A quarterly newsletter on water and sanitation in India

Vol II Issue 1

In 2008–09, a multi-village scheme PHED Assam Goes High Tech: comprising two independent zones (Zone I & Zone II) was conceived by PHED Introduces SCADA Assam. The scheme was planned to cover 506 habitations with 1,40,769 people The introduction of SCADA, an innovative system to operate spread over 17 Gram Panchayats (GPs) the entire water supply system for the very first time in of Titabor Development Block in Jorhat district, well known for tea gardens and north-east India, in Jorhat district, has enhanced the efficient rice cultivation. The project cost was management of rural drinking water supply in the region around `9,81,858 crore for both the Zones. During the selection of suitable rapid assessment of water quality PHED considered surface and sustainable intake sources, separately for two zones, and design of such a large Astatus, followed by a three-tier sources as the most viable arsenic screening and surveillance pumping mains and pumping distribution in different districts, found that the and sustainable solution for a system (the length of the CW pumping Jorhat district of northern Assam large number of habitations main being 119.50 km in Zone I and was experiencing substantive arsenic rather than alternative 130.29 km in Zone II), the expertise of the Indian Institute of Technology contamination above the Bureau of groundwater sources Indian Standards (BIS) permissible (IIT), Guwahati, State Water Sources level of 50 parts per billion (ppb). The Department, was utilised. Public Health Engineering Department (PHED), Assam, took serious note of the situation and plunged into action. To address the emerging challenge, PHED Contents considered surface sources as the most viable and sustainable solution for a large number of habitations rather than alternative groundwater sources. 9 innovation: ESCOs Show the Way SPOTLIGHT: Convergence of 16 Resources Accelerates Sustainable Development

22 Campaign: Gangadevipalli: An Icon of Sustainable Development in Water and Sanitation

Campaign: Finding a Long-term 27 Jorhat district, northern Assam Solution for Arsenic Contamination

1 SCADA, an innovative system to control water pumps

Innovation

leakage point in the network can How SCADA Works be easily detected for rectification. The auto control system in the Through the internet, one person can operate the entire constituent scheme to regulate the water supply system entry of water consists of a water level indicator within the reservoir, the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) t is significant to mention that, at the river intakes and WTPs. Entry of panel, MOV, power inverter and Ifor the first time in the history treated water from the two underground connecting cables. The water level of the north-east, PHED, Assam, reservoirs of the two WTPs to the 100 indicator in the reservoir signals the introduced SCADA (Supervisory remote constituent schemes can be quantity of water in the reservoir to Control And Data Acquisition) controlled by motor operated valves the RTU panel and the automatic technology in Jorhat. Through the (MOVs) installed with the pumps of RTU panel commands the MOV internet, one authorised person each of the 100 reservoirs installed to close or open the pump as can operate the entire water supply therein. By inserting pressure meters required. The power inverter system (WSS) to control the pumps in the pumping networks, any fault or provides uninterrupted power to all circuits. The SCADA system can be operated from anywhere by installing the software on a desktop or laptop or smartphone with legal authorisation. An authorised trained person operates the system in WTP of Zone I and Zone II. In addition, the Superintending Engineer (SE), Jorhat Division, has the software installed on his laptop, with the help of which he can monitor the network in Zone I and Zone II and instruct the concerned person accordingly. Using SCADA technology in Jorhat

2 There were inevitable initial hurdles in the selection of intake, design, tendering process, selection of habitations, land acquisition, permission for road cutting, railway crossings, etc., which caused some delay in commencement of works in the field. Finally, the mega project with the first ever use of SCADA technology, could be completed within a record period of just 18 months since the commencement of work, another feather in the cap of PHED, Assam.

The mega project with the first ever use of SCADA technology, was completed within a record period of just 18 months since the commencement of work, another feather in the cap of PHED, Assam Mega project using SCADA technology

The scheme was inaugurated by The salient features of the two intake pipes are placed on the barge. Hon’ble Chief Minister of Assam schemes in the two Zones are listed in Two suction pipes are dropped from Shri Tarun Gogoi on 28 May 2013, Table 1. a floating barge to river water and, on in the presence of Hon’ble Minister, the barge, two 200 millimetre (mm) PHED, Assam Shri Gautam Roy, Intake System (diameter) pipes converge into a single Hon’ble Minister, PWD-cum-UDD In Zone I, the intake system is placed host pipe of 300 mm diameter. The Smt. Ajanta Nag and Hon’ble on a floating barge, since water diameter of the MS suction pipes is members of Parliament and the advances and recedes in Doyang 250 mm.The capacity of each of the Legislative Assembly. River. Two pumps connected to two two raw water pumps is 40 horsepower

Table 1: Salient Features of the Schemes

Key Features Greater Titabor PWSS Zone I Greater Titabor PWSS Zone II Intake point At Doyang River near Ooting At Dhansiri River near Galahad town Intake system Floating barge Direct suction flow pump house Capacity 4.50 MLD 6.50 MLD No. of constituent PWSS (new) 32 35 No. of upgraded or renovated PWSS 17 16 No. of GPs 7 10 No. of habitations covered 256 251 Length of CW pumping main 110.50 km 130.29 km Revised AA amount `51.5494 crore `46.63 crore

3 (HP). To ensure continuous pumping of The basic purpose of aeration is to reduce the content raw water even during power failure/ of substances which cause unpleasant tastes and odours load shedding, a 100 kilo volt amps as well as discolouration. Aeration is frequently used (kVA) DG set has been installed. The length of the raw water pumping for treatment of groundwater where it also has additional main, i.e., distance of Zone I’s Water positive side effects, precipitation of iron and manganese. Treatment Plant (WTP) from the river When treating surface water, aeration is useful in adding intake is 850 m. Near the river intake, oxygen to the raw water. Aeration always precedes some close to the DG set, a signal receiving other treatment process antennae has been installed for remote controlled operations through SCADA. The MOV is attached with each of the two pumps to enable starting and in the pump house to facilitate shifting 4.80 in the WTP of Zone I and 5.26 in closing of pumping of raw water from of the heavy pumps mechanically Zone II. The inner diameter (in metres) the river, as well as the operation of from ground level. A 100 kVA power is 4.60 and 5.10 in Zone I and Zone II, vacuum pumps to suck out air from the generator has also been installed for respectively.The height (in metres) of pipe before suction of raw water. effective power transmission to the two this component, above ground level, In Zone II, two parallel suction heavy duty pumps. A pressure gauge is 5.10 in both Zones. The cascade pipes of 300 mm are inserted directly has also been placed at the intake point aerator is designed to entrap oxygen into the water from the banks of the to assess pressure of drawl of raw water for enhancing quantum dissolved Dhansiri River. In the nearby pump through the SCADA system. Two oxygen (DO) in raw water being house installed on the bank near the persons have been deployed to ensure supplied from the intake. river water, two pumps of 75 HP draw water supply at a monthly payment of The basic purpose of aeration is water from the river. With a view to `10,000 each by PHED. The length of to reduce the content of substances ensure continuous pumping during raw water pumping main is 4,850 m in which cause unpleasant tastes and non-availability of power, a 180 kVA Zone II. odours as well as discolouration. DG set has been installed. As in Zone Aeration is frequently used for I, in Zone II, too, the MOV is attached Water Treatment Plants treatment of groundwater where it with both pumps to enable remote Both Zones use a similar process for also has additional positive side effects control operation of the pumps with treatment of raw water: (precipitation of iron and manganese). the help of SCADA. A signal receiver Aerator: The raw water is pumped When treating surface water, aeration has been installed at the intake site to from the intake and supplied to the is useful in adding oxygen to the raw receive signal from the SCADA system. WTP in the aerator fountain. The outer water. Aeration always precedes some A gravity crane has also been installed diameter (in metres) of the aerator is other treatment process.

