive species monitoring manual-Citizen lake monitoring network. P.263- 266.

Ecological Impacts of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum • One objective of the Lake Wawasee & Syracuse Lake Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan is to maintain a minimum of 13 native plant species collected each year in Tier II surveys in Lake Wawasee. Similarly, maintain a minimum of 11 native plant species collected each year in Tier II surveys in Syracuse Lake1.

• In 2017 summer surveys, 14 native plant species were collected in Lake Wawasee. Similarly, 13 native plant species were collected in Syracuse Lake. Thus the native plant species metrics are currently being met in both lakes.

1Source: Aquatic Weed Control. 2018. Lake Wawasee and Syracuse Lake Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan, 2017 Update. Kosciusko County, Indiana. 55pp. [see page 5] Lake Wawasee Historical Tier II Data No. of Native Plant Species 2005-2017 18 18 1 16 16 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 14

12 10

8 6

4 2 s e i c e p S t n a l P e v i t a N f o r e b m u N 0 0 8/10/2005 8/12/2009 9/8/2011 8/22/2012 8/16/2013 8/26/2014 8/26/2015 8/22/2016 8-29-2017 Sample Dates Syracuse Lake Historical Tier 11 Data Number Native Plant Species 2017 16 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 13 12 12 12 10 10 10

8

6

4

2

p S t n a l P e v i t a N f o r e b m u N 0 8/19/2004 8/5/2005 8/9/2006 8/12/2009 8/25/2011 8/16/2012 8/9/2013 8/15/2014 7/20/2015 8/4/2016 8/23/2017 Sample Dates Ecological Impacts of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum

• EWM reduces the diversity of plants.

• In summer 2017, native species diversity in Lake Wawasee was 0.84; native species diversity in Syracuse Lake was 0.83.1

• Even with the introduction & expansion of SSW, the native plant diversity in these lakes remains stable.

1Source: Aquatic Weed Control. 2018. Lake Wawasee and Syracuse Lake Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan, 2017 Update. Kosciusko County, Indiana. 55pp. Lake Wawasee Historical Tier 11 Data Native Species Diversity 2005 - 2017

1.0 0.88 0.90.86 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.84 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

t i s r e v i D s e i c e p S e v i t a N t n e c r e P 0.1 8/10/2005 8/12/2009 9/8/2011 8/22/2012 8/16/2013 8/26/2014 8/26/2015 8/22/2016 8/29/2017 Sample Dates Syracuse Lake Historical Tier 11 Data Native Species Diversity 2004-2017

0.9 0.88 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.8 0.80.76 0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

y t i s r e v i D s e i c e p S e v i t a N t n e c r e P 0.1

0.0 8/19/2004 8/5/2005 8/9/2006 8/12/2009 8/25/2011 8/16/2012 8/9/2013 8/15/2014 7/20/2015 8/4/2016 8/23/2017

Sample Dates Lake Wawasee Historical Tier II Data Sites With Native Plant spp. 2005-2017

400 1

320 300

200

121 113 116 106 106 117 114 100 71 s e i c e p S t n a l P e v i t a N f o r e b m u N 0 0 8/10/2005 8/12/2009 9/8/2011 8/22/2012 8/16/2013 8/26/2014 8/26/2015 8/22/2016 8-29-2017 Sample Dates Syracuse Lake Historical Tier 11 Data No. Sites With Native Plants 2005-2017

100 92 89 85 82 79 83 80 73 74 77 63 60

40

20

E T I S F O R E B M U N 0 8/19/2004 8/5/2005 8/9/2006 8/12/2009 8/25/2011 8/16/2012 8/9/2013 8/15/2014 7/20/2015 8/4/2016 8/23/2017 SAMPLE DATES Management of EWM Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian Watermilfoil • Prevention

• If boat washing stations & watercraft inspection programs are not available, other actions individuals can take when leaving a lake or river that may prevent or limit the dispersal of aquatic invasive spp. ( www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasive/ais/infested.html) & include:

• Clean all aquatic plants, zebra mussels, & other invasive species from boats, trailers, & water-related equipment (includes fishing gear).

• Drain water from your boat, ballast tanks, motor, live well & bait container. Remove drain plugs & keep drain plugs out while transporting equipment.

• Dispose of unwanted bait in the trash. To keep live bait, drain the water & refill the bait container with bottled water or tap water. Mechanical: Management of EWM Mechanical harvesting Eurasian Watermilfoil of EWM is difficult because Myriophyllum spicatum

(1)Dense growth quickly fills harvesters.

