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Religia Starożytnego Egiptu. Perspektywa Religioznawcza

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Religia Starożytnego Egiptu. Perspektywa Religioznawcza RELIGIA STAROŻYTNEGO EGIPTU Perspektywa religioznawcza Wiesław Bator RELIGIA STAROŻYTNEGO EGIPTU Perspektywa religioznawcza Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Publikacja dofi nansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Wydziału Filozofi cznego RECENZENT dr hab. Henryk Hoff mann, prof. UJ PROJEKT OKŁADKI Jadwiga Burek MAPY Barbara Bator © Copyright by Wiesław Bator & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2012 All rights reserved Niniejszy utwór ani żaden jego fragment nie może być reprodukowany, przetwarzany i rozpowszechniany w jakikolwiek sposób za pomocą urządzeń elektronicznych, mechanicznych, kopiujących, nagrywających i innych oraz nie może być przechowywany w żadnym systemie informatycznym bez uprzedniej pisemnej zgody Wydawcy. ISBN 978-83-233-3392-0 www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 12-631-18-81, tel./fax 12-631-18-83 Dystrybucja: tel. 12-631-01-97, tel./fax 12-631-01-98 tel. kom. 506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Spis treści Wykaz skrótów tytułów czasopism ................................................................................. 9 Wstęp .................................................................................................................................. 11 Część I. Formowanie perspektywy badawczej 1. Określenie perspektywy religioznawczej i zarys dziejów badań ........................... 25 1.1. Perspektywa religioznawcza ............................................................................... 25 1.2. Dzieje zainteresowań religią egipską i jej egiptologicznych interpretacji ..... 45 1.3. Religioznawstwo egiptologiczne w Polsce ........................................................ 87 Część II. Podstawy odtwarzania i dzisiejszy obraz religii starożytnego Egiptu 1. Religia egipska – określenie przedmiotu badań ...................................................... 109 1.1. Cechy religii egipskiej .......................................................................................... 109 1.2. Błędne mniemania ............................................................................................... 116 1.3. Zasięg geografi czny cywilizacji i religii starożytnego Egiptu ......................... 118 1.4. Ramy czasowe ....................................................................................................... 119 1.5. Problem nazw i imion ......................................................................................... 123 2. Źródła. Rozważania nad symboliką pisma i metafi zyką języka egipskiego oraz klasyfi kacja i przegląd najważniejszych źródeł pisanych............................... 124 2.1. Charakterystyka źródeł ....................................................................................... 124 2.2. Język i pismo starożytnych Egipcjan ................................................................. 126 2.3. Klasyfi kacja źródeł ............................................................................................... 137 2.4. Najważniejsze teksty ............................................................................................ 145 Część III. Perspektywa historyczna – religia w dziejach starożytnego Egiptu 1. Charakterystka ogólna ................................................................................................ 157 2. Okres prahistoryczny i predynastyczny (do ok. 3000 p.n.e.)................................. 157 3. Epoka Tynicka (I i II dynastia: ok. 3000 p.n.e.–2750 p.n.e.) .................................. 173 4. Stare Państwo (III, IV, V i VI dynastia: ok. 2750 p.n.e.–2200 p.n.e.) .................... 179 5. I Okres Przejściowy (VII, VIII, IX i X dynastia: ok. 2200 p.n.e.–2050 p.n.e.)..... 187 6. Średnie Państwo (XI i XII dynastia: ok. 2050 p.n.e.–1750 p.n.e.) ......................... 190 7. II Okres Przejściowy (XIII, XIV, XV, XVI i XVII dynastia: 1750 p.n.e.–1550 p.n.e.) ... 192 6 8. Nowe Państwo (XVIII, XIX i XX dynastia: 1550 p.n.e.–1070 p.n.e.) ................... 194 9. III Okres Przejściowy (XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV i XXV dynastia: 1070 p.n.e.– 663/655 p.n.e.) ............................................................................................................. 208 10. Odrodzenie Saickie (XXVI dynastia: 663/655 p.n.e.–525 p.n.e.) .......................... 211 11. Okres dominacji perskiej (dynastie XXVII–XXX: 525 p.n.e.–332 p.n.e.) ........... 212 12. Okres Ptolemejski (332 p.n.e.–30 p.n.e.) .................................................................. 213 13. Okres panowania rzymskiego (30 p.n.e.–641 n.e.) ................................................. 