Using aeration for the treatment of groundwater

4 Lime-Alum Mixer: The water coming out of the channel is mixed with alum and lime in the lime-alum mixer and water mixed with chemicals is poured through a channel to the flash mixer. Flash Mixer: Raw water being passed through the cascading aerator fountain passes through a channel (where alum and lime solutions are mixed) to the flash mixer. Water is then taken into the flash mixer for intimate mixing of chemicals with the raw water. Clariflocculator: Chemically dosed raw water is then fed into the clariflocculator unit wherein flocculation and clarification of raw water take place. The clariflocculator is a combination Raw water passes through a channel (where alum and lime of flocculator and clarifier fabricated to solutions are mixed) to the flash mixer attain economic and speedy construction. It is used at large WTPs and industrial wastewater treatment plants, and in diameter (in metres) is 6.70 and 8.50 respectively. The overall water depth potable water treatment. It has two in the WTPs of Zone I and Zone II, of the clarifocculator is deeper in Zone concentric tanks: the inner tank serves respectively. The diameter (in metres) II (5.80 m) than in Zone I (5.80 m). as a flocculation basin and the outer tank of the clarifier zone is 25.60 and 17.50 However the depth of the sludge pit serves as a clarifier. These systems are in the WTPs of Zone I and Zone II, within the clariflocculator is 0.75 m customised to varied requirements of the in both WTPs. The slanting depth (in customers. Clariflocculators, generally, The clariflocculator is a metres) within the clariflocculator is are used to perform the chemical combination of flocculator 1.45 m and 1.67 m in Zone I and Zone primary treatment of water/effluents. and clarifier fabricated to II, respectively. The clear depth of the The outer diameter (in metres) of the over slanting zone (in metres) is 4.00 RCC circular clariflocculator is 16.00 attain economic and speedy and 4.60 in the WTPs of Zone I and and 18.00 in the WTPs of Zone I and construction. It is used at Zone II, respectively. II, respectively. The flocculation Zone large WTPs The time taken for a single revolution of the bridge is 18 minutes in the clariflocculator of Zone I and 22 minutes in Zone II. Rapid Sand Filters: The water from the clariflocculator is passed into four rapid filter beds consisting of layers of pebbles of different sizes and coarse sand in the top layers. The size of the filter beds is different in the WTPs of both Zones. The size (length x breadth and height in metres) is 5x4x3.20 in the rapid sand filter beds of Zone I and

5 Push button pneumatic system Lime and alum being mixed for further treatment

6.2x6.0x3.0 in Zone II. In Zone II, the Air Blower/Compressor DG Set in WTP: To ensure operation of the rapid sand filters in all Slush Tank: The water containing uninterrupted operation of all units of the four chambers is done manually solid particles is drained out to a slush the two WTPs in Zone I and Zone II, while, in Zone I, it is through a push tank. Here solid particles, scum, etc., are 250 kVA and 325 kVA capacity DG sets button pneumatic system. deposited and water is again pumped have been installed. Overhead Reservoir for up to the channel where lime and alum Backwashing of Filters: To enable are mixed for further treatment. regular cleaning of the four beds of the rapid sand filters in both Zones, water is stored in an overhead reservoir. The capacity (in cubic metres) of the reservoir for backwashing is 250 and 350 in the WTPs of Zone I and Zone II, respectively. The diameter of the reservoir is 12.60 m and 14.30 m, respectively, in the WTPs of Zone I and Zone II, respectively.

Treated Water Reservoir: The Distribution Network treated water is finally stored in an In Zone I, treated water is supplied to underground reservoir before being 49 constituent piped water supply delivered to the reservoirs of the schemes (PWSSs) consisting of one respective Zone. The capacity of the reservoir in each scheme. In Zone II, reservoir of the WTP of Zone I is 4.50 treated water is supplied to 51 PWSSs million litres per day (MLD) and that of consisting of one reservoir each. In Zone the WTP of Zone II is 6.50 MLD. I, 256 habitations covering seven GPs and, in Zone II, 1,251 habitations spread over 10 GPs are served. The capacity To enable regular cleaning of the reservoir varies according to the of the four beds of the rapid size of the target habitations. The length sand filters, water is stored in of the treated water pumping main an overhead reservoir. The (in metres) from the WTP to respective capacity (in cubic metres) of the constituent schemes of Zone I is 110 km and 130 km in Zone II. The diameter reservoir for backwashing is 250 of DI pipes ranges from 400 mm to and 350 in the WTPs of Zone I 80 mm, according to distance of and Zone II, respectively constituent schemes.

6 Management of 100 Constituent Each Committee consists of around 15 agreement stipulates 21 conditions WSSs through PWSS members representing the beneficiary and the household has to agree to all To ensure sustained management villages. To receive piped water supply conditions and deposit `1,000 (non- of 100 constituent WSSs, Water at the household level, the household refundable security: `600; connection Management Committees have been has to sign an agreement with the charge: `300 and advance tariff of one constituted in a participatory manner. President of the Panee Samitee. The month: `100) and pay `100 per month

Villages donate land for the construction of the underground reservoir and pump house and in return, one member of the family that donates the land gets `5,000 per month for managing WSS operations, maintenance of record, collection of tariff, etc.

per household. Water is supplied twice a day for one or two hours depending on the demand. In most cases, the committee meets the electricity charges, etc., from the revenue generated from the monthly tariff by way of water tax. However, in case of any shortfall, the PHED pays the shortfall. A register is maintained for all subscribers and a receipt is issued for each payment made by the beneficiaries. Villages donate land for the construction of the underground reservoir and pump house and in return, one member of the family that donates the land gets `5,000 per month for managing WSS operations, maintenance of record, collection of tariff, etc.

For more information, contact: To receive piped water supply at the household level, the Shri Kamal Chandra Sut household has to sign an agreement with the President of the Tel: 9435035265 Panee Samitee E-mail: [email protected] Report: Dr. T.K. Das

7 INNOVATION would form a part of the saving which it brought about by improved O&M such as selection of pumps of proper Udaipur Improves its Water duty conditions, five star rating of pumps, prompt repair of pipe lines Supply–the ESCO Way reducing leakage. The saving was to be divided between the company and PHED. In 29 months, the company In 29 months, the company ensured adequate not only ensured adequate water water supply for Udaipur city supply for Udaipur city but also earned profits for PHED as well as itself. t was decided to bring water from Operations and Maintenance (O&M)-related Benefits IJaisamand Lake to Udaipur city. issues leading to heavy consumption of l A saving of electricity amounting Jaisamand is a beautiful lake spread over electricity. To address the issue, the O&M to `7.5 crore was achieved during an 87 square kilometre (sq km) area. It was outsourced to a private electricity saving August 2010 to March 2013. was built in the 17th century by Rana company (ESCO). l PHED saved `1.60 crore on Jai Singh of Udaipur and is located at a The company was mandated to provide O&M expenditures. distance of 30 km from Udaipur. a certain quantity of water while carrying l The total saving, after introduction Initially great difficulty was faced out O&M of the scheme such as laying of the ESCO model, is `9.33 crore, in bringing water to Udaipur from pipe lines and building pump houses. It of which PHED’s share is `5.00 Jaisamand Lake. There were many was also agreed that the company’s profit crore and the ESCO’s `4.33 crore.

ESCO ensures adequate water supply for Udaipur city from Jaisamand Lake

For more information, contact: Shri Umesh Dhingra Tel: 9829861177 E-mail: [email protected] Report: Shri Hemant Kumar Joshi The project brought about savings for ESCO and PHED

8 INNOVATION ESCOs Show the Way By introducing energy-efficient methods in its water supply systems, Deeg and Kaman have drastically cut their expenditure on power

eeg and Kaman are historical tourist The steps taken by PHED, Dtwin towns located in the Bharatpur Rajasthan, will set the standard district of Rajasthan. They are visited by for saving electricity in the thousands of Indian and foreigner tourists who come to see the historical palaces operation of WSSs in the near the Gopal Sagara water body. coming years

Twenty-eight pumps were installed in Kaman and Deeg towns

In an effort to conserve electricity, Deeg has saline groundwater whereas and depth of water table. The company PHED, Rajasthan, has taken several Kaman has sweet water. Water is employed measures such as use of steps; these efforts are still at initial obtained from 14 tube wells of Deeg PVC or HDPE pipes in place of GI stages but the early results are very town and Kaman town. The complete and MS pipes, installation of automatic encouraging and will set the standard work of installation of 28 pumps along panels, use of cable of proper gauge and for saving electricity in the operation with O&M of tube wells of Kaman employment of skilled manpower for of WSSs in the coming years. PHED and Deeg towns was handed over to continuous O&M. has outsourced the O&M of the Deeg Duke Plasto Technique Company. The The benefits in power saving and Kaman project to a private company, ESCO ensured that the designated increase in water production in Deeg Duke Plasto Technique Company, an water production was achieved and the and Kaman towns have been enormous. ESCO. Under this project not only has electricity bill was halved. electricity been saved but the water The company achieved this feat by For more information, contact: supply from the tube wells has also been using five star rating pumps, pumps of Shri Umesh Dhingra streamlined by selecting energy saving proper duty conditions, keeping in mind Tel: 9829861177; E-mail: [email protected] pumps of a proper rating. the possible discharge from tube wells Report: Shri Hemant Kumar Joshi