(2) Recolonization may be fast if adjacent population remain. Additional harvestings may be required per year.

(3) Harvesting might produce EWM fragments that can easily regrow & thus be important in the spread of the plant. Need to Source: www.mlive.com. LEONI, MI.(Jackson collect & dispose of visible County). In an effect to cut down on the use of EWM fragments if possible. chemicals in Center Lake, the Clearwater Lake Assoc. began using a different method for clearing aquatic plants. Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum BIOLOGICAL CONTROL- THE MILFOIL WEEVIL: 1.Euhrychiopsis lecontei has been used for biological control of EWM (E. Healey 2008). This weevil is found in the eastern and central U. S. (R. H. Arnett Jr. et al 2002). It eats nothing but milfoil.

2. The weevils occur in natural populations on their native host, Northern watermilfoil, Myriophyllum Larva of Milfoil Weevil on Adult of Milfoil Weevil on sibiricum. They often reach densities to Milfoil. Larvae bore into the stem Milfoil. Adults feed on the stems & suppress invasive EWM, Myriophyllum & cause extensive damage. leaves of EWM. spicatum, infestations after a prolonged Photo by Lynn Maher, 1997 Photo by Lynn Maher, 1997 infestation or artificial augmentation. University of Minnesota. University of Minnesota. 3. Studies indicate that for effective EWM control a density of about 1 weevil per 2 stems of milfoil is necessary (L. L. Jester et al 2000). Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Acentria ephemerella, the waterfoil moth

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – THE WATERFOIL MOTH •Acentria ephemerella, the waterfoil moth, was recorded for the first time in the Great Lakes basin in 1938 at Minetto, New York on the Oswego River, which flows into Lake Ontario (Forbes 1938).

•It is established in much of the Northeastern United States, where it appears to have the ability to reduce watermilfoil infestations.

• A. ephemerella has been used as a biocontrol agent on watermilfoil, but carefully, because it lacks host specificity and will attack other plant species, including natives. It tends to prefer Myriophyllum spicatum over other plants (Gross et al 2001). Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Acentria ephemerella, the waterfoil moth

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – THE WATERFOIL MOTH

•MALE: A tiny white moth with a wingspan of about 12 mm.

•All male moths & a small percent of females develop wings.

Source: Online Wikipedia Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Acentria ephemerella, the waterfoil moth

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – THE WATERFOIL MOTH

• FEMALE- there are 2 morphologies:

1. Most females are flightless & live on the surface of the water or just submerged. 2. A few females have longer wings & fly.

Source: Online Wikipedia Commons. File: Acentria ephemerella 0002004.jpg. Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Acentria ephemerella, the waterfoil moth

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – THE WATERFOIL MOTH

•EGG: The female is fertilized at the water surface & dives to lay egg masses on aquatic plants.

•Here are egg masses laid on Myriophyllum spicatum leaves. Source: Online photo of eggs on A. ephemerella www.eeb.Cornell.edu 308 X 400. Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Acentria ephemerella, the waterfoil moth BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – THE WATERFOIL MOTH

•LARVAE: The larvae emerge & bore into the stems of the plant, gluing together plant material to create a shelter.

• They girdle stems as they feed, which causes significant damage to the plant as stems and leaves die or break off.

•The larva pupates inside an underwater cocoon filled with air.

• Upon emergence, the males & flighted females swim to the water surface and fly away. 1st instar larvae mining in a milfoil leaflet. www.eeb.cornell.edu. Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL The Grass Carp BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – THE GRASS CARP OR WHITE AMUR

•Grass carp, a native fish to China & Russia, feed on most submerged plants (Lembi, Carole A. 2009).

• Unfortunately, the grass carp do not prefer EWM & may only turn to it as food only after many of the native plants have been consumed.*

*Source: On-line publication “Aquatic Invasive Species Eurasian Watermilfoil”. 2009. 5 p. No authors given Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Plant Pathogens BIOLOGICAL CONTROL – Plant Pathogens*

• Plant pathogens have been considered for biological control of EWM.

• Laboratory research has shown that the fungus Mycoleptodiscus terrestris reduces plant biomass significantly.*

• The U. S. Army Corp of Engineers is continuing research with this possible biological control.

