A Literature Review of the Evidence Base for Culture, The Arts and Sport Policy A Literature Review of the Evidence Base for Culture, The Arts Policy Sport and The for Culture, Base Evidence of the Review A Literature ISSN 0950 2254 ISBN 0-7559-3782-1 ISBN 0 7559 3782 1 Price £5.00 www.scotland.gov.uk/socialresearch The text pages of this document are produced from 100% Elemental Chlorine-Free material. 9 780755 937820 Sport and Arts The Culture, The paper carries the Nordic Ecolabel for low emissions during production, and is 100% recyclable. Astron 209395 7/04 A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE BASE FOR CULTURE, THE ARTS AND SPORT POLICY Janet Ruiz Social Research Research and Economic Unit Scottish Executive Education Department February 2004 Further copies of this report are available priced £5.00. Cheques should be made payable to The Stationery Office Ltd and addressed to: The Stationery Office Bookshop 71 Lothian Road Edinburgh EH3 9AZ Tel: 0870 606 5566 Fax: 0870 606 5588 The views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and do not necessarily represent those of the Department or Scottish Ministers. © Crown Copyright 2004 Limited extracts from the text may be produced provided the source is acknowledged. For more extensive reproduction, please write to the Chief Researcher at Office of Chief Researcher, 4th Floor West Rear, St Andrew’s House, Edinburgh EH1 3DG ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the help and co-operation of all those who took the time to meet with me or discuss with me by telephone or e-mail, relevant issues to this Review and have provided me with reports, documents and contacts to assist in carrying out the Review. These are (in chronological order): External Christine Hamilton and Adrienne Scullion, Centre for Cultural Policy Research, University of Glasgow Jo Hargreaves, Morris Hargreaves & McIntyre David Hunter, National Library of Scotland Sheila McClure and Christine Maclean, National Museums Scotland Jon Best, Sportscotland Prof Fred Coalter, Institute for Sports Research, University of Stirling Rod Stone, Aberdeenshire Council and Steve Grimmond, Dundee City Council, both representing VOCAL Ruth Boram, Heather Ackroyd and Paul Buchanan, VisitScotland Christine Galey, Scottish Museums Council Beverley Francis and Jackie McLean, New Opportunities Fund Gary Mundy, Ian Wood, Delis Aston and Melinda Anderson, Dept of Culture Media and Sport Roberta Doyle, National Galleries of Scotland Caroline Docherty, Scottish Arts Council Roo Kharbanda, Convention of Scottish Local Authorities Scott Donaldson, Alan Knowles and Isabella Edgar, Scottish Screen Rhona Arthur, Scottish Libraries Information Council Tom Costly, NFO WorldGroup Evelyn Johnston, Education, Culture & Sport, Highland Council Joe Larkin and Patricia Mullen, Cultural and Leisure Services, Glasgow City Council Derek Janes, Culture and Leisure, City of Edinburgh Council Denis McCoy, Dept of Culture, Arts and Leisure, Northern Ireland Office Stephanie Knight, Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh Marcus Wilson, Hi-Arts Kate Wimpress, Arts and Social Inclusion Partnership, Edinburgh Scottish Executive Policy colleagues in Cultural Policy and Sport & Co-ordination Divisions Fiona McWhannel, Research and Economic Unit, Education Department Raakhi Odedra, Research and Economic Unit, Education Department Anthony Moulds, Research and Economic Unit, Education Department Susie Gledhill, EventScotland Mary Allison, Health Department Jo MacDonald, Research & Economic Unit, Schools Group, Education Department Julie McCallum, Education Department Gerhard Mors, ETLLD Analytical Services Joe Jobling, ECSU, Education Department UPDATE STATEMENT Since this Review was completed in February 2004, there have been various developments in government cultural policy and in research in the fields of culture, the arts and sport. Latest research developments and publications will be recorded in the culture and sport research database that has been created by the Scottish Executive as a result of this Review, and which will shortly be made publicly available on-line. The Centre for Cultural Policy Research (CCPR) at Glasgow University will maintain and develop the database over the next 3 years, keeping it up to date and current for the benefit of central and local government, the non-departmental government bodies and agencies, and other organisations interested and involved in cultural or sport research. The CCPR will also encourage research establishments to send in details, for updating purposes, of robust new evidence in these areas. Many of the non-departmental government bodies will also have launched strategies and documents since publication of this Review, and therefore it has to be borne in mind that Annex I is contemporary with February 2004, and does not refer to latest developments or publications by these bodies. Cultural policy developments in government have