9 SPOTLIGHT Back in 2005, there were 535 households that had and used toilets; the number has now grown to 725 households, Funds from Rewards on a 35.5 per cent increase. The trigger was a community resolution in a Gram Sabha Social Development and meeting followed by an exposure visit to Behergaon, a NGP village. Door-to-door campaigns, performance of kalajhatta, Participatory Service Charges etc., motivated all households to construct and use toilets by December 2010. At that Propel Sustainable Growth point in time only a small incentive was admissible for building toilets only for below the poverty line (BPL) families and A hoarding at the entrance to the village warns visitors: motivating above the poverty line (APL) households was an arduous challenge. ‘If you do not have a toilet in your home, do not enter this Focused message on sanitation village’, reiterating the importance that the Maharashtran village for visitors: A hoarding at the entrance of Patoda places on sanitation to the village has a specific warning for visitors: ‘If you do not have a toilet in your home, do not enter this village.’ This reiterates the importance that the hat sustainable and In the Anganwadis, child- community places on sanitation. Tparticipatory social friendly wall paintings highlight development can be a source of sanitation- and hygiene-related Institutional Sanitation resources that can make a village messages to children. Child- and Hygiene economically viable and self-reliant has There is one school (up to class VIII) been amply demonstrated by Patoda, a friendly toilets have been and three Anganwadis in the village, GP of block and district Aurangabad, provided in the Anganwadis. all of which have toilets and adequate Maharashtra. The village is located In the school, separate toilets safe drinking water facilities. In the just 12 km away from the district and urinals are provided for girls Anganwadis, child-friendly wall paintings headquarters. It received the Nirmal and boys. To ensure security of put across sanitation- and hygiene- Gram Puraskar (NGP) in 2007 along children, closed circuit television related messages to children. Child- with the award money of `3 lakh. friendly toilets have been provided in With this, the momentum of resource cameras have been installed in the Anganwadis. In the school, separate generation from the award money the school premises toilets and urinals are provided for girls picked up. and boys. To ensure security of children

Hoardings and announcements on sanitation for visitors

10 The school and three Anganwadis in the village have toilets and adequate safe drinking water

and villagers, 32 closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras have been installed in the premises. The school and three Anganwadis have been provided with CCTV to monitor the security of children. An amount of `3 lakh has been invested in purchasing 32 CCTV cameras.

Awards The achievement of the NGP has been followed by a array of awards for the village and the award money now totals `59.5 lakh. This is being used as a resource for the further all-round development of the village. Table 2 reveals the extent of the recognition.

Cleanliness Drive by Children School children are divided into groups that are given names of flowers. Although there are dedicated people for cleaning village roads, these groups are assigned to clean village roads once a week, to teach the children the importance of cleanliness.

11 Table 2: Awards Received by Patoda

Name of Award Period Amount Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) 04.05.07 `3 lakh Sant Gadge Baba Nirmal Gram Puraskar at Block Level: First Prize 2006-07 `15,000 Sant Gadge Baba Abhiyan Puraskar at District Level: First Prize 2006-07 `5 lakh Sant Gadge Baba Abhiyan Puraskar: Second Prize 2009-10 `3 lakh Dalit Vastisudhakar Yojana at District Level: Second Prize 2007-08 `3 lakh Savitribai Phule Swachhata Anganwadi Competition at District Level: First Prize 2010-11 `25,000 Savitribai Phule Swachhata Anganwadi Competition at Division level: First Prize `5,000 Vikash Ratna—Eco-village Programme 2011-12 `12 lakh Special Division Level Prize for the Best Water Management 2009-10 `1 lakh Yashwant Panchayat Raj at Block Level: First Prize 2010-11 `5,000 Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachhata Abhiyan at Division Level: Third Prize 2010-11 `4 lakh Savitribai Phule Swachhata Abhiyan Competition at Block Level: First Prize 2010-11 `10,000 Yashwant Panchyat Raj Abhiyan at District Level: First Prize 23.03.12 `1 lakh Yashwantrao Chavan Gaurav Gram Sabha Puraskar at District Level 12.03.13 `1 lakh Sant Gadge Baba Swachhata Abhiyan at Division Level 2011-12 `10 lakh Savitribai Phule Anganwadi Competition at Division Level: First Prize 2011-12 `50,000 Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachhata Abhiyan at State Level: First Prize 2011/12 `12.5 lakh Yashwant Panchayat Raj Abhiyan Puraskar at Division Level: First Prize 2013/14 `3 lakh TOTAL `59.5 lakh

There are no open drains in the village; solid waste is collected at the doorstep

Solid and Liquid Waste utilised at households level. The at a 4 per cent interest. The solid Management (SLWM) GP has arranged for collection of waste is collected at the household Drains: All drains in the villages are un-utilised bio-degradable solid doorstep. Two plastic bins have covered, concrete drains and there waste and non-bio-degradable been distributed to each household are no open or kachha drains in waste from households by for the disposal of solid waste, to the village. deploying a tractor, purchased for be collected by the tractor. Every Disposal of Solid Waste: `3 lakh through a loan from the household contributes `200 per Bio-degradable solid waste is mostly Zila Parishad, payable in 10 years year for this service.

12 The solid waste is disposed in three The liquid waste disposed and is used for drinking in other pits in one location and another three through drains is treated in villages. The river water is mostly pits on a nearby waste land outside six cemented waste used for irrigating crops. The cost of the village. In one place, solid waste is construction of six tanks was being decomposed into compost. stabilisation ponds and `8 lakh. Disposal of Liquid Waste: treated water is partially During the visit, the writer of The liquid waste disposed through used for irrigation but mostly this report got samples analysed in drains is treated in six cemented waste drains into the river. The river each phase of waste water treatment, stabilisation ponds and treated water is water pours down to a dam namely, before treatment, in all partially used for irrigation but mostly phases of treatment in the six drains into the river. The river water downstream and is used for chambers and after treatment. The pours down to a dam downstream drinking in other villages results are provided in Table 3.

Table 3: Analysis of Waste Water in Phases

(milligram/litre) Phase of Treatment PH TDS TSS BOD COD Before Treatment 8 1,892 8 10 38 First Tank 8.1 1,893 10 9 38 Second Tank 7.4 1,898 14 8 34 Third Tank 7.9 1,882 22 6 22 Fourth Tank 8.2 1,871 38 22 80 Fifth Tank 8.1 1,880 44 10 36 Sixth Tank 8 1,884 18 8 32 Treated Waste Water 8.1 1,904 12 13 44

Water Supply System Metered Water Supply from Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC): Since the GP is situated near an industrial area of Aurangabad, MIDC supplies treated drinking water to Patoda and a few other nearby villages. MIDC water is supplied through pipes to 231 households. All the households with piped water supply have water meters. Beside water tax, levied according to meter readings, a special water tax of `600 per year and a general water tax of `300 per year is levied on the households. For those without households connections, a spot source in the form of a tank has MIDC water is supplied through pipes to 231 households been provided.

13 Reverse Osmosis System in Public Private Partnership Mode

In coordination with a private company, a reverse to the person who manages the RO plant and supplies osmosis (RO) plant has been installed, with no financial water to households. So, the households have the option of outflow from the GP. The RO plant has been installed at obtaining the best quality water at just `0.40 per litre against the cost of the private firm with an agreement that, after `12-15 per litre available in the market. A still storage tank five years, it will be handed over to the GP. A bottle of of 2,000 litre capacity stores RO treated water. Around 205 20 litres of water delivered to households costs `8 only, households avail of water from the RO plant paying `8 for a of which `5 is paid to the private company and `3 goes 20-litre bottle.

An RO plant provides quality water

Groundwater Supply: Besides Households have the option of Green Energy Exploitation water supply from MIDC and the RO obtaining the best quality water Bio-gas: To meet the plant, the groundwater extracted for the ` requirement of energy for fuel RO system is also provided to a large at just 0.40 per litre against by recycling animal and human number of households. `12-15 per litre available in the waste, a total of 10 bio-gas plants market. A still storage tank of have been installed, using the Elevated Storage Reservoirs to 2,000 litre capacity stores RO incentive amount available Augment 100 Per Cent Piped treated water under the Renewable Energy Water Supply Programme. Of these bio-gas For a total of 673 households in the plants, two are toilet-linked GP covering two villages (529 in and 60,000 litres are being plants, gas from which is used Patoda and 144 Gangapur Nehri constructed at Patoda and Nehriat for cooking. Slowly, the taboo villages), two RCC Elevated Storage at an estimated cost of `39,97,294 on using gas from excreta for Reservoirs (ESRs) of 1,35,000 litres and `30,04,902, respectively. cooking is being overcome.