215 Część IV. Klasyczna perspektywa badawcza (doktryna, kult i organizacja) 1. Egipska wizja świata .................................................................................................... 221 1.1. Panenteizm, czyli organiczna wizja świata ....................................................... 221 1.2. Składniki osobowości .......................................................................................... 226 1.3. Ewolucja poglądów nowożytnych badaczy na państwo faraonów ................ 236 1.4. Trójfunkcjonalny model społeczeństwa ............................................................ 246 1.5. Maat jako siła utrzymująca i porządkująca byt ................................................ 254 1.6. Antropogeneza religijna i miejsce człowieka w świecie .................................. 256 1.7. Etyka i moralność codzienna ............................................................................. 257 1.8. Rozwój i trwanie .................................................................................................. 259 2. Bóg i bóstwa starożytnego Egiptu ............................................................................. 262 2.1. Pojęcia boga i boskości w starożytnym Egipcie ............................................... 262 2.2. Klasyfi kacja bóstw ................................................................................................ 266 2.3. Zoolatria ................................................................................................................ 294 2.4. Kult roślin (botanolatria) .................................................................................... 300 3. Mitologia ...................................................................................................................... 301 3.1. Cechy mitologii egipskiej .................................................................................... 301 3.2. Hierohistoria, czyli „ramy czasowe” wydarzeń mitycznych ........................... 308 3.3. Kosmologia, czyli przestrzenny obraz świata ................................................... 310 3.4. Kosmogonia – koncepcje stworzenia i mity początku .................................... 313 3.5. Pierwsze pokolenia Wielkiej Dziewiątki Bogów .............................................. 321 3.6. Narodziny Wielkiej Piątki, czyli trzeciego pokolenia Enneady, i ostateczne ustalenie miary czasu ........................................................................................... 322 3.7. Ucieczka i powrót „Oka Słonecznego” – narodziny ludzkości ....................... 324 3.8. Poskromienie Apopa ........................................................................................... 326 3.9. Izyda wykrada Panu Wszechrzeczy tajemnicę jego imienia .......................... 327 3.10. Piwo ocala ludzkość ........................................................................................... 328 3.11. Bóg Re odchodzi z ziemskiego świata, ustanawiając następców ................. 329 3.12. Śmierć i zmartwychwstanie Ozyrysa ............................................................... 331 3.13. Horus zwycięża Setha ........................................................................................ 336 3.14. Ostateczne umocnienie Ładu Świata przez Horusa i jego następców ........ 343 3.15. Odradzający się Bata ......................................................................................... 344 7 3.16. Poszukiwania Księgi Th ota i inne cudowne zdarzenia ................................. 345 3.17. Zbawienie Egiptu przez czarodzieja Hora, syna Panesze (chłopca Si-Usire) .... 350 4. Służba boża – świątynie, kapłani, kult ...................................................................... 353 4.1. Domy Boże (świątynie) ....................................................................................... 353 4.2. Kapłani .................................................................................................................. 357 4.3. Kult i rytuał codzienny ........................................................................................ 362 4.4. Święta ..................................................................................................................... 364 4.5. Najsłynniejsze ośrodki religijne i przybytki bogów ......................................... 371 Część V. Perspektywa indywidualna – religia w życiu doczesnym Egipcjanina (religia i sacrum na co dzień) 1. Charakterystyka ogólna .............................................................................................. 389 2. Poczęcie ........................................................................................................................ 390 3. Rozwój płodowy .......................................................................................................... 392 4. Narodziny
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