also taken place since completion of this Review, and these include: • “Cultural Policy Statement”, published by the Scottish Executive in April 2004 – this document outlines the Executive’s policy and vision for culture in Scotland, which includes – “Establish Scotland as a vibrant, cosmopolitan, competitive country and an internationally recognised creative hub”; “.. the key values of access and excellence will be guiding principles”. The document also states the remit of the Cultural Commission which is undertaking the ongoing review of cultural provision in Scotland. The Commission will provide practical recommendations on how cultural policy is to be implemented. If legislation is required, a Culture Bill will be published by 2007. • “Culture at the Heart of Regeneration”, issued by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport in June 2004 – this consultation document by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport sets out the case for culture as “a driver of sustainable regeneration in England”. It seeks responses to questions on how to take the culture and regeneration agenda forward, with a delivery plan proposed for publication in early 2005. The Scottish Executive welcomes this consultation as an exercise that helpfully complements this Literature Review. Feedback from the consultation and the findings of the Review will helpfully inform the developing policy agenda and be of interest to the Cultural Commission. In Scotland, action will not come to an end following the publication of this Review. In addition to creating the database mentioned above, the Executive will seek to establish and engage research networks involving its cultural agencies, other government departments, and other interested parties. The aim will be to encourage collaboration between researchers, to plug gaps in evidence and thereby better inform future policy making in the areas of culture, the arts and sport. Steps to develop activity across Ministerial portfolios are in progress following Scotland’s First Minister, Jack McConnell’s speech on St Andrew’s Day 2003. The First Minister said, “Culture cuts across all portfolios of government, and it can make a difference to our success in each. …“This is about how Ministers use arts and culture to achieve more effectively their policy objectives. … “I want to see imaginative and new proposals coming forward from all Ministers that help create access to cultural activity.” A positive range of initiatives is emerging in response to that call; again, the findings of this Review will help inform content and delivery. CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 7 SECTION 1: CULTURE AND THE ARTS CHAPTER 1 SOCIAL IMPACT OF CULTURE AND THE ARTS 13 Definition of Culture and the Arts 13 Definition of Social Impact 13 Social impact of culture and the arts 16 Participation and under-represented groups 17 Audience Development 20 CHAPTER 2 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 29 Arts Projects 30 Amateur and Community Theatre 33 Music 33 Museums/Galleries 34 Libraries 37 Young People and Cultural Services 41 CHAPTER 3 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND ETHNIC MINORITIES 43 Arts Activities 43 Museums and Galleries 47 CHAPTER 4 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND REDUCTION OF YOUTH CRIME 49 CHAPTER 5 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND DISABILITY 53 CHAPTER 6 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND REGENERATION/COMMUNITY IMPACT 57 CHAPTER 7 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND HEALTH 61 Arts Projects and Healthcare 62 The Effect of the Environment in Healthcare 64 Community-Based Arts and Health 65 Arts and Mental Health 67 CHAPTER 8 CULTURE, THE ARTS AND EDUCATION/ EMPLOYMENT 69 Creativity 70 The relationship between culture, the arts and Educational Attainment 74 Moving Image Art and Education 79 Employment 81 CHAPTER 9 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CULTURE AND THE ARTS 83 Definition of Economic Impact 83 Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre 84 West End Theatre in London 86 Arts in the Highlands and Islands 86 Cultural Industries in Yorkshire and the Humber 87 Museums, Archives, Libraries and Galleries 88 CHAPTER 10 CULTURAL TOURISM 91 The ‘immeasurable factors’ in evaluating the economic impact of culture and the arts 97 MAJOR CULTURAL EVENTS 99 Criticism of conventional economic impact studies 103 Cultural legacy of events 104 SECTION 2: SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CHAPTER 11 SPORT AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 107 Participation in Sports in Scotland 108 Sport and Reduction in Youth Crime 111 Concessionary Schemes 114 Education 115 Employment 116 Barriers to participation by specific groups 117 CHAPTER 12 SPORT AND ETHNIC MINORITIES 119 CHAPTER 13 SPORT AND DISABILITY 121 CHAPTER 14 SPORT, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 123