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Drug War Monitor
WOLA Drug War Monitor FEBRUARY 2003 A WOLA BRIEFING SERIES The push for zero coca: Democratic A publication of WOLA’s “Drugs, Democracy and transition and counternarcotics policy in Peru Human Rights” project, which examines the By Isaías Rojas impact of drug traffick- ing and U.S. international “ e will not negotiate with this commission. We want face-to-face drug control policies on negotiations with (President Alejandro) Toledo. If he is not here by human rights and Wtomorrow morning, we will go to Lima to speak with him directly. We want democratization trends to talk with the ringmaster of the circus.” This was the response members of a throughout Latin government commission received from approximately three thousand coca-growing America and the farmers from the Apurímac and Ene River Valley (VRAE), who said that they had not Caribbean begun their difficult march to Lima, the capital, only to turn back midway, nor would they discuss their problems with a commission of second-rate authorities. That Thursday night, August 1, 2002, an official commission had traveled to the city of Ayacucho with the mission of stopping a peasant protest begun two days earlier. The farmers refused to recognize the negotiating capacity of the commission, despite its makeup of high-ranking members of the National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (DEVIDA)1 and congressional legislators from the ruling party. The farmers said they wanted to speak with someone with decision-making authority, such as the prime minister. Their trump cards were the concurrent march and an indefinite general strike declared in the Apurímac River Valley. -
The Transgressive Allure of White Gold in Peruvian Amazonia: Towards a Genealogy of Coca Capitalisms and Social Dread
ID: International Dialogue, A Multidisciplinary Journal of World Affairs 3 2013 Review Essay The Transgressive Allure of White Gold in Peruvian Amazonia: Towards a Genealogy of Coca Capitalisms and Social Dread Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug Paul Gootenberg. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. 464pp. Coca's Gone: Of Might and Right in the Huallaga Post-Boom Richard Kernaghan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009. 320pp. Bartholomew Dean “I have tested this effect of coca, which wards off hunger, sleep, and fatigue and steels one to intellectual effort, some dozen times on myself; I had no opportunity to engage in physical work.”—Sigmund Freud, from ‘Über Coca’, Centralblatt für die ges. Therapie, 2, 1884. Bartholomew Dean (Oxford M.Phil., Harvard Ph.D.) is associate professor of anthropology, University of Kansas and research associate of KU's Laboratory of Biological Anthropology. Dean is research affiliate at the Universidad Nacional de San Martín (Tarapoto, Peru), where he directs the Anthropology Section of the Regional Museum. He is a contributing editor for the Ethnology of Lowland South America, U.S. Library of Congress. Dean’s research interests include the ethnology of Amazonia, health, human rights, political anthropology, social theory and ethics. His publications include Urarina Society, Cosmology and History in the Peruvian Amazonia (2009, 2013), as well as a co-edited book (At the Risk of Being Heard. Identity, Indigenous Rights, and Postcolonial States), numerous articles and several textbooks. The Transgressive Allure of White Gold in Peruvian Amazonia 151 COCA GENEALOGY Circulating through multiple regimes of value, the transgressive allure of coca has gripped the Occidental imagination for more than a century and a half, shaping the contours of modernity; first as a magical elixir, then to a demonized underground drug, and eventually being transformed into a lucrative global commodity with grievous effects. -
Amazon Waterway: Good Business for the Country?