*Source: On-line publication “Aquatic Invasive Species Eurasian Watermilfoil”. 2009. 5 p. No authors given Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Other Management (Physical), or Habitat Alteration:

•Techniques such as drawdown of water level may limit EWM growth. • a. Exposing sediments in shallow areas to freezing and thawing kills the underground structures on many aquatic plants, but its effectiveness depends on the severity of the winter (Lembi, Carole A. 2009).

• b. This method has been successful in controlling EWM and waterlily populations (Lembi, Carole A. 2009). Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum Other Management (Physical): Hand Harvesting*

•Invasive milfoils have been managed by hand harvesting.

• Periodic maintenance is necessary; the species cannot be completely eradicated once established, but it can be reduced to manageable levels.

• Well-trained divers with proper techniques have effectively controlled milfoil.

*Source: Wikipedia. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriophyllum

Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL, Myriophyllum spicatum • Management – Chemical

• Only herbicides labeled for aquatic use may be used to treat aquatic plants. • Aquathol & Reward can burn down EWM, but 2,4-D (Navigate, Aquakleen), triclopyr (Renovate), or fluridone (Sonar, Avast) provide more effective, long-term control of EWM.

• Although fluridone products are quite expensive, they can be used at extremely low dosages (part per billion) to remove EWM from native plant stands (Lembi, Carole A. 2009). Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMULFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum

DMA 4 IVM Is a liquid herbicide for selective control of many broadleaf weeds in forests, grass pastures, rangeland, Conservation Reserve Program acres, ornamental turfgrass, non-cropland and aquatic areas. It is approved for in-water treatment. Only amine formulations of 2,4-D liquid should be used for vegetation control around water. Also for control of trees by injection. See also Navigate or Aquakleen herbicide labels. The active ingredients are: • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt……………………………..……………………………46.3% • Other Ingredients…………………………………………53.7% Total……………….………….……………..……………..100.0% 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid – 38.4% - 3.8 lb/gal

Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMULFOIL Myriophyllum spicatum

SONAR A. S. (liquid solution): This herbicide is for management of aquatic vegetation in fresh water ponds, lakes, reservoirs, potable water sources, drainage canals, & irrigation canals. It is effective at selectively removing Eurasian watermilfoil. See also Avast herbicide label. The active ingredients are: • Fluridone: 1-methyl-3-phenyl[-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4 (1H)-pyridinone………………………………..………..41.7% • Other Ingredients……………………………………….58.3% Total……………….………….……………..……………100.0% Contains 4 pounds active ingredient per gallon

• Signal word is caution. Management of EWM EURASIAN WATERMULFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum RENOVATE 3 SPECIALTY HERBICIDE. Aquatic Sites: For control of emerged, submersed & floating aquatic plants in aquatic sites such as ponds, lakes, reservoirs, non-irrigation canals, seasonal irrigational waters & ditches which have little or no continuous outflow, marshes and wetlands, including broadleaf and woody vegetation on banks and shores within or adjacent to these & other aquatic sites. The active ingredients are: • Triclopyr: 2-[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyrdinyl) oxy] acetic acid, trimethylamine salt ……….…………………..………..44.4% • Other Ingredients……………………..………………….55.6% Total……………….………….……………...……………100.0% Acid equivalent triclopyr -31.8% - 3 lb/gallon

• Signal word is danger. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts Lake Wawasee • 2006- (July)-Treatment of 5 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2007- (July)-Treatment of 25 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2008- (July)-Treatment of 50 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts Lake Wawasee • 2009- (July)-Treatment of 25 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2009- (August)-Treatment of 25 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2013-(July 1)- Treatment of 40 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2014-(June 26)- Treatment of 40 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM. See following map. Lake Wawasee, 2014 EWM Treatment Areas

• In 2014, 40 acres in Lake Wawasee were treated by AWC using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• EWM acerage in Lake Wawasee was estimated at 579 acres in 2012. Although this acreage is high, the population has remained somewhat constant in recent years (AWC, 2012). • EWM has been in the lake for decades & may currently be growing in most if not all areas of suitable habitat.1

• Its total acreage would not be expected to increase dramatically although its overall percentage of the plant community could become greater.1

1Source: Aquatic Weed Control. 2018. Lake Wawasee and Syracuse Lake Aquatic Vegetation Management Plan, 2017 Update. Kosciusko County, Indiana. 55pp.

EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2014 Tier 11 Lake Wawasee EWM Survey Results

• Two Tier II vegetation surveys were performed on Lake Wawasee in 2014. The spring surveys were conducted on June 5th & 6th, while the summer survey was done on August 26th and 27th.

• EWM site frequency was 21.1% in the spring of 2014 & 14.2% in the summer of 2014. In 2013, EWM site frequency was 26.6%, & summer frequency was 11.2%. These data indicate that EWM frequency seems stable or reduced from 2013 to 2014. See following map. Lake Wawasee Tier II EWM locations (red dots) for summer 2014 (8-26-2014). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2015 Tier 11 Lake Wawasee EWM Survey Results

• The spring Tier II vegetation surveys were performed on Lake Wawasee in 2015. The spring surveys were conducted on June 9th & 11th, while the summer survey was done on August 21th and 26th.

• EWM site frequency was 18.3% in the spring of 2015 compared to 21.9% in the spring of 2014.

• On June 25, 2015, 32.5 acres of EWM were treated with liquid 2,4-D at 2.0 ppm (see area 1 on the following spring 2015 EWM distribution map).

• Following the summer Tier II survey, 2015 EWM frequency was 11.2% compared to 14.2% in summer 2014. LAKE WAWASEE SPRING 2015 EWM DISTRIBUTION 6-11-2015

• EWM on Lake Wawasee was actively growing along the drop-offs.

• Most EWM on the drop-off did not appear to be in danger of reaching the surface.

• The 2 treatment areas on the map are where sailboats have been having trouble in the past.

• The spring 2015 Tier II EWM collections are shown as labeled red dots. Lake Wawasee Summer 2015 EWM Distribution

• All spring Tier II EWM sites are shown as red dots. Summer Tier II EWM sites are shown as blue dots.

• Two rake scores indicate that EWM was collected in each survey.

• Dominant EWM beds prioritized for treatment are shown as red polygons (92.4 total acres). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2016 Tier 11 Lake Wawasee EWM Survey Results

• The spring Tier II vegetation surveys were performed on Lake Wawasee in 2016. The spring surveys on June 13th & 14th found that EWM was 16.6% compared to 18.3% in spring 2015, and 21.9% in spring of 2014.

• 32.5 acres of EWM was treated with liquid 2,4-D at 2.0 ppm (see area 1 on the following spring 2016 EWM distribution map).

• Following the summer Tier 11 survey on August 22 and 23, 2016, EWM frequency was 11.2%, which was identical to the summer 2015 frequency. Lake Wawasee

Distribution (6-13-2016)

• 2016 EWM treatment area of 32.5 acres is shown in red. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2017 Visual Lake Wawasee EWM Survey Results • The spring visual vegetation survey was performed on Lake Wawasee on June 13, 2017. Some 28.9 acres was identified in a high use area of the lake.

• On June 16, 2017, this area was treated with liquid 2,4-D at 2.0 ppm-see map.

• The treatment acerage of this area was reduced from 32.5 acres in 2016 to 28.9 acres in 2017 because a portion of this historically dense bed was devoid in 2017.

• In the summer Tier II survey on August 29 and 30, 2017, EWM frequency was 15.4%, which is up from 11.2% in 2016. Lake Wawasee Potential EWM Treatment Area - 6-13-2017

•Area 1: 28.9 acres Lake Wawasee Summer 2017 EWM Distribution • Red dots indicates locations where EWM samples were collected in the 2017 summer Tier II survey.

• Tier II data from multiple surveys, as well as depth contour information was used to estimate total EWM acreage at 579 acres in Lake Wawasee in 2012. Although EWM acreage is high (AWC, 2012), the population has remained somewhat constant in recent years. LAKE WAWASEE 2017 ESTIMATED EWM BEDS - APPROXIMATELY 579 ACRES EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2018 Lake Wawasee EWM • WACF received a grant from DNR LARE for EWM treatment – cost share at 50% for Wawasee and Syracuse Lakes for up to 65 acres and $10,000 in 2018. • A visual survey on June 12, 2018 identified 28.55 acres of EWM in a high use area of the lake as a target for treatment.

• On June 14, 2018, this area was treated with liquid 2,4-D at 2.0ppm. (See following map).