Ten bio-gas plants have Elevated Storage Reservoirs cover two villages been installed

14 Households are incentivised to pay taxes on time

Solar Street Lighting: The House Tax: Incentive for Timely Payment of Taxes requirement of energy for street lighting Category of Rate per To encourage households to clear all tax is being met by installing solar lights. Houses Sq. Ft. dues in time, households are incentivised Solar Lights: To meet the need RCC building `2.50 to pay taxes on time: the households that of energy for light, solar light is being Simple house `1.25 pay on time get unlimited quantity of flour. promoted in houses. The GP has started a flour shop from which Open space `0.50 Solar Heater: Solar heaters are households get flour on a weekly basis. being popularised in the GP to fulfil the Water Tax requirement for hot water in winters. Gross Revenue: Security Measures To ensure the security of villagers and Infrastructure l ` Building Tax: 8,39,000 yearly children, in particular, 32 CCTV camera All roads in every corner of village are l ` Water Tax: 5,33,000 yearly has been installed in strategic locations made up of concrete slabs. There ` Total Revenue: 1,37,2000 of the village. In the school and three is no kaccha or even brick road in Expenditure Anganwadis, they are used to monitor the the village. l Water Bill: `19,000x12=2,28,000 security of children. This indicates the level Participatory Resource l Expenditure towards Flour Mill + of development in the village and the Generation Electricity Bill: `60,000 GP’s vision. To device sustained generation of Total Expenditure: `2,88,000 For more information, contact: financial resources in a participatory Net Resource Savings: Shri Pere Bhaskar manner, house tax and water tax have `1,37,2000-`2,88,000= Tel: 09405646464 been levied: `10,84,000 Report: Dr. T.K. Das

The GP’s vision has ensured good facilities for the residents

15 SPOTLIGHT team to motivate the villagers to give up open defecation and construct and use individual households toilets. Convergence of Resources The messages were reinforced in an entertaining format by conducting Accelerates Sustainable performances of kala-jhatta. The village worked as a team in the collection of Development building materials such as stones and

Lana Paller Gram Panchayat, Sirmour district, Himachal Pradesh, To sensitise households about shows the way to successful holistic development by using the impact of open defecation resourcefulness and resources of the government on health, wall paintings were displayed in public lthough immense resources among the community as a whole to places such as the GP office Aare available under various motivate APL and BPL families to and schools. Inter-personal government programmes, lack of discard open defecation. The campaign communication was used knowledge and initiative makes their was initiated in 2007–08 by taking a through door-to-door visits use difficult for the comprehensive collective decision in the Gram Sabha in each and every household holistic development of a village. to eradicate open defecation. Four by the village team to However, in Lana Paller GP, in Sangarh meetings were held on the issue of block of Sirmour district of Himachal open defecation and construction, use motivate the villagers to Pradesh, the convergence initiative of and maintenance of toilets in each give up open defecation and the GP President made sustainable, and every household. In addition, two construct and use individual comprehensive development a success. meetings of ward members were held households toilets

Lana Paller achieved ODF status and received the NGP in 2009–10

Sanitation in each ward of the GP. To sensitise other materials from the foot hills and Lana Paller is a small picturesque hilly households about the impact of open parts of the village so that, irrespective village with 278 APL and 30 BPL defecation on health, wall paintings of the economic condition of the households. Although there was a were displayed at public places such households, everyone could construct minor incentive available for BPL as the GP office and schools. Inter- toilets of their own. The collective families under the Total Sanitation personal communication was used endeavour yielded results. The village Campaign (TSC) for construction through door-to-door visits in each achieved Open Defecation Free (ODF) of toilets, a felt need was generated and every household by a village status and received the NGP in 2009–10.

16 were utilised through the Agricultural Department and a subsidy to the tune of `3,500–`7,500 was availed of on each bio-gas plant. Presently, an incentive up to `10,000 is available for bio-gas plants. Grass Root, a non-governmental organisation (NGO), assisted the GP in the coordination and convergence of resources for bio-gas plants. Villagers have expressed their satisfaction on the use of toilet-linked bio-gas plants that they installed, overcoming the initial mental block to using gas from excreta for cooking. It is expected that more households will install toilet-linked bio- gas plants in the future.

Vermi Compost Since Lana Paller is a bio-village, chemical fertilisers are not used at all and vermi compost is being increasingly used by utilising bio-degradable solid waste from households. About 150 vermi Vermi compost is being increasingly used in the village compost pits have been made. The pits are usually 2x1x1 m. A sum of `2,200 has been received as incentive from Sanitation in Schools made. It is encouraging to note that the Agricultural Department for this and Anganwadis bio-gas plants have been installed purpose. Resources are also available The one senior secondary school, in 180 households. At least 10 are under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan middle school and all three primary toilet-linked. The households have (NBA), National Rural Health Mission schools have been provided with toilets overcome the taboo of using gas from (NRHM) and the Mahatma Gandhi and drinking water. Moreover, all five toilet-linked bio-gas plants. Funds from National Rural Employment Guarantee Anganwadis have also been provided the Renewable Energy Department Act (MGNREGA) for vermin compost. with toilets and drinking water.

Community Toilets There are two community toilets in two locations of the village to serve the needs of migrants and the landless.

Solid Waste Management NADEP pits have been constructed in places for disposing household waste. The GP arranges for household collection of solid waste and the non- bio-degradable waste is sold.

Bio-gas To recycle human and animal waste, Lana Paller’s schemes have been amply rewarded several bio-gas plants have been

17 Soak Pits The utilisation of Mahatma Solar Energy: Six solar street lights Household soak pits have been made Gandhi National Rural and household solar lamps have been to safely dispose household liquid Employment Guarantee provided in the village, utilising an waste, with an incentive of incentive fund from renewable `1,200 per soak pit. The liquid waste Act funds for constructing energy schemes. is used to recharge groundwater. rainwater harvesting structures Incentives for soak pits are available to collect roof-top rainwater Infrastructure under the National Rural Drinking at the household level is an Almost all village roads are concrete Water Programme (NRDWP) and innovative initiative structures: this has been achieved by MGNREGA as well. using MGNREGA funds. To check soil erosion, walls have been constructed. Water Supply Water is supplied to households Other Projects from 12 water sources from streams. l Mid-Himalaya Projects: Groups The households have to pay `200 were provided financial support for per connection and `25 per month as livelihood projects such as piggeries. water charges. Seven families have been provided such support. Rainwater Harvesting l National Horticulture Mission: Structures at Individual Level For grading and packing of tomatoes To augment water supply in dry and potatoes, financial support is months, the village has taken a being provided. collective decision in the Gram Sabha to construct individual tanks Awards of 10,000 litre capacity with a budget l NGP in 2009: `50,000 of `59,000 by utilising MGNREGA l Atal Adarsha Gram Award of funds. A sanction for 91 families has Himachal Pradesh Government been approved and the tanks will be (2011–12): `5 lakh constructed over a period of two years. The utilisation of MGNREGA funds l Maharshi Valmiki Sampurna for constructing rainwater harvesting Swastha Puraskar (first in division): ` structures to collect roof-top rainwater 5 lakh at the household level is an innovative l Maharshi Valmiki Sampurna Swastha initiative, which can open up effective Puraskar (first in state) 2011–12: use of MGNREGA funds for `10 lakh sustainable harvesting of rainwater, l School Competition (first in block): with no major future expenditure `20,000 for maintenance. l Other prizes were also received for women’s groups. Sustainability Structures Hence, the village is an example Check Dams: With a view to of sustainable social development recharge groundwater, sustainability that has used resources from various structures such as four check government programmes. dams have been constructed by spending `1.5 lakh from the Soil Conservation Department. For more information, contact: Tanks: The Irrigation Department The village has used Smt. Santosh Sharma, has constructed five tanks in the resources from various President, GP: 09816071633; village by spending `1 lakh per tank government programmes Jai Gopal Sharma: 09816071633 for irrigation. Report: Dr. T.K. Das