INFORMATIVE BRIEFING Amazon Waterway: Good business for the country? An indigenous peoples’ rights view, economic and environmental perspective For more informaion on the Amazon Waterway, visit: 2019 EDITION www.inframazonia.com With the support of: INFORMATIVE BRIEFING Amazon Waterway: Good business for Perú? A legal, environmental and economic perspective on indigenous peoples AUTHORS: Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana – AIDESEP. Organización Regional de los Pueblos del Oriente – ORPIO. Coordinadora Regional de los Pueblos Indígenas – CORPI. Organización Regional Aidesep Ucayali – ORAU. Derecho, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales – DAR. Coalición Regional por la Transparencia y la Participación. EDITORS: Derecho, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Jr. Huáscar N° 1415, Jesús María, Lima-Perú Phone: 511 - 340 3780 | 51 1 - 3403720 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dar.org.pe DESIGNED AND PRINTED BY: Nauttica Media Design S.A.C. Jr. Las Cidras 656 Int 2. Urb. Las Flores, San Juan de Lurigancho Phone: 511- 265 9105 E-mail: [email protected] COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Rolando Mondragón / DAR First edition: May 2019, 500 copies Print date: June 2019 Legal Deposit at National Library of Peru N° 2019-09462 The partial or total reproduction of this book, its computer processing, its transmission by any form or means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopy or others is allowed; with the necessary indication of the source when used in publications or dissemination by any means. This publication has been produced with the assistance of Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and Rainforest Norway Foundation (RFN). Its contents are exclusive AIDESEP, ORPIO, CORPI, ORAU, Derecho, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales and the Coalición Regional por la Transparencia y la Participación’s responsibility; and in no way should it be considered as reflecting the views of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation or the Rainforest Norway Foundation (RFN). -
On the Pre-Columbian Origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama1
On the Pre-Columbian Origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama1 Lev Michael University of California, Berkeley Abstract Cabral (1995, 2007, 2011) and Cabral and Rodrigues (2003) established that Kokama and Omagua, closely-related indigenous languages spoken in Peruvian and Brazilian Amazonia, emerged as the result of intense language contact between speakers of a Tupí-Guaraní language and speakers of non-Tupí-Guaraní languages. Cabral (1995, 2007) further argued that the language contact which led to the development of Kokama and Omagua transpired in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in the Jesuit mission settlements located in the provincia de Maynas (corresponding roughly to modern northern Peruvian Amazonia). In this paper I argue that Omagua and Kokama were not the product of colonial-era language contact, but were rather the outcome of language contact in the Pre-Columbian period. I show that a close examination of 17th and 18th century missionary chronicles, Jesuit texts written in Omagua and Kokama, and modern data on these languages, make it clear that Omagua and Kokama already existed in a form similar to their modern forms by the time European missionaries arrived in Maynas in the 17th century. Moreover, I show that several key claims regarding ethnic mixing and Jesuit language policy that Cabral adduces in favor of a colonial-era origin for Kokama are not supported by the available historical materials. Ruling out a colonial-era origin for Omagua and Kokama, I conclude that Proto-Omagua- Kokama, the parent language from which Omagua and Kokama derive, was a Pre- Columbian contact language. Keywords: Omagua, Kokama, Tupí-Guaraní, Jesuit, Amazonia, language contact, abrupt creolization 1. -
Full Text in Pdf Format
Vol. 45: 269–282, 2021 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published July 29 https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01133 Endang Species Res OPEN ACCESS Home range and movements of Amazon river dolphins Inia geoffrensis in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins Federico Mosquera-Guerra1,2,*, Fernando Trujillo1, Marcelo Oliveira-da-Costa3, Miriam Marmontel4, Paul André Van Damme5, Nicole Franco1, Leslie Córdova5, Elizabeth Campbell6,7,8, Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto6,7,8, José Luis Mena9, Jeffrey C. Mangel6,7,8, José Saulo Usma Oviedo3, Juan D. Carvajal-Castro10,11, Hugo Mantilla-Meluk12,13, Dolors Armenteras-Pascual2 1Fundación Omacha, 