• This area has historically been treated for EWM treatments & EWM density appears to be declining in this area. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum 2018 Lake Wawasee EWM Clarke Environmental June 28, 2019 Survey of Lake Wawasee Showing Potential Treatment Zones for EWM & CLP 2019 Lake Wawasee EWM Treatment: 1.Treated 16.33 Acres with 2,4-D (Area EWM-6) 2. Treated 3.9 Acres with ProcellaCOR (Areas EWM 20, 21, & 22). No plants were found later in these areas when the tier 2 survey was completed. Clarke Environmental June 25, 2019 Syracuse Lake EWM Treatment

Treated EWM areas 1, 2, 3 (18.72 acres with 2,4-D) Clarke Environmental September 4, 2019 Treatment Zones for Lake Wawasee EWM

EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum 2019 Management Efforts Lake Wawasee ProcellaCOR EC*, a selective systemic herbicide for management of freshwater aquatic vegetation in slow- moving/quiescent waters with little or no continuous outflow: ponds, lakes, reservoirs, freshwater marshes, wetlands, bayous, drainage ditches, & non-irrigation canals, including shoreline & riparian areas in or adjacent to these sites. A group 4 herbicide. Signal word CAUTION. •Active Ingredient: • Florpyrauxifen-benzyl: 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-smino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy, phenyl)-5-fluoro-, phenyl methyl ester………………………………..2.7% •Other Ingredients…………………………..………...…..……..…………..97.3% •TOTAL…………………………………………………………………………100.0% Contains 0.0052 lb florpyrauxifen-benzyl per Prescription Dose UnitTM (PDUTM) or 0.21 lb florpyrauxifen- benzy/gallon. 1 PDU is equal to 3.2 fl. oz. of product (94.63 ml).

(* Note: The EC formulation is a solution with emulsifying agents in a water insoluble solvent which will form an emulsion when added to water).

EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum 2019 Management Efforts Lake Wawasee ProcellaCOR SC*, a selective systemic herbicide for management of freshwater aquatic vegetation in slow- moving/quiescent waters with little or no continuous outflow: ponds, lakes, reservoirs, freshwater marshes, wetlands, bayous, drainage ditches, & non-irrigation canals, including shoreline & riparian areas in or adjacent to these sites. Also for management of invasive freshwater aquatic vegetation in slow-moving/quiescent areas of rivers (coves, oxbows or similar sites). A group 4 herbicide. Signal word CAUTION. •Active Ingredient: • Florpyrauxifen-benzyl: 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-smino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy, phenyl)-5-fluoro-, phenyl methyl ester……………………………....26.5% •Other Ingredients…………………………..………...…..……..…………..73.5% •TOTAL…………………………………………………………………………100.0% Contains 0.026 lb florpyrauxifen-benzyl per Prescription Dose UnitTM (PDUTM) or 2.50 lb florpyrauxifen- benzy/gallon. 1 PDU is equal to 1.35 fl. oz. of product.

(* Note: The SC formulation is a suspension concentrate. A solid active ingredient dispersed in water. The specimen label for ProcellaCOR SC does not indicate that it controls EWM). EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts Syracuse Lake • 2005- (July)-Treatment of 35 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2006- (August)-Treatment of 50 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2008-(July)- Treatment of 50 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2009-(July)- Treatment of 50 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts Syracuse Lake • 2013-July 1- Treatment of 21 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM.

• 2014- (September 3)-Treatment of 16.5 acres using DMA-4 herbicide at 2.0 ppm for control of EWM. These treatment areas are shown on the following map.

• Note: The above treatment was later than desired, but EWM growth in Syracuse Lake often become problematic in mid to late summer, & spring surveys cannot always accurately describe its abundance. Syracuse Lake 2014 EWM Treatment Areas 9-3-2014 • 16.54 acres treated as follows:

• Area 1 – Treated 3.85 acres with 38 gal DMA-4 at 2.0 ppm.

• Area 2 – Treated 4.41 acres with 43.8 gal DMA-4 at 2.0 ppm.

• Area 3 – Treated 8.28 acres with 82 gal DMA-4 at 2.0 ppm. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2014 Tier 11 Syracuse Lake EWM Survey Results

• Two Tier II vegetation surveys were performed on Syracuse Lake in 2014. The spring surveys were conducted on June 4th, while the summer survey was done on August 15th .

• EWM site frequency was 11.0% in the spring of 2014 & 18.0% in the summer of 2014. In 2013, EWM site frequency was 21.0%, & summer frequency was 11.2%. These data indicate that EWM frequency seems stable or reduced from 2013 to 2014.

