Stereotypes and Human Rights Law

STEREOTYPES AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW STEREOTYPES AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW Edited by Eva Brems Alexandra Timmer Cambridge – Antwerp – Portland Intersentia Ltd Sheraton House | Castle Park Cambridge | CB3 0AX | United Kingdom Tel.: +44 1223 370 170 | Fax: +44 1223 370 169 Email: [email protected] www.intersentia.com | www.intersentia.co.uk Distribution for the UK and Ireland: NBN International Airport Business Centre, 10 Thornbury Road Plymouth, PL6 7PP United Kingdom Tel: +44 1752 202 301 | Fax: +44 1752 202 331 Email: [email protected] Distribution for Europe and all other countries: Intersentia Publishing nv Groenstraat 31 2640 Mortsel Belgium Tel.: +32 3 680 15 50 | Fax: +32 3 658 71 21 Email: [email protected] Distribution for the USA and Canada: International Specialized Book Services 920 NE 58th Ave Suite 300 Portland, OR 97213 USA Tel.: +1 800 944 6190 (toll free) | Fax: +1 503 280 8832 Email: [email protected] Stereotypes and Human Rights Law © The editors and contributors severally 2016 The authors have asserted the right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as authors of this work. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Intersentia, or as expressly permitted by law or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction which may not be covered by the above should be addressed to Intersentia at the address above. Cover image: Portefeuille des Maîtres du Bauhaus, Schlemmer Oskar (1888– 1943) © Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/Jean-Claude Planchet ISBN 978-1-78068-368-3 D/2016/7849/48 NUR 828 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. CONTENTS Introduction Eva Brems and Alexandra Timmer ....................................1 1. Stereotyping as a Human Rights Issue: Crosscutting Themes ............2 2. Overview of the Volume ..............................................5 Building Momentum Towards Change. How the UN’s Response to Stereotyping is Evolving Simone Cusack .................................................... 11 1. Introduction ....................................................... 11 2. Key Developments in UN Responses to Stereotyping .................. 13 2.1. There is Greater Visibility of Stereotyping within the UN ........ 14 2.1.1. Gender Stereotyping .................................... 14 2.1.2. Disability Stereotyping .................................. 20 2.1.3. Other Types of Stereotyping ............................. 24 2.2. Analysis of Gender Stereotyping is More Sophisticated .......... 26 2.2.1. The Language Used to Engage with Gender Stereotyping is More Nuanced ........................................ 27 2.2.2. Analysis of the Impact of Stereotyping is More In-Depth ... 28 2.3. The OHCHR is Playing a Leadership Role on Stereotyping �� 30 3. Strategies for Strengthening UN Responses to Stereotyping ........... 31 3.1. Build Capacity to Understand and Identify Stereotypes Accurately .................................................... 32 3.1.1. Failure to Identify Stereotypes Accurately ................. 32 3.1.2. Build Capacity of UN Mechanisms �� 33 3.2. Elaborate State Obligations Related to Stereotyping .............. 34 3.2.1. Limited Guidance on State Obligations Related to Stereotyping ......................................... 34 3.2.2. Elaborate State Obligations Related to Stereotyping �� 34 3.3. Highlight Good Practice Examples of Challenging Stereotyping .. 36 3.3.1. Limited Awareness of Effective Responses to Stereotyping . 36 3.3.2. Identify and Highlight Measures that are Bringing about Positive Change ......................................... 37 4. Conclusion ........................................................ 37 Intersentia v Contents Gender Stereotyping in Domestic Violence Cases. An Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights’ Jurisprudence Lourdes Peroni and Alexandra Timmer �� 39 1. The Conceptual and Legal Framework ............................... 40 1.1. On Stereotypes ............................................... 40 1.2. Gender Stereotypes as a Root Cause of Violence Against Women in International Human Rights Law .................... 42 2. Naming and Contesting Gender Stereotypes in Domestic Violence Case Law .......................................................... 48 2.1. Naming Gender Stereotypes and Exposing their Harms ......... 48 2.1.1. Women are (or Ought to be) Weak, Passive and Helpless ... 49 2.1.2. Women Ought to be Submissive .......................... 