111211 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia 2Grupo de Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas-ECOLMOD, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, D.C., Colombia 3World Wildlife Fund (WWF) − Brazil, Colombia, and Peru, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland 4Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 69.553-225 Tefé (AM), Brazil 5Faunagua, 31001 Sacaba-Cochabamba, Bolivia 6ProDelphinus, 15074 Lima, Peru 7School of BioSciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK 8Carrera de Biología Marina, Universidad Cientifíca del Sur, 15067 Lima, Peru 9Museo de Historia Natural Vera Alleman Haeghebaert, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 1801 Lima, Peru 10Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, 630004 Armenia, Colombia 11Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, 11366 Queens, NY, USA 12Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo y Estudio del Recurso Hídrico y el Ambiente (CIDERA), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, 630004 Armenia, Colombia 13Centro de Estudios de Alta Montaña, Universidad del Quindío, 630004 Armenia, Colombia ABSTRACT: Studying the variables that describe the spatial ecology of threatened species allows us to identify and prioritize areas that are critical for species conservation. -
·· I Gainesville, Florida, February 1981
~- 40·---, . -~·-----· , ..•....•. /J :- ffiTITUTOSOC~TAt. ~J Dat. I _ '-- Cod. â)M 1) cpcp I. f~i - ,w ii •. INDIAN POLICY IN EASTERN PERU: PAST ANO PRESENT ':',i . 1 1 . 1 1 j ! ! l Anthony Stocks l Idaho State University ! ;j . 1 i ,-' ' 1 i ., ..• 1 .•·· ! 1 1 ! ! . / Paper Submitted for the Conference on Frontier Expansion in Amazonia .·· i Gainesville, Florida, February 1981 . i l ! 1 Not For Citation '· l ! l 1 1 !/7'~ ..•. ·-· .. --- -····-····· ·-. -·--· --···-·-··--·--···-----------·· - - --:·.-.-r1 i -~ "I . l·.: . 1f . ~j f.:; ~-1 F: .-i· tb.:. ~ - ~ ••• ~·::· ~ + -.·---:,; - • :(,,J •••.••.•••• '""ll::·: ( ' .•..~' • < '(\-; .. { ' " ~ t ,, INDIAN POLICY·lN EASTERN PERU: PAST AND PRESENT Since the title of this paper effectively states the purpose of writing the article, I shall begin with a definition. Indian policy refers to both the goals and practices of interest groups toward Indians. Interest groups are defined as all organizations that behave purposefully toward Indians, including Indian groups themselves. It should be clear that Ido not, by this definition, limit policy to official government laws, pronounce- ments or programs. When policy is "official", I shall refer to it as formal policy. But every group that has dealt with Indians over the past 350 years of close contact in Peru has had policy, whether covert or overt, and,_·as often as not, the national government has either been unaware of specific practices, unofficially in league with such practices, ar powerless to change practices even if it wished to doso. ·, My definition of policy includes both cognitive and behavioral aspects. Goals of policy include either conscious goals or unconscious goals at varying levels of specificity. -
Avifaunal Surveys Along the Lower Huallaga River, Region of Loreto, Peru: New Distributional Records, Collection of Topotypes, and Taxonomic Implications
Avifaunal surveys along the lower Huallaga River, Region of Loreto, Peru: New distributional records, collection of topotypes, and taxonomic implications Authors: Andre E. Moncrieff, Oscar Johnson, Daniel F. Lane, José Álvarez Alonso, Katya Balta, et. al. Source: The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 131(3) : 486-501 Published By: The Wilson Ornithological Society URL: https://doi.org/10.1676/18-108 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open- access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-o- use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/The-Wilson-Journal-of-Ornithology on 06 Nov 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by University of Tennessee The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 131(3):486–501, 2019 Avifaunal surveys along the lower Huallaga River, Region of Loreto, Peru: New distributional records, collection of topotypes, and taxonomic implications Andre E. Moncrieff,1* Oscar Johnson,1 Daniel F. Lane,1 Jose´ Alvarez´ Alonso,2 Katya Balta,3 Karen Eckhardt,4 Jessica Armenta,5 Thomas Valqui,1,6,7 Flor Herna´ndez,6 Mayori Soto Huaira,8 Cristian Mur,9 Michael G. Harvey,10 Karen Verde-Guerra,6 and Sheila Figueroa Ram´ırez6 ABSTRACT—The lower Huallaga River in Peru was the focal region of 2 important ornithological collections in the mid- 19th century and a third in the early 20th century. -
Control of Coca with a Plant Pathogenic Fungus (Mycoherbicide)