• The following map describes EWM distribution for Syracuse Lake Survey Locations For Summer 2014. 8-15-2014

• Tier II locations displayed as numbered red dots EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2015 Tier 11 Syracuse Lake EWM Survey Results • Two Tier II vegetation surveys were performed on Syracuse Lake in 2015. The spring surveys were conducted on June 5th, while the summer survey was done on July 20th .

• EWM site abundance & frequency were low (13% frequency) following the spring Tier II survey of June 5, 2015, and no EWM treatments were conducted at that time.

• Following the summer Tier II survey on July 20, 2015, 4 dense EWM beds total 35.04 acres were mapped, and with approval of the IDNR, 20 acres of these beds were treated on July 28, 2015 for selective EWM control with liquid 2,4-D at the rate of 2 ppm.

• These treatment areas are shaded purple on the following EWM distribution map. Syracuse Lake 2015 EWM Distribution There were 35.04 acres of dominant EWM beds in 2015.

20 acres were treated 7- 28-2015 with 2,4-D at 2.0 ppm & shown in purple on the map.

Spring & summer Tier II collections are shown as red dots.

Visual EWM sightings are shown as blue dots. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2016 Tier 11 Syracuse Lake EWM Survey Results

• The Tier II vegetation survey was performed on Syracuse Lake on June 8, 2016. The survey also used GPS to map EWM beds that were visible and could potentially reach the surface of the lake.

• These beds totaled 17.02 acres and were treated on June 22 with liquid 2,4-D at the rate of 2.0 ppm.

• These areas are outlined in red on the following map spring 2016 EWM distribution map. Syracuse Lake Spring 2016 EWM Distribution 6-8-2016

Syracuse Lake 2016 EWM treatment areas (17.02 acres) are shown in red.

EWM Tier II collections shown as numbered red dots.

2016 visual waypoints shown as blue dots. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2017 Visual Syracuse Lake EWM Survey Results • A spring visual vegetation survey using GPS was performed on Syracuse Lake on June 13, 2017, & 12.28 acres of dense EWM beds were mapped.

• These areas are outlined on the following spring 2017 EWM distribution map. • The beds were treated on June 16, 2017 with liquid 2,4-D at the rate of 2.0 ppm.

• A summer Tier II survey was conducted on August 23, 2017, & the EWM frequency was 22.0 %, which is similar to summer EWM frequencies over the past 4 years. Syracuse Lake Potential EWM Treatment Area, 6-13-2017 – 12.28 Total Acres

• Highest priority areas shaded red were treated on June 16, 2017 with liquid 2,4-D at the rate of 2 ppm.

• Lower priority areas shaded blue. Syracuse Lake Summer 2017 EWM Distribution

Red dots indicates locations where EWM samples were collected in the 2017 summer tier II survey. EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2018 Visual Syracuse Lake EWM Survey Results • On June 12, 2018, a visual survey used GPS to map 26.57 acres of dense EWM beds on Syracuse Lake. Maximum allowable treatment acreage est. by DNR was 20 acres so the area was prioritized & 20 A were treated on June 15, with liquid 2,4-D at the rate of 2.0ppm. These beds are outlined in red on the following spring 2018 EWM treatment map.

• These areas are outlined on the following spring 2017 EWM distribution map. • The beds were treated on June 16, 2017 with liquid 2,4-D at the rate of 2.0 ppm. Syracuse Lake Spring

6-12-2018

Syracuse Lake 2018 EWM treatment areas (20 acres) are shown in red.

EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL (EWM) Myriophyllum spicatum History & Management Efforts 2017 Visual Syracuse Lake & Lake Wawasee EWM Survey Locations

• Wawasee & Syracuse Lakes Tier II Sample Locations.

• These site locations have not changed since 2011. LAKE WAWASEE EWM OCCURRENCE EWM AT 0-25 FT LAKE DEPTHS

60 All Depths = Red 0 to 5 ft = Green 50 5 to 10 ft = Purple 10 to 15 ft = Yellow 15 to 20 ft = Blue 40 20 to 25 ft = Pink

30

20 E C N E R R U C C O F O Y C N E U Q E R F M W E

10

0 08-10-2005 8-12-2009 9-8-2011 8-22-2012 8-16-2013 8-26-2014 8-26-2015 8-22-2016 8-29-2017 SYRACUSE LAKE EWM 2017 OCCURENCE OF EWM AT 0-20 FT LAKE DEPTH

80 All Depths = Red 0 to 5 ft = Green 70 5 to 10 ft = Purple 10 to 15 ft = Yellow 15 to 20 ft = Blue 60

50

40

30

20 EWM FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF FREQUENCY EWM 10

0 8-19-2004 8-5-2005 8-9-2006 8-12-2009 8-25-2011 8-16-2012 8-9-2013 8-15-2014 7-20-2015 8-4-2016 8-23-2017

SAMPLE DATES REFERENCES Aiken, S. G., P. R. Newroth, and I. Wile. 1979. The biology of Canadian weeds. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 59:201-215.