18 CAMPAIGN The Kanker district scores the highest in respect of the number of projects as well as completion of projects. Of Chhattisgarh Scales up Solar a total of 844 solar pump schemes in AIP districts, 166 schemes (19.66 per Pump-based Water Supply cent) are in Kanker district and all 166 schemes have been completed —a 100 per cent accomplishment. The Schemes in Remote Villages number of schemes being implemented in nine other AIP districts are 142 in To address the issue of uninterrupted electricity supply in Rajnandgaon, 76 in Kabirdham, 95 in rural areas of eastern India, the PHED in Chhattisgarh has Bastar, 20 in Narayanpur, 45 in each of demonstrated that solar energy-based water supply is a solution Dantewada and Bijapur, 75 in Jashpur, that can be effective in small villages 105 in Sarguna and 75 in Kauriya. The Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency (CREDA) has been providing n 2011–12, under the National Beside utilisation of NRDWP funds, technical support in the implementation IRural Drinking Water Programme the installation of solar pump-based of solar pump schemes with respect (NRDWP), a total of 203 (96.66 WSS in 10 Integrated Action Plan (IAP) to installation using funds provided per cent) out of the target of 210; in districts under a Special Scheme has been by PHED, depending on the size and 2012–13, a total of 314 (70.56 per cent) implemented. In AIP districts, against the specifications of schemes. Under the out of target of 445; and, in 2013–14, target of 8,44,648 solar pump schemes National Clean Energy Funds for 10 AIP a total of 109 (15.03 per cent) out of have already been installed (76.78 per districts, the state has a target of 1,722 the target of 725 solar pumps have cent completion). In 26 schemes, 50 per units of solar pumps. been installed. Hence, over three cent work has been complete and, in Brief sketches of a few villages will years, against the target of 1,380, 39 schemes, less than 50 per cent works provide a snapshot of the slow but steady a total of 626 pumps have been have been completed. Only in 131 (15.52 progress the solar water supply schemes installed; 45.36 per cent of the target per cent) schemes, the work could not be initiated by PHED, Chhattisgarh, has been achieved. started due to constraints. have achieved.

Solar pumps have been installed in villages in Chhattisgarh

19 Solar Pump Scheme, Onakona: Initially, an iron removal plant was Osarwara Solar Energy-based About 25 km away from Dhantor, there installed with the tube well, since the Defluridation Plant is a small tribal village in the Gurur water contained iron. After six months, Fluoride contamination was detected block of Balod district, situated on the the solar pump and hand pumps were beyond the permissible limit of 1.50 periphery of the submergence area installed. To enable households to draw ppm in the village of Osarwara of Gurur of the Gangrel dam on the Mahanadi drinking water, four stand posts have block. The extent of contamination River. A beautiful temple, recently built been provided, each with four taps. was 1.8 ppm to 3.2 ppm in six out of 11 by a resident of the village, against the Thus, at a time, 4x4=16 people can fill tube wells of the village. To address the backdrop of massive emerald blue water water from the four stand posts. situation, PHED, Chhattisgarh, with the of the Gangrel dam, has made this To provide piped drinking water technical assistance from the National tribal village an increasingly popular supply to willing households, another Environmental Engineering Research rural tourist destination of the district. single phase electricity powered pump Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, installed a The village had a population of 170 in has been installed. Twenty households solar energy-based electrolytic de- 2001. Although the dam runs beside the have been provided piped water supply fluoridation plant on a fluoride affected village, the surface water from the dam connection and three stand posts have tube well within just two months. is not used for drinking purpose in the been made available for those who do Since January 2009, safe drinking village, even though this water is utilised not have piped water supply. Fifteen water is being supplied from the plant. for providing drinking water supply more household connections will be Subsequently, an electricity connection in Raipur City. So, the only possible added in the near future. was added to operate the fluoride source of drinking water in the village The Solar Pump Scheme of Onakona removal plant. Later, another solar was groundwater. is the first ever solar pump-based energy-based electrolytic de-fluoridation Since availability of uninterrupted scheme in Chhattisgarh. plant was also installed in 2011–12 on electricity was uncertain, the PHED another tube well contaminated with decided to introduce a solar energy- The tank is fitted with a sensor, fluoride, in another corner of the village. powered groundwater-based WSS. The which enables the system to So, out of the six tube wells, two have source is a 125 mm diameter tube well. automatically ascertain when been provided with fluoride removal The network consists of a 50x40 PE plants and remaining four contaminated 500 m pipeline, covering the habitations the water level in the tank is tube wells have been sealed. Safe water of the village, school and Anganwadi. below a marked level and the is now available from two tube wells The system is operated by a 600-watt pump then automatically draws fitted with fluoride removal plants and solar energy-operated submersible water till the tank is filled up to five other tube wells with safe drinking pump, which draws 40 litres of water the desired level water. The Joint Secretary, Ministry per minute. The groundwater drawn with the help of the submersible solar energy operated pump is stored in a 5,000 litre PDC tank. The tank is installed at an altitude of 4 m from ground level and fills up in about four hours. The tank is fitted with a sensor, which enables the system to automatically ascertain when the water level in the tank is below a marked level and the pump then automatically draws water till the tank is filled up to the desired level. The solar pump was installed in 2011–12 at a total cost of `9.95 lakh, inclusive of maintenance for five years. The solar pump has been installed at a depth of around 75 m. Safe drinking water is being supplied from the plant

20 of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Shri Styabrata Sahu, recently visited the village to inspect the functioning of two fluoride removal plants in the village.

Kotni School Supply Scheme Kotni, a roadside village of Arong block of Raipur district, is just a stone’s throw away (30 km) from Raipur, the state capital. The village has a total population of 1,300, spread over 11 wards. There are 12 hand pumps in the village. However, the village school with 133 boys and 132 girls studying in the upper primary and primary sections, did not have adequate potable drinking water. A 600 watt solar pump was installed on 3 December 2011, on the school premises; a 500-litre HDPE tank was provided on the roof top of the school. The scheme was upgraded Green energy-based water supply in 2012 by replacing HDPE tank with a stainless steel tank of 5,000-litre Shahkatta Solar-based Water water supply. With each submersible capacity and fixing solar panels on Supply System: Shahkatta village of pump, a 1,000-litre capacity tank has the top of the tank. Drinking water Frarashkot GP under Bhanupratappur been added. is being supplied on school premises block of Kanker district has a total of Since the recurring cost and through four stand posts to a hand wash 80 households. With an investment of maintenance is almost zero and platform, standalone water purification `4.85 lakh, a 600 watt solar pump was electricity tariff is zero, in far-flung areas, system, kitchen shed and toilets under installed in October 2013. The solar such green energy-based water supply the Jalmani Programme. For the general pump still supplies drinking water, by should also be replicated by other states public, four stand posts have also been storing water in a 5,000-litre capacity under NRDWP, beside the special provided outside the school premises tank. The solar-based WSS ensures scheme for AAP districts. along the boundary wall, for villagers water supply through three stand of the nearby ward to collect drinking posts, each with four taps, so that four For more information, contact: water. This is the first installed solar persons can fill water from stand post Shri T.G. Kosariya, E-in-C pump of 450 watts with daily water simultaneously. In addition to the solar Tel: 9425253523 supply of 20,000 litres, costing pump, three submersible pumps (2 HP) E-mail: [email protected] `5.85 lakh. have also been provided to augment Report: Dr. T.K. Das

Changing the lives of the people of Chhattisgarh

21 CAMPAIGN A committed leader, Mr. Kusam Raja Mouli was not comfortable with his village’s situation. He wanted to Gangadevipalli: An Icon of bring about positive changes in the village, so that unity prevailed and Sustainable Development in people cooperated and participated in initiating innovative activities using local resources, rather than waiting Water and Sanitation for external assistance. He realised the importance of people’s true The people of Gangadevipalli, a small village of Warangal participation for sustainable community district, Andhra Pradesh, came together to collectively act and development. He shared his dreams transform the quality of their lives and to ensure that their and convinced his fellow leaders and, village became an award-winning model village showcasing through them, the entire community. As an initial step, they succeeded in integrated rural development banning the sale and consumption of alcohol in the village, after a few years’ of sincere efforts. This resulted in peace angadevipalli, a small village of village felt that they had waited too and tranquillity in the community. To GWarangal district, 11 km away from long and decided to act for themselves provide better services to the village, Warangal town, is an award-winning to bring about the change they wanted the leaders approached Bala Vikasa model village in the field of rural on their own. People realised the need Social Service Society, a Warangal- development. The people of the to strengthen core institutions such village came together to collectively act as the GP, so that all the villagers Gangadevipalli village has and transform the quality of their lives could come together and collectively on their own initiative. decided their priorities and act been setting new trends in Since Gangadevipalli is a remote together for their own good. This is community development hamlet, significant development how the metamorphosis occurred. for the last two decades. The activities or allocations seldom reached Today, Gangadevipalli is an icon of success of the innovative and the people here. People felt miserable, prosperity and an example of how a participatory approach to desperate and pessimistic about their GP can explore all possible resources sustainable development at the lives. Changes were inevitably required for development, channelise all the on many crucial aspects of development. development efforts and transform village now attracts thousands Over two decades ago, at a point a small hamlet into an award- of visitors from various parts of in time, the people in Gangadevipalli winning model village. India and abroad every year

