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Biology, Ecology and Management of Scaptomyza Apicalis Hardy (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on Meadowfoam, Limnanthesalba Benth

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Biology, Ecology and Management of Scaptomyza Apicalis Hardy (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on Meadowfoam, Limnanthesalba Benth AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sarote Panasahatham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology presented on October 18. 2000. Title: Biology. Ecology, and Management of Scaptornyza apicalis Hardy (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on Meadowfoam. Limnanthes alba Benth. in Western Oregon. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: i. Fisher Biology of Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was studied in relation to its host, meadowfoam, Limnanthes a/ba, a recent oil seed crop grown in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Populations of flies and larvae were monitored weekly over three consecutive crop-years beginning in 1996. Yellow sticky traps gave relative population estimates of adults. Absolute estimates of larval populations were derived using Berlese funnels to extract immatures from whole plant samples. Weather and crop phenology are key factors in population regulation. Meadowfoams, Limnanthes species, were the only observed hosts for S. apicalis in this study. This has four to five overlapping generations per year. Adults of a small founder population colonize commercial fields coincident with fall rains and seedling emergence. Females deposit eggs in or on plant tissue. Larvae mine leaves and stems. They also bore into crown tissue and flower buds later in the season. Second generation flies arising from the larvae of the founder population first appear in late winter. Successive generations peak during the rapid vegetative growth stage of meadowfoam (mid-April). A steady decline in adult and larval numbers occurs as daily temperatures rise and plants develop flower buds. Last flies are detected in early July when meadowfoam is harvested. Temperatures belowØOCelsius during December were a key mortality factor for S. apicalisin 1998. Three often major weather components analyzed, accounted for up to 60 percent of the trap count variability. These components were temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity. S. apicalis larvae fed only on plants within theLimnanthesin feeding studies. They accepted nine native meadowfoams but with varying survival rates. The commercial meadowfoam cultivar, Floral, was the most suitable larval host. An increase in supplemental nitrogen fertilizer rates generally resulted in increased infestations of S. api ca/is and decreased seed yields. BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SCAPTOMYZA APICALIS HARDY (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE) ON MEADOWFOAM, LIMNANTHESALBA BENTH. IN WESTERN OREGON by Sarote Panasahatham A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented: October 18, 2000 Commencement: June 2001 Doctor of Philosophy thesis of Sarote Panasahatham presented on October 18, 2000 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Major Professor, Redacted for Privacy Chair of Department Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Sarote Panasahatham, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Glenn C. Fisher, my major professor, for his guidance, encouragement, understanding, and financial support from the beginning of my MS through the completion of my Ph.D. program. There is absolutely no perfect word that allows me to express how much I feel indebted to him. I sincerely thank Drs. Paul C. Jepson and Marcos Kogan, who represented my major department, Dr. Russell S. Karow from department of Crop and Soil Science who represented the minor department, Dr. Gary F. Merrill from department of Biochemistry and Biophysics who represented Graduate School, for serving on my committee, assisting the development of my research proposal and revising my thesis. I especially thank Dr. D. Michael Burgett and Ms. Deanna Watkins for their concern, encouragement, and support that helped me overcome all troubles during my stay. I would like to express my appreciation to Joe DeFrancesco and Daryl Ehrensing who assisted me throughout the study. My sincere appreciation also goes to Dr. Lynn Royce who assisted me with photography. I thank Drs. Hans Luh and Phil Henegan who patiently tutored me in computer science. I thank the Board of Directors and the Managing Directors of Thailand Tobacco Monopoly for funding my graduate studies. I thank my three children; Ahm, Aim, and Ohm; for their good behavior during my long stay in the US. I want them to know how much I love them. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents, brothers, and sisters for all their love, concern, support, and encouragement that inspired me to pursue graduate degrees. CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS This thesis has been benefited from advice, suggestion, and funding kindly offered by Dr. Glenn C. Fisher, my major professor and adviser. Many people assisted me in the field. Thanks go to Mr. Joseph T. DeFrancesco and Mr. Daryl T. Ebrensing who helped me with most field experiments. I am grateful to Anthony Hitz, Brandy Rush, and Stephanie Moore who helped me sample for adults and larvae. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW THE MEADOWFOAM PLANT.................................................. 1 MEADOWFOAM AS A NEW OILSEED CROP.............................. 3 MEADOWFOAM ANI) POLLiNATORS....................................... 5 MEADOWFOAM AND ITS ASSOCIATED iNSECT PESTS.............. 7 RESEARCH OBJECT D/ES....................................................... 10 REFERENCES CITED............................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT AND iNFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON NATURAL POPULATIONS OF Scaptomyza apicalis HARDY (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE) IN COMMERCIAL MEADOWFOAM FIELDS.............. 15 ABSTRACT.......................................................................... 16 INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 18 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................. 21 FIELD BIOLOGY AND SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLIES AND LARVAE.................................................... 23 ASSOCIATION OF MFF NATURAL POPULATIONS AND WEATHER.................................................................. 28 RESULTS............................................................................ 30 FIELD BIOLOGY AND SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF FLIES AND LARVAE.................................................... 30 ASSOCIATION OF MFF NATURAL POPULATIONS AND WEATHER.................................................................. 41 DISCUSSION........................................................................ 43 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page REFERENCES CITED............................................................. 46 CHAPTER 3. SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF Scaptomyza apicalis HARDY (DIPTERA: DROSOPH1LIDAE) ON SOME SELECTED HOST PLANTS AND NATIVE MEADOWFOAMS.............................................................. 50 ABSTRACT.......................................................................... 51 iNTRODUCTION.................................................................. 52 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................. 56 RESULTS............................................................................ 58 DISCUSSION....................................................................... 61 REFERENCES CITED............................................................ 63 CHAPTER 4. EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND iNSECTICIDE ON MEADOWFOAM FLY (Scaptomyza apicalis HARDY) INFESTATIONS AND MEADOWFOAM SEED YIELD COMPONENTS................................. 66 ABSTRACT......................................................................... 67 iNTRODUCTION.................................................................. 68 MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................. 70 RESULTS............................................................................ 71 DISCUSSION....................................................................... 81 REFERENCES CITED............................................................ 83 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................. 85 BiBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................... 89 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Installation and position of yellow sticky traps used to monitor Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy flight activities in commercial meadowfoam fields from October 1996 to August 1999 in the Willamette Valley, Linn Co., OR............................................................................... 25 2.2 Four developmental stages, of Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy on cultivated meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba (cv. Floral)..................................... 27 2.3 Weekly mean temperature, mean solar radiation, mean relative humidity, and total precipitation of three meadowfoam crop-years from September 1996 to August 1999 in Linn and Benton Co., Willamette Valley, OR 32 2.4 Seasonal development of Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy in five, three, and three commercial meadowfoam fields over three crop-years, in Linn and Benton Cos., Willamette Valley, OR............................................... 35 2.5 Annual trends of Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy fly populations collected weekly on yellow sticky traps from commercial meadowfoam fields over three crop-years in Linn and Benton Cos., Willamette Valley, OR........... 36 2.6 Numbers of Scaptomyza apicalis Hardy larvae
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