Arnett, Ross H. Jr., Michael C. Thomas, Paul E. Skelley, and J. Howard Frank. 2002. American Beetles Volume 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0954-9.

Barko, J. W., M. S. Adams, and N. L. Clesceri. 1986. Enviromental-factors and their consideration in the management of submerged aquatic vegetation – A REVIEW. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 24: 1-10.

Couch, R., and E. Nelson. 1985. Myriophyllum spicatum in North America. Pp. 8-18 in L. W. J. Anderson (ed.) First International Symposium Watermilfoil and Related Haloragaceae Species. 23-24 July 1985. Vancouver, B. C. Aquatic Plant Management Society, Vicksburg, MS.

Engel, S.1995. Eurasian watermilfoil as a fishery management tool. Fisheries 20(3): 20-27.

Forbes, W.T.M. Acentropus in America (Lepidoptera Pyralidae). J. New York Entomological Science 46: 338.

REFERENCES

Gleason, H. A., and A. Conquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Second Edition. The New York Botanical Garden. 935+ pp.

Grace, J. B., and Robert G. Wetzel. 1978. Production biology of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L. a review. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 16:1-11.

Gross, E.M., R. L. Johnson, and N. G. Hairston, Jr. 2001. Experimental evidence for changes in submerged macrophyte species composition by the herbivore Acentris ephemerella (Lepidoptera). Oecologia 127: 105-114.

REFERENCES

Hartman, R. T., & D. L. Brown. 1967. Changes in internal atmosphere of submerged vascular hydrophytes in relation to photosynthesis. Ecology 48: 252-258.

Haynes, R. R. 1988. Reproductive biology of selected aquatic plants. Annuals of the Missouri Botanical Garden:805-810.

Healey, Ellen. 2008. “Euhrychlopsis leconti and Myriophyllum spicatum. Establishing a balance in Candlewood Lake:Response to stocking weevils in Eurasian watermilfoil weed beds”. (http://cla.visualaccesssrech.com/CLAUpload/Healay_Research_ Paper.pdf) (PDF). Candlewood Lake authority.

Laura L. Jester, Michael A. Bozek, Daniel R. Helsel, Sallie P. Sheldon. 2000. “Euhrychiopsis lecontei distribution, abundance, and experimental augmentations for Eurasian watermilfoil control in Wisconsin Lakes”( http://www.apms.org/apm/vol38v38p88.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 38:88-97.

Lembi, Carole A. 2009. Identifying and Managing Aquatic Vegetation. Purdue Extension APM-3-W. 19p.

Martin, C. W. , and J. F. Valentine 2012. Eurasian milfoil invasion in estuaries: physical disturbance can reduce the proliferation of the aquatic nuisance species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 449:109-119.

Mills, E. L., J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, and C. L. Secor. 1993. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: A history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research 19(1):1-54. REFERENCES

Moody, M. L., and D. H Les. 2002. Evidence of hybridity in invasive watermilfoil (Myriophyllum) populations. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (23): 14867-14871.

Nichols, S. A. 1975. Identification and management of Eurasian watermilfoil in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 63:116-128.

Patten, Jr., B. C. 1954. The status of some American species of Myriophyllum as revealed by the discovery of intergrade material between M. exalbescens Fern. and M. spicatum L. in New Jersey. Rhodora 56(670): 213- 225.

Reed, C. F. 1977. History and distribution of Eurasian watermilfoil in the United States and Canada. Phytologia 36: 417-436.

Reznicek, A. A., E. G. Voss, and B. S. Walters. 2011. Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan. Available http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1128.

Smith, C. S. , and J. W. Barko. 1990. Ecology of Eurasian watermilfoil. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 28: 55-64.

Titus, J. E., and M. S. Adams. 1979. Coexistence and and the comparative light relations of the submerged macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Vallisneria americana Michx. Oecologia 4: 273-286.