The award-winning Gangadevipalli village of Warangal district

22 The gadget records water consumption data from household

Community involvement and committed leadership based NGO, for assistance in solving Service Delivery Water the drinking water problem. On being Traditionally, it is the responsibility of Gangadevipalli’s is a predominantly motivated by the NGO, the community the GP to cater to the primary needs agriculture-based economy, with united cohesively and contributed of the community such as drinking families owning only small or marginal money, time and labour in completing water, health, education, sanitation, land holdings. The village had a major the project, which brought about a street lights, etc. However, to provide drinking water problem. There was only permanent solution to their drinking effective services to the villagers, the one well in the entire village, a kilometre water needs. This success boosted the GP created people’s committees. As away, and the women had to spend over confidence and spirit of villagers in some of the responsibilities of the three hours daily, standing in the queues collectively dreaming, working and GP are effectively discharged by to get drinking water. excelling together. This spirit of unity, different committees, the GP President The women had to wake up as early innovation, active participation and finds adequate time to approach and as 3 a.m., because only those who got to contributions of the community, together convince the government authorities, the well early managed to finish all their with a committed leadership, changed NGOs and other philanthropists, daily chores. A great amount of time the destiny of the village. Now every to invest financial resources in the was also lost. It was not just a drudgery resident of the village is proud of her/ betterment of the village and to for the women but even for children his achievements and lives a reasonably coordinate the committees effectively. who were also engaged in fetching water quality life with dignity and security. from the well. This resulted in children Gangadevipalli village has been dropping out of schools and loss of setting new trends in community productive work hours in the field. development for the last two decades. Circumstances forced villagers The success of the innovative and to send their children to work in the participatory approach to sustainable cotton fields or cotton mills. Villagers development at Gangadevipalli village unanimously decided to tackle the now attracts thousands of visitors from problem of drinking water next. Their various parts of India and abroad collective efforts paid dividend when a every year. voluntary association came forward and Today, Gangadevipalli has achieved promised support to build a water tank, 100 per cent house tax collection, if the villagers could collectively raise literacy, family planning, small 15 per cent of the total cost of building savings, electricity connections, filtered the water tank. To promote sustainable water to the entire village and Better services are now being institution-building and also to empower abolition of child labour in a liquor- provided in the village people to transform their own lives, the free environment. Gram Sabha decided to form 15 groups

23 There is uninterrupted water supply in the village today. The borewell has not malfunctioned even once. Care has been taken to ensure prompt availability of spare parts, should a problem ever arise. There is ample water for everyone. The water supply programme in Gangadevipalli has become the pride of the people here of people to raise the required funds. to approach the water committee and Eighteen motivators were chosen who assure it that norms would not be worked hard to meet the target. This violated again. Upon payment of a ensured that the villagers were able to fine of `100, the water connection raise `65,000 in just two months. would be restored. Within a few months, the first water Even today the water committee tank was constructed and commissioned meets regularly on the second Saturday in Gangadevipalli. Water connections of every month. Should there be an were installed in households. Proper emergency, a meeting of the entire guidelines regarding the use of water water committee is called for and were drafted and were strictly enforced. decisions taken and implemented. The It was stipulated that only pipes of half- water committee takes its entrusted inch diameter should be used; the tap responsibility seriously and successfully should be 4 feet above the ground (no implements its assigned tasks. This is President of the GP, readily accepted one was allowed to install the tap below evident from the fact that there has the proposal, as it would benefit so 4 feet for any reason); the surroundings been uninterrupted water supply in the many people. That is how TATA were to be kept clean and dry and free village ever since. Projects came forward to donate the from weeds and vegetation. One could The borewell has not malfunctioned water filtration plant to the village. construct a tank of any size but not even once. Care has been taken to The water filtration plant was built allow water to overflow from the tank. ensure the prompt availability of in 2004. It provides safe drinking water It was obligatory to have one regulator spare parts, should a problem ever to the people at a service charge of `1 to put on and off the flow of water. One arise. Today, there is ample water for for 20 litres of filtered drinking water, could grow any number of plants in everyone. The water supply programme and purifies 1,000 litres of water per their gardens, but never connect a hose in Gangadevipalli has become the pride hour. The entire process was properly pipe directly to the tap for watering of the people here. implemented and nothing was taken for the plants. Anybody found violating granted by anyone in the village. these norms had their water connection Water Filtration Plant This facility is open from 6 a.m. to sealed off. The water user then had Seeing the commitment that the people 9 a.m. every day. All villagers are given of Gangadevipalli had for change, the cards. Everyone gets a can of water only government and private organisations after it has been entered in the cards. In came forward to support them. the past, people drank the murky water Prohibition of liquor, disciplined water from the well. Today everyone is getting management, total implementation of safe and healthy filtered water. family planning, construction and use l The deflouridation plant is being of Individual Sanitary Latrines (ISLs) maintained by the Village Water and in the entire village—all these measures Sanitation Committee (VWSC) since greatly improved the people’s health. 2004 efficiently with assured quality. Yet, the fluoride content in the l Supply of the fluoride-free water is water negated all these efforts aimed being sustained to 240 households at Today, there is ample at improving people’s lives. When a charge of `1 for a 20-litre can. water for everyone asked if they could effectively manage l The monthly revenue accrued is a filtration plant, Mr. Raja Mouli, about `7,200.

24 l The electricity bill averages `2,000 l During celebrations and functions, Additional Services Provided by per month (category of GP tariff). the families have to pay `50 for the the Water Committee l The technician/operator is paid required water. From the revenues generated through `3,000 per month to maintain l To maintain uniform distribution the water tank and purification projects, the plant. of water, the pipe diameter of each the committee allocated an approximate tap connection is restricted to half- ` l `2,200 (`26,400.00 annually) amount of 13 lakh for different inch and height of the tap from the that accrues as savings is utilised development activities. distribution pipe line to minimum for repair and replacement of Revenue from Drinking Water 4 feet. membranes, as per committee Projects: Many GPs suffer from l To control water wastage, resolutions every month. lack of funds to sustain O&M. But every connection must have a the water projects have become an

regulating tap. important source of income generation Drinking Water Committee l Water supply is disconnected if any in Gangadevipalli, due to an innovative Before 1993, the village faced severe family is found watering the plants approach. Revenue totalling `20,00,000 water scarcity. Under the aegis, directly from the tap, allowing guidance and support of Bala Vikasa has been generated through the water overflowing from the tubs and water tank and water purification plant since Service Society, 18 committees of stagnation near the tap or not fixing 1993. After meeting expenditure on villagers were formed and leaders the on/off regulator. The families O&M and other expenses, the village elected for each. The committees also have to pay a penalty of `100 for still has a balance of `3,50,000. have six co-opted members. The GP reconnection. Until the penalty is President is the Ex-Officio Chairman of paid, the connection is not restored. the Water Committee. Achievement on 100 per cent ODF Status The collective efforts of the Stipulations for Safe Drinking Before 2000, people were not aware of Committee and villagers made possible Water Supply through Water the ill effects of open defecation and the contribution of money and labour Purification Plant benefits from using the ISLs. They were to build two overhead tanks of l Every family in the village is 1,00,000 litre capacity within five provided safe drinking water of 20 used to open defecation in some places, years. There are 244 individual tap litres per day on payment of `300 away from the village, on the road sides, connections in the village. Recognising per annum (which is less than a thus causing a foul odour, especially the successful performance of the Water rupee per day) during the rainy season. The women Committee, TATA Projects donated a and girls also used to go out for open l An additional can of water is water purification plant in 2004. These defecation in groups during early dawn supplied at `2. two resources provide sufficient water to and late dusk. l Each family must ensure that the the entire village. In November 1999, the then cans are clean. District Project Officer Shri Rajeshwar Rules and Regulations Reddy Garu, District Collector, Governing Water Supply Water supply is disconnected Shri Adityanath Das Garu, Panchayati from Overhead Tanks if any family is found Raj Commissioner and Shri Chellapah l A lifetime membership fee for Garu conducted a meeting involving individual tap connection is decided watering the plants directly all residents of Gangadevipalli to by the Committee. No monthly from the tap, allowing generate awareness on the benefits rentals/fees are charged. overflowing from the tubs of achieving an ODF status for l There is no public tap in the village. and water stagnation near the village. The tenants and temporary residents the tap or not fixing the on/ The authorities also announced with no tap connection can collect off regulator. The families that if all households constructed and water from neighbouring families have to pay a penalty of used toilets by year-end 2000, 70 per and pay an amount of `50 per month cent of the cost would be borne by the ` to the Water Committee. 100 for reconnection. Until government and `10 lakh would be l Sufficient water is available from the penalty is paid, the awarded to the village for carrying out 6-10 a.m. every day. connection is not restored other development activities.