51 2.1.3. Women (Ought to) Endure Men’s Aggressiveness or Violence (and Other Gender Stereotypes) .............. 54 2.1.4. Women are Financially Dependent ....................... 55 2.1.5. Women are Mothers and Homemakers (and Other Gender Stereotypes) ..................................... 57 2.2. Contesting Gender Stereotypes ................................ 61 2.2.1. Contesting Individuals’ Stereotyping: States’ Positive Obligations ............................................. 61 2.2.2. Contesting Gender Stereotyping by the State: Discrimination ......................................... 63 3. Conclusion ........................................................ 65 Gender Stereotyping in the Case Law of the Inter‑American Court of Human Rights Verónica Undurraga .............................................. 67 1. The Inter-American Human Rights System ........................... 68 2. Gender and Gender Stereotyping in the Inter-American Human Rights System ...................................................... 69 2.1. TheCotton Field Case ......................................... 70 2.2. TheAtala Case ................................................ 74 3. Some Common Approaches to Both Cases ........................... 77 4. Debunking Gender Stereotypes through Adjudication ................ 81 5. Separating the Wheat from the Chaff ................................ 83 6. Preparing for Backlash.............................................. 89 vi Intersentia Contents ‘My Sense of Humanity Has Gone Down the Drain’. Stereotypes, Stigma and Sanism Michael Perlin �� 95 1. How Stereotypes Limit Human Rights ............................... 97 1.1. Lack of Dignity .............................................. 100 1.2. Stereotypes Contaminate Legislative Debate ................... 102 1.3. ‘Hearts and Minds’ ........................................... 104 1.4. Value of Test Cases ........................................... 106 1.5. Relationship to Other Sorts of Stigma and Stereotypes .......... 110 1.6. Impact of the CRPD .......................................... 112 2. Therapeutic Jurisprudence ......................................... 114 3. Conclusion ....................................................... 117 Racial Stereotypes and Human Rights Mathias Möschel ................................................. 119 1. Racial Stereotypes and Violence .................................... 121 1.1. In Relation to State-Organised Violence/ Genocide .............. 121 1.2. Racially Motivated/Biased Violence by State or Public Actors ... 123 1.3. Racially Motivated/Biased Violence by Private Actors �� 126 2. Racial Stereotypes in the Absence of Violence ....................... 127 2.1. Racial Bias in Court Decisions ................................ 127 2.2. Racial Profiling .............................................. 128 2.3. Racial Imagery or Depictions not Leading to Violence .......... 129 3. Specialised Human Rights Bodies Against Racism ................... 131 3.1. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) ............................. 131 3.1.1. Article 7 �� 131 3.1.2. Article 4 �� 134 3.2. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) . 136 4. Fighting Racial Stereotypes through Human Rights in the Future? .... 137 The Head of the Woman is the Man. The Failure to Address Gender Stereotypes in the Legal Procedures around the Dutch SGP Rikki Holtmaat.................................................. 143 1. The SGP: its Origins and Principles, and the Political and Legal Responses to its Discriminatory Policy .............................. 146 1.1. The SGP: its Origins and Principles ............................ 146 1.2. The Position of the Dutch Government as Regards the SGP ..... 149 1.3. Legal Procedures Against the SGP and Against the Dutch State Supporting the SGP .......................................... 151 Intersentia vii Contents 2. The Construction of the Legal Problem as an Issue of Unequal Treatment of Women .............................................. 154 2.1. Four Different Possibilities to Legally Address the SGP’s Policy to Exclude Women from Political Participation................. 155 2.2. The Construction of the SGP’s Policy as a Case of Unequal Treatment of Women ......................................... 159 2.3. The Impossibility of Justifying Discrimination Against Women with an Appeal to Traditional Gender Roles �� 165 3. The Metaphors Used in the Justification Test in Sex-Equality Cases ... 167 3.1. The Disastrous Language of Conflicting Rights ................. 167 3.2. Towards Using a Different

Load more