Control of Coca with a Plant Pathogenic Fungus (Mycoherbicide) Executive Summary 1. Disease-causing fungi are found on all plants, including narcotic crop plants. Certain species of fungi are candidates for biological control of weeds because they fit the requirements of target specificity, safety (non-toxicity, non-mammalian effects) and non- allergenicity), and efficacy (knockdown comparable to that seen with chemical herbicides). 2. While chemical herbicides are still the main method of controlling weeds in agricultural systems, their adverse environmental impact has led to an effort to find non-chemical controls. 3. Mycoherbicides are the answer to the above problems. A mycoherbicide is a naturally occurring plant pathogenic fungus that will attack a target plant such as a weed or narcotic plant. Mycoherbicdes are naturally occurring and have no impact on the environment or other plant species. Development of mycoherbicides to control weeds is a long-standing global field of science. The few successes in developing mycoherbicides include the two products available in the US: 'Devine' to control Strangler vine in citrus and 'Collego' to control northern jointvetch in rice. 4. Mycoherbicides do not need to be genetically engineered. They can be taken directly from nature. The collected fungi are taken through a series of tests to determine if they meet the above standard requirements. The fungi are then field-tested which requires an EPA experimental use permit. If the pathogen is effective in controlling the target weed in these tests, the pathogen will be screened for human toxicity and environmental safety. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires a "sixpack" series of tests, called Tier One Toxicity testing, that consists six tests to verify the safety of the mycoherbicide from the point of toxicity and probable environmental impact at a cost of $40,000 per each fungal strain. -
Sediment Budget in the Ucayali River Basin, an Andean Tributary of the Amazon River
doi:10.5194/piahs-367-320-2015 320 Sediment Dynamics from the Summit to the Sea (Proceedings of a symposium held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 11–14 December 2014) (IAHS Publ. 367, 2014). Sediment budget in the Ucayali River basin, an Andean tributary of the Amazon River WILLIAM SANTINI1,2, JEAN-MICHEL MARTINEZ1,2, RAUL ESPINOZA- VILLAR3, GERARD COCHONNEAU1,2, PHILIPPE VAUCHEL1,2, JEAN-SEBASTIEN MOQUET4, PATRICE BABY1,2, JHAN-CARLO ESPINOZA5, WALDO LAVADO6, JORGE CARRANZA6 & JEAN-LOUP GUYOT1,2 1 IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) [email protected] 2 GET (Géosciences Environnement Toulouse), Casilla 18-1209, Lima 18, Peru 3 UnB-IG (Universidade de Brasilia- Instituto de Geociencias), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Brazil 4 USP (Universidade de São Paulo), Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, nº1280 - Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil 5 IGP (Instituto Geofisíco del Perú), Calle Badajoz #169 - Mayorazgo IV Etapa - Ate Vitarte, Lima, Peru 6 SENAMHI (Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología), Casilla 11-1308, Lima 11, Peru Abstract Formation of mountain ranges results from complex coupling between lithospheric deformation, mechanisms linked to subduction and surface processes: weathering, erosion, and climate. Today, erosion of the eastern Andean cordillera and sub-Andean foothills supplies over 99% of the sediment load passing through the Amazon Basin. Denudation rates in the upper Ucayali basin are rapid, favoured by a marked seasonality in this region and extreme precipitation cells above sedimentary strata, uplifted during Neogene times by a still active sub-Andean tectonic thrust. Around 40% of those sediments are trapped in the Ucayali retro-foreland basin system. -
Range Extension of the Genus Fredilocarcinus Pretzmann, 1978 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Trichodactylidae) to Colombia
11 2 1586 the journal of biodiversity data February 2015 Check List NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 11(2): 1586, February 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1586 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Range extension of the genus Fredilocarcinus Pretzmann, 1978 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Trichodactylidae) to Colombia Julian Yessid Arias-Pineda1, Diego A. Gómez1, 2 and Célio Magalhães3* 1 Laboratorio de Zoología y Ecología Acuática LAZOEA, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Apartado Aéreo 4976, Bogotá, Colombia 2 Museo de Historia Natural ANDES, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Apartado Aéreo 4976, Bogotá, Colombia 3 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223, 68080-971, Manaus, AM, Brazil * Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Abstract: The genus Fredilocarcinus is recorded herein Amazonas department, Colombia, in a small wetland for the first time in Colombia, based on a male ofFredilo - near the Amazon River, on 29 July 2014. The specimen carcinus raddai (Pretzmann, 1978) collected in El Vergel, was fixed in 10% formalin and subsequently preserved Amazon River, Leticia municipality, Amazonas depart- in 70% ethanol and deposited in the collection of ment. The external morphology and first gonopod are invertebrates of the Museo de Historia Natural ANDES, illustrated. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota (catalogue Key words: Amazon region, freshwater crab, new number ANDES I-2792). The identification was based record, Peru, taxonomy mainly on the morphology of the male first gonopod. The key, descriptions and illustrations provided by Magalhães and Türkay (1996) were followed. -
Hydrological Modeling of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian Amazon Basin Using GPM-IMERG Satellite-Based Precipitation Dataset
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/hess-2016-656, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Published: 14 December 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. Hydrological modeling of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian Amazon basin using GPM-IMERG satellite-based precipitation dataset Ricardo Zubieta1,2, Augusto Getirana3,4, Jhan Carlo Espinoza1,2, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro5,2, Luis Aragon2 5 1 Subdirección de Ciencias de la Atmósfera e Hidrósfera (SCAH), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Lima, Peru 2 Programa de Doctorado en Recursos Hídricos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Peru 3 Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 4 Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, College Park, MD, USA 10 5 Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), Lima, Peru Correspondence to: R. Zubieta ([email protected]). 15 Abstract In the last two decades, rainfall estimates provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) have proven applicable in hydrological studies. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which provides the new generation of rainfall estimates, is now considered a global successor to TRMM. The usefulness of GPM data in hydrological applications, however, has not yet been evaluated over the Andean and Amazonian regions. This study uses 20 GPM data provided by the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) (product/final run) as input to a distributed hydrological model for the Amazon Basin of Peru and Ecuador for a 16-month period (from March 2014 to June 2015) when all datasets are available. TRMM products (TMPA V7, TMPA RT datasets) and a gridded precipitation dataset processed from observed rainfall are used for comparison. -
Gootenberg Between Coca and Cocaine.Pdf
Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860–1980 Paul Gootenberg Cocaine has a long and mostly forgotten history, which more often than not over the past century has revolved around relationships between the United States and the Andean republic of Peru.1 This essay examines that U.S.- Peruvian axis, through three long historical arcs or processes that preceded— and in some sense inform—the hemispheric “drug wars” of the past twenty years. For each stage, I will focus on the changing U.S. influences, signals, or designs around Andean coca and cocaine, the global contexts and competing cocaine circuits that mediated those transnational forces and flows, and the notably dynamic Peruvian responses to North American drug challenges. Each period left its legacies, and paradoxes, for cocaine’s progressive definition as a global, illicit, and menacing drug. This is mainly a synthetic essay, trying to make sense of a vast body of new research in international archives—but the history of drugs also makes fertile I thank the Wilson Center, especially its Latin American Program, for their tolerance, hospitality and largesse during writing; Julio Cotler (Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima) for his commentary; Gil Joseph and two anonymous HAHR readers; and colleagues and helpers in the larger research project behind this essay. And our new son, Danyal Natan Sainz-Gootenberg (b. 1/2000), for allowing some needed sleep to put this all together. 1. And largely unknown: this essay is part of a larger archival project to unveil this hidden history. For the United States itself, we now have the superb study by Joseph F.