25 At the outset, none of the villagers It took three years to ensure Thus, finally, in 2007, Gangadevipalli showed an interest in constructing 100 per cent usage of toilets was presented the NGP on 4 May 2007 toilets. Several workshops and and thus Gangadevipalli and the prestigious award was received awareness campaigns were held to from the then President of India Shri motivate people against open defecation became an ODF GP A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in New Delhi, along and for construction and use of with a cash prize of `1 lakh. In addition, toilets. The district authority formed a However, even after the construction the District Collector also awarded `1 committee for the construction of ISLs of the ISLs by all the households, lakh to the village. in the village and decided to supply enforcing their use was a challenge: some By constructing and using toilets and cement, pipes, bricks, and sand along used the toilet as a store room for piling by keeping the village environmentally with trained masons to the beneficiaries. wood for cooking, gunny bags, etc. On clean, the villagers benefitted from a People then came forward and identification of erring households, a healthy life and ensured the dignity constructed toilets, and a ripple effect team was formed to motivate them to of women. was created with others following in use the toilets. Further, it was declared the footsteps of neighbours to construct that a penalty of `500 would be imposed, Awards toilets. Only 30 households remained if any member of any household was Details of awards and incentives without toilets and, after repeated found defecating in the open. It was also received and the amounts spent for motivation, they too felt the need to stipulated that if the erring households development programmes between construct toilets. did not respond positively, their ration, 2007-10 are provided in Table 4. The district authorities conducted electricity, water, etc., would be stopped a survey to ascertain the construction until they used the ISLs. Children were For more information, contact: and use of toilets and prepared a list for also not allowed to defecate outside. It Shri A. Ramulu Naik release of funds, which helped in the took three years to ensure 100 per cent Tel: 8886331290 completion of ISLs in the village by usage of toilets and thus Gangadevipalli E-mail: [email protected] January 2000. became an ODF GP. Report: Shri R. Chakrapani

Table 4: Details of Awards, Incentives Received and Amounts Spent

# Awards Year Amount Dev. Activity 1 Mandal level best village 1996–97 2 Mandal level best village 1997–98 3 District level best village 1997–98 4 100% savings award at district level 1999 5 District level best village 2003–04 8,675 6 District level best village 2006–07 4,325 7 LIC Bheema Gram 2006–07 25,000 8 District level best village 2007–08 3,500 9 Nirmal Gram Puraskar Award 2007 2,00,000 Underground (added incentive from Collector) drainage system 10 Bharatha Ratna Rajiv Gandhi best village award at 2007 2,00,000 national level 11 AP government—Subram (central and district) 2008 1,25,000 Side drainage system 12 District level best Gram Panchayat 2009 6,150 13 District level best performing Sarpanch and 2009 Secretary award 14 Google 2010 5,00,000 Proposed for CC roads Total income from awards 10,72,650

26 CAMPAIGN l New groundwater-based piped water supply schemes III. Long-term measures: Finding a Long-term Solution l Surface water-based water supply schemes (considered to be the for Arsenic Contamination only effective measure) So far, the state government has provided arsenic-free potable The implementation of five surface water-based water supply drinking water supply to a population schemes in Nadia district of West Bengal, an area at severe of 128.66 lakh (Census 2001), which risk of arsenic contamination, has contributed significantly to constitutes 77.25 per cent of the total mitigating health risks among the population at-risk population, through various short-, medium- and long-term measures. n West Bengal, arsenic contamination Mitigation Measures District Nadia is one of the eight Iof groundwater was first detected Undertaken so Far districts where groundwater in all during the early 1980s in districts In order to tackle the arsenic menace in West 17 blocks has been found to adjoining the Bhagirathi/Hooghly River. Bengal, three types of mitigation measures be arsenic affected beyond the Investigations showed the presence of have been undertaken so far: permissible limit. Testing found arsenic beyond the permissible limit I. Short-term measures: that 7,662 hand pump tube wells of 0.05 milligram/litre (mg/l) in the l Hand pump fitted tube wells at out of 29,640 were yielding water groundwater. The arsenic problem deeper aquifer contaminated with arsenic beyond was found to be geogenic, that is, due l Ring wells the permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l to the presence of excessive quantities II. medium-term measures: (contamination ranging from 0.05 of arsenic in the geological formation. l Arsenic treatment units with existing parts per million [ppm] to 1.16 Groundwater was the main source of hand pump fitted tube wells ppm). Moreover, 12,213 sources had drinking water in such areas since it was l Arsenic removal plants for existing contamination levels between 0.01 easy, inexpensive and location-specific groundwater-based piped water ppm and 0.05 ppm. Hydrogeological to extract. Therefore, the drinking water supply schemes investigations in the district revealed # Awards Year Amount Dev. Activity supply system in the affected areas l Large diameter deeper aquifer tube that there was no safe aquifer from 1 Mandal level best village 1996–97 received a serious setback due to arsenic wells for existing/new piped water which arsenic-free groundwater could 2 Mandal level best village 1997–98 contamination of groundwater. supply schemes be tapped. 3 District level best village 1997–98 4 100% savings award at district level 1999 5 District level best village 2003–04 8,675 6 District level best village 2006–07 4,325 7 LIC Bheema Gram 2006–07 25,000 8 District level best village 2007–08 3,500 9 Nirmal Gram Puraskar Award 2007 2,00,000 Underground (added incentive from Collector) drainage system 10 Bharatha Ratna Rajiv Gandhi best village award at 2007 2,00,000 Tackling the arsenic menace in Nadia district national level 11 AP government—Subram (central and district) 2008 1,25,000 Side drainage system Extent of Arsenic Contamination The only alternative was to choose 12 District level best Gram Panchayat 2009 6,150 Nadia is one of the eight Groundwater in 79 blocks (of 341 surface water-based piped water supply 13 District level best performing Sarpanch and 2009 districts where groundwater in blocks in the state) in eight districts schemes. Five surface water-based schemes Secretary award all 17 blocks has been found contaminated`with a risk to a have been implemented in Nadia district 14 Google 2010 5,00,000 Proposed for CC roads population of 166.54 lakh (of a total to be arsenic affected beyond under the National Rural Drinking Water Total income from awards 10,72,650 rural population of 577.35 lakh). the permissible limit Programme (NRDWP) as shown in Table 5.

