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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Marta Rodrigues Alves Marciano Judaísmo Messiânico: Cristologia Ou

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Marta Rodrigues Alves Marciano Judaísmo Messiânico: Cristologia Ou PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Marta Rodrigues Alves Marciano Judaísmo Messiânico: cristologia ou messianologia? Mestrado em Ciência da Religião São Paulo 2017 Marta Rodrigues Alves Marciano Judaísmo Messiânico: cristologia ou messianologia? Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência da Religião, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Luiz Felipe Pondé. São Paulo 2017 BANCA EXAMINADORA: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Em homenagem ao sorriso de alguém que sempre acreditou em mim. A CAPES e FUNDASP pelo auxílio financeiro que possibilitou a minha participação no curso e realização desta pesquisa, em condição de bolsista. AGRADECIMENTOS Dizem que é na educação dos filhos que se revelam as virtudes dos pais. Obrigada pai, por ter me deixado o amor aos livros, aos estudos e a todo tipo de arte e ciência. Obrigada mãe, por ter me ensinado as coisas da fé e a arte de ser mulher. Obrigada mana, você também me ensinou tanto. À imensa generosidade de todos os meus mestres, em especial ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Luiz Felipe Pondé, obrigada por amar tanto o conhecimento, dedicar a sua vida a ele e compartilhá-lo com tanta paciência com seus ávidos alunos. Suas aulas são fascinantes em conteúdo e belíssimas em postura. Você sabe, como ninguém, acolher as dúvidas e opiniões de seus alunos. Aos digníssimos doutores que aceitaram participar da banca de arguição, Prof. Dr. Fernando Altemeyer e Prof. Dr. Wagner Lopes Sanchez, que tanto contribuíram para a evolução do trabalho desde a qualificação. E ao Prof. Dr. José Luiz Bueno e à Profa. Dra. Andrea Kogan, que desde o início do curso me deram subsídios e inestimável apoio. Aos organizadores e colegas do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Mística e Santidade (NEMES), além dos já citados, a Prof. Dra. Maria Cristina Mariante Guarnieri. Obrigada pela oportunidade de aprofundar os estudos sobre judaísmo e filosofia da religião e ter podido participar dos Seminários NEMES. Aos professores do programa de Ciência da Religião, Prof. Dr. Frank Usarski, atual coordenador; Prof. Dr. Afonso Maria Ligorio Soares (in memorian); Prof. Edin Sued Abumanssur, atual vice-coordenador; Prof. Dr. Eduardo Rodrigues Cruz; Prof. Dr. Fernando Torres-Londoño; Prof. João Décio Passos; Prof. Dr. João Edênio Reis Valle e Profa. Dra. Maria José F. Rosado-Nunes, com os quais aprendi tanto. Não posso deixar de agradecer em especial a sempre tão paciente Andreia Bisuli de Souza, assistente de Coordenação do departamento. De coração, aos valiosos amigos do programa e aos amigos pessoais, que me incentivaram, inspiraram e acompanharam neste desafio. “Qual a fórmula que poderia explanar e solucionar o enigma do fato de pensar? Nenhuma coisa ou conceito é nosso, mas somente uma magia engenhosa combina os dois. O que nos enche de perplexidade radical não são as relações nas quais tudo está encaixado, mas o fato de que mesmo o mínimo de percepção é um máximo de enigma. O fato mais incompreensível é o fato de que, de qualquer modo, nós compreendemos.” (HESCHEL, 1975, p. 69) MARCIANO, Marta Rodrigues Alves. Judaísmo messiânico: cristologia ou messianologia? 2017. 147 p. RESUMO Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o judaísmo messiânico, grupo religioso que se caracteriza por crer em Yeshua (Jesus, em hebraico) como o Messias, e ao mesmo tempo por se considerar uma vertente do judaísmo. Uma vez que eles acreditam em Yeshua como Messias será que possuem uma cristologia? Trata-se de um estudo sobre a possibilidade de haver uma distinção na teologia do judaísmo messiânico, cuja hipótese principal é: os judeus messiânicos possuem uma perspectiva na sua abordagem da ideia de messias que se aproxima mais de uma messianologia do que de uma cristologia. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir de revisão de literatura sobre o tema. Escolhemos como textos messiânicos para esta análise o Manifesto Judeu Messiânico do Rabino David Stern e os dois primeiros volumes das Objeções Judaicas Contra Jesus, do Rabino Michael Brown. Abordamos conceitos como cristologia dogmática e messianologia, sendo este último conceito proposto por David Flusser, além de verificar as convergências e divergências da ideia de Messias para o judaísmo, cristianismo e judaísmo messiânico no século I d.C. Também discorremos sobre a história do movimento judeu-messiânico. Consideramos que os elementos colhidos ao longo desta pesquisa apontam para o fato de que o pensamento judeu-messiânico sobre o Messias não parece corresponder ao pensamento cristológico. Concluímos que a messianologia pode ser considerada uma base para uma construção de uma categoria que melhor represente o pensamento teológico do judaísmo messiânico. Palavras-chave: Judaísmo messiânico. Cristologia. Messianologia. ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is study the Messianic Judaism, a religious group which is characterized by believing in Yeshua (Jesus, in Hebrew) as the Messiah, while is considered a strand of the Judaism. Since they believe in Yeshua as being Messiah, would they have a Christology? This study contemplates the possibility of distinction in the Messianic Judaism theology, which the major hypothesis is: Messianic Jews have a view in the idea of that Messiah approaches more of Messianology than of a Christology. A qualitative research was conducted on the basis of the literature review on the subject. And for that, were selected as Messianic texts for this analysis the Messianic Jewish Manifest, by Rabbi David Stern and the first two volumes of Jewish Objections Against Jesus, by Rabbi Michael Brown. It was discussed concepts such as dogmatic Christology and Messianology, as this last concept was being proposed by David Flusser in addition to checking the convergences and divergences of the idea of the Messiah for Judaism, Christianity and Messianic Judaism in the first century AD. It was also reported about history of the Messianic- Jewish movement. The collected data throughout this research should be considered to point out to the fact that Messianic-Jewish thought about the Messiah does not seem to correspond to Christological thinking. The main conclusion is that messianology can be understood as key element to build a category that best represents the theological thought of Messanic Judaism. Keywords: Messianic Judaism. Christology. Messianology. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................10 1 ELEMENTOS DO JUDAÍSMO E DO CRISTIANISMO ........................................16 1.1 Sobre o judaísmo ..........................................................................................17 1.2 Sobre o cristianismo ......................................................................................23 2 O MOVIMENTO JUDAICO-MESSIÂNICO E OS RABINOS MESSIÂNICOS DAVID STERN E MICHAEL BROWN .................................................................28 2.1 Sobre o Movimento Judaico-Messiânico .......................................................28 2.2 David Harold Stern ........................................................................................34 2.2.1 Principais obras de David Stern ...........................................................37 2.2.2 O que pretende David Stern ................................................................38 2.2.3 O método de David Stern ....................................................................42 2.2.4 O Manifesto Judeu Messiânico ............................................................42 2.3 Michael Brown ...............................................................................................71 2.3.1 Principais obras de Michael Brown ......................................................72 2.3.2 O que pretende Michael Brown ...........................................................74 2.3.3 O método de Michael Brown ................................................................75 2.3.4 As objeções judaicas contra Jesus ......................................................77 3 CONVERGÊNCIAS E DIVERGÊNCIAS DE PERSPECTIVAS ............................116 3.1 O Messias no judaísmo .................................................................................117 3.2 O Messias no cristianismo ............................................................................122 3.3 O Messias no judaísmo messiânico ..............................................................128 3.4 A narrativa judaico-messiânica .....................................................................133 CONCLUSÃO .........................................................................................................137 REFERÊNCIAS .......................................................................................................140 ANEXO A – Entidades Judaico-Messiânicas Internacionais e no Brasil ..........145 ANEXO B – Sinagogas e Congregações Judaico-Messiânicas no Brasil ........147 10 INTRODUÇÃO Problemas científicos surgem a partir de questionamentos do dia a dia. O tema desta dissertação surgiu a partir do contato de sua autora com um grupo de judeus que acredita que Yeshua1 é o messias esperado e profetizado na Torah. O contato com os judeus-messiânicos, como o grupo se autodenomina, suscita invariavelmente muitos questionamentos de ordem teológica e filosófica, uma vez que ao transitarem entre o judaísmo e cristianismo eles acabam
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