27 Table 5: Surface Water-based Supply Schemes Implemented in Nadia District Name of Scheme Block Census Design Ultimate Water Demand (MLD) Population (2001) Population (2028) by Design Year 2028 Nadia (Northern Kaliganj (Full) 2,90,957 4,48,074 21.96 Sector) Part – I Nadia (Northern Nakashipara (Full) 3,3,4989 5,14,127 25.72 Sector) Part – II Nadia (Northern Krishnanagar (Full) and 1,57,319 2,42,271 11.87 Sector) Part – III Nabadwip (Part) Chakdaha Chakdaha and Chakdaha 3,22,493 4,91,012 31.45 (Municipality) Haringhata Haringhata and Chakdaha 3,32,097 5,10,715 35.00 14,37,855 22,06,199 126.00

Justification for the Scheme The surface water-based water The advantages of a floating barge All 17 blocks of Nadia district have supply scheme was implemented to type intake over the conventional fixed been declared arsenic-prone. Arsenic provide arsenic-free drinking water to jetty type intake are: comparatively contamination in the groundwater people residing in blocks of Kaliganj, lower initial costs; facility for drawing was first detected in the districts of Nakashipara, Krishnanagar-II and parts of water near the surface of a river (thus Murshidabad, Nadia, and North 24 of Nabadwip. avoiding the heavier silt loads that are Parganas on the eastern bank of River transported closer to the bottom during Hooghly and in some other areas of Source of Water and Intake floods); relatively shorter length of the West Bengal in the early 1980s. It was Since groundwater of the area was, suction pipe and a relatively constant found that a sizeable population in by and large, arsenic affected, an suction head (less risk of cavitation). these localities was suffering from alternative source of water had to l Service Level arsenic dermatosis. be explored and, after thorough The rural areas are fed mostly by People were suffering from various investigation, it was found that the public stand posts and partially by physical disorders and chronic surface water of River Bhagirathi, house connections. The rate of supply illnesses due to prolonged exposure flowing adjacent to the command is 40 litres per capita per day (lpcd) to arsenic which had long-term effect area of the schemes, could be a for supply through public stand posts and acted like slow poison. Available viable alternative. and 70 lpcd for supply through house epidemiological data evidenced chronic A floating barge with anchorage connection, for all schemes. arsenical dermatosis. Other diseases arrangements was considered as and disorders so far identified due to intake to draw raw water from l Treatment and Supply exposure to arsenic are pigmentation, River Bhagirathi for the PWSS. In each individual scheme, after keratosis, anaemia, respiratory diseases, A suitable raw water pump house raw water is drawn in the required hepatamaelogy, etc. Exposure to arsenic is placed over the barge with the quantum of raw water from the also had a damaging impact on the necessary pumping machinery. River Bhagirathi through the barge social and psychological condition of The barge is accessed through the with adequate pumping equipment, the affected community. intake jetty. it is conveyed to the Water Treatment Plant for different treatment processes. l Zoning For effective distribution of water as well as O&M, each scheme has been divided into a number of zones, each with its own Floating barge to draw raw water for the water supply scheme individual overhead reservoir and distribution network.

28 l Rising Main l Clear Water Reservoir mS pipes have been used for the one Clear Water Reservoir (CWR) raw water main and DI pipes for the at treatment plant site has been clear water main. For the distribution provided for each part (i.e., part-I, system, both DI and PVC pipes have part-II and part-III); the capacity of been used. each reservoir has been calculated Details of the schemes have been for one-hour detention to accomplish provided in Table 6. the contact period required for l Treatment Process Control console at the disinfection and flocculation of input The water purification process has filter house and output pumping. been modified (use of tubesettlers and l Overhead Reservoir dual media filters) as adapted in WTPs. In order to meet the requirement The process involves flash mixing, of distribution, overhead reservoirs coagulation and flocculation followed have been provided for each zone by clarification, filtration and proper to meet the fluctuation between 20 disinfection. The main components of hours of input and eight hours of the treatment process involve: distribution in each part/zone. a Chemical house with pre- The scheme Nadia (Northern Sector) chlorination, coagulant dosing has already been commissioned in units, chemical storage floor, 2011–12 while both Chakdaha and venture flume, raw water flow Haringhata have recently been measuring devices partly commissioned. a Inlet well Tubesettlers ensure lower After commissioning of the schemes, at present, around about 18.11 lakh a Parshall flume settling depth people residing in the district have a Flash mixing units with mixing greatly benefitted from the supply of blades and drives filter media, in the drainage system, arsenic-free drinking water. a Flocculator with variable speed hydraulic backwash arrangements, l Impact Assessment/ drive unit and the necessary electro-mechanical Evaluation Study a Tubesettlers (use of tubesettlers components. The use of dual media A follow-up study on a large cohort ensures lower settling depth, thus filters ensures higher filtration rate population having various levels of reducing settling time, increased and longer runs arsenic exposure in the past and later settling capacity, requiring less area a Wash water tank consuming arsenic-free safe water was than a conventional clarifier) a A sludge sump and sludge disposal done to ascertain the impact on the a Rapid gravity dual media filters arrangement with mechanical morbidity and mortality following with anthracite and filter sand as ‘gravity belt thickener’ arsenic safe water use. The study was

Table 6: Details of the Schemes

Schemes Parts Rising Main Clear Water No. of No. of Length of No. of Reservoir (CWR) Zones OHRs Distribution System Stand Posts Nadia Northern Part-I 56.238 km 1,500 m3 9 8 466.48 km 1092 Sector Part-II 63.99 km 1,500 m3 9 11 588.40 km 507 Part-III 19.61 km 1,500 m3 4 4 204.16 km 560 Chakdaha 58.13 km 1,900 m3 13 13 637.88 km 695 Haringhata 67.74 km 2,000 m3 14 14 740.95 km 712 Total: 265.708 km 8,400 m3 49 50 2,637. 87 km 3,566

29 designed to examine a cohort population 2012 from the cohort population of and cooking purposes. Thus, 82.5 per of a previous epidemiological survey of 7,683 studied during 1995 survey cent households were using safe water Nadia, where 7,683 participants, living in Nadia. supplied by PHED. The reasons in the severely arsenic affected areas, b) Each participant was contacted for others using arsenic-contaminated were examined before the scheme was through door-to-door visits, clinically water from the tubewells on their commissioned. It was also intended to examined, and the clinical findings premises included a reluctance to travel ascertain the availability of a safe source and demographic data recorded in a some distance to get water from a safe of drinking water locally and water use by proforma. Water use history regarding source and lack of motivation coupled the population with regard to changing the sources and nature of use was also with lack of awareness regarding over from their contaminated home tube recorded. Causes of all deaths in the the serious health effects of drinking wells to a supplied safe source. family during the last 15 years were contaminated water. l Objectives: also noted and, for this, evidence Outcomes of disease manifestations a To ascertain whether consumption of of past hospital records and death following drinking of arsenic safe water arsenic-free water is effective in altering certificates were also noted. Free supplied by PHED amongst 2,621 the clinical course of arsenicosis patients medicines were distributed to the previously diagnosed arsenicosis cases a To find the incidence of cancer patients for treatment. were examined. Skin pigmentation was (if any) in arsenicosis patients, who c) The participants’ water consumption found to have cleared in 128 (56.64 per cent) out of 226 cases and skin keratosis were previously identified in the history was noted in detail. Water in 60 (65.93 per cent) out of 91 cases study of 1995, after ascertaining their samples were collected randomly diagnosed in the earlier study. consumption of arsenic-free water from all tube wells, for estimation of arsenic by AAS with hydride The urinary arsenic levels of 180 a To find any improvement or generation system at the participants were analysed to find the deterioration of various clinical PHED Laboratory. effect of drinking safe water on the manifestations such as pigmentation d) The urine samples of arsenicosis biomarker. It was found that a section and keratosis in this arsenic patients were also collected and of people were showing signs of a high exposed population analysed for arsenic content by AAS. amount of arsenic in urine despite a To ascertain how many of the arsenic e) Sensitisation and counselling of drinking arsenic safe water. This possibly affected people were actually consuming participants were done. shows that, over and above drinking arsenic-free water provided by PHED l Results and Discussion water, arsenic exposure occurs through through pipe water or deep tube wells A door-to-door survey of 947 families other source, possibly through the food in the arsenic endemic region within a population of 5,562 living in chain, as has been observed in some a To offer symptomatic treatment and 34 arsenic affected villages of Nadia was other studies in Nadia district. referral service to arsenicosis patients carried out. It revealed that piped water Awareness generation was carried a Awareness generation to deal with was used by habitations belonging to out to motivate people to stop drinking the social problems of arsenic 505 families of which 19 families used arsenic contaminated water from their affected people, especially the social it for drinking and 245 families for both contaminated home tube wells and use stigma among the affected women drinking and cooking purposes. Further, pipeline water for both drinking and and children 266 families were using water from cooking purposes. l Methods of Study the nearby deep tube wells (PHED) a) A total 5,562 participants were studied and 19 families were using the nearby Report: Shri Animesh Bhattacharya during the period June 2011 to May municipality water supply for drinking Tel: 09433437649

A newsletter jointly produced by: Editorial board Saraswati Prasad, Joint Secretary, Sanitation Satyabrata Sahu, Joint Secretary, Water Ministry of Drinking Water Sujoy Mazumdar, Director, Sanitation and Sanitation Rajesh Kumar, Director, Water D. Rajsekhar, DA Dr. Tapan Kumar Das, NRC Consultant (IEC), Member Secretary and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Nodal Officer (Tel: 011-24364807/8826011268; [email protected]) (Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission), Government of India, Paryavaran Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 All correspondence to be sent to the Nodal Officer 30