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Vol 16 Issue 5

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Vol 16 Issue 5 -W ^ AIR UNIVERSITY R eview Roll Call UMPIRING AND EVALUATING JOINT EXERCISES.. .LESSONS OF LEBANON .. .THE JAPAN AIR SELF DEFENSE FORCE JULY-AUGUST 1965 UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY REVIEW T — * AIR UNIVERSITY FIeview THE PROFESSIONAl JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE U mpuung E xehcise Deser t Strike............................................................................................................. 2 Maj. Gen. John C. Meyer, USAF Air Mo bil it y in the Fie l d Test Laboratory.....................................................................................................14 Biig. Gen. Andrew S. Low, Jr., USAF L esson s of Leba n o n : A S tudy in Air Strategy....................................................................................28 Col. Albert P. Sights, Jr., USAF Air c r a f t Commitments to Rússia : T he M oscow C onference, S eptember -O ctober 1 9 4 1 .......................................................................44 Dr. Richard C. Lukas T he Negl ec t ed Tasks of Officer Education.......................................................................................... 54 Lt. Col. Ralph L. Giddings, Jr., USA Military Affairs Abroad J apans Air Sel f Defen se Force................................................................................................................... 60 Maj. Gilbert \1. Billings, Jr., USAF Air Force Review Air c r a f t Integrated Data S ystem s.......................................................................................................72 Maj. Gen. Earl C. Hedlund, USAF T he A viation C adet Procram in R et r o spec t ................................................................................... 78 Capt. Maurice G. Stac-k, USAF Books and Ideas A ron on Nuclear Stratecy..........................................................................................................................91 Herman S. VVolk T he Contributors.............................................................................................................................................................................9 4 the cover Address manuscripts to the Editor, Air Uni- A familiar scene at recent joint train- venity Review, Aerospace Studies Institute, ing exercises such as Gold Fire I anil Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. Printed by the Desert Strike has been the onloading of Government Printúig Office. Washington, D.C. Subscriptions are sold by the Air Uni- airbome troops for rapid deployment versity Book Department, Maxwell Air Force to the operation zone. Major General Base, Ala.: yearly $4.50. back issues 75 John C. Meyer and Brigadier General cents. USAF recurring pu bl ic a t io n 50-2. Andrew S. Low, Jr., discuss umpiring and evaluation of joint exercises in Vol. XVI No. 5 J ui.y-Aucust 1965 this issue of Air Univertily Review. UMPIRING EXERCISE DESERTSTRIKE M ajor Gen er a l John C. M eyer N THE late summer of 1963 when the exercise area large enough to give commanders United States Strike Command ( usstri- their head. In years gone by, in all too many com) began planning for its Exercise instances, exercises had been executed by a Desert Strike, the billing stated that it was to set script that spoon-fed field commanders in be the largest exercise ever held within the battle situations. usstricom joint training exer­ United States. In number of men, the 100,(X)0 cises have been characterized by wide-open Amiv and Air Force personnel who partici- and freewheeling situations wherein infantry. pated were some 30.000 short of the force that armored, mechanized, and airborne field com­ had gathered in 1952 in Texas for Exercise manders could make decisions similar to those Longhorn. In exercise area and distances in- required in actual tactical situations. This type volved from one flying unit to another, it was of script again was the aim of General Paul D. without a doubt the biggest exercise ever Adams, Commander in Chief, usstricom, and staged in these United States. Director for Exercise Desert Strike. The Commander, usstricom, wanted an After establishing the Neutral Forces and UMPIRING EXERCISE DESERT STRIKE 3 moving them into the field in January 1964, ver were the Headquarters of the III Corps Brigadier General Patrick H. Devine, Chiei of and the XVIII Airborne Corps, the lst and 2d Staff of SL\th Army, made his headquarters at Armored Divisions from Fort Hood, Texas; the Needles, Califórnia. In April Brigadier General 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) from Fort John M. Finn, Commanding General of Fort Carson, Colorado; the lOlst Airborne Division Polk, Louisiana, assumed command of the from Fort Campbell, Kentucky; the 2d Bri- Xeutral Forces, which approximated 6000 offi- gade of the 40th Armored Division of the Cali­ cers and men. Operating initiallv in downtown fórnia National Guard; the 258th Infantry facilities, he began soliciting exercise rights Brigade of the Arizona National Guard; and from landowners of the contemplated exercise the 191st Infantry Brigade of the U.S. Army area. The greatest landowner was the United Reserve in the Montana-Utah-Arizona area. States Government in the form of Riverside From the Tactical Air Command of the Biu-eau of Land Management. U.S. Air Force carne tactical forces from The exercise area consisted of approxi- George afb, Califórnia; Seymour Johnson afb, mately 12.5 million acres extending from north- North Carolina; England afb, Louisiana; Can- west of Fort Irwin, Califórnia, military reserva- non afb, New México; Holloman afb, New tion eastward across the Colorado River to a México; Shaw afb, South Carolina; Pope afb, point 30 miles north of Kingman, Arizona, then North Carolina; plus key staff elements from southeast following the course of the Big Headquarters tac, Headquarters Ninth Air Sandv River to the Harquahala Mountains Force, and Headquarters Twelfth Air Force. some 65 miles east of Blythe, Califórnia; south Aerial tankers from Strategic Air Com­ and then west to Ripley; northwest along the mand and air defense forces from the Air De- Bullion Mountain Range to a point 18 miles fense Command also participated in the air southeast of Daggett, and north to the Fort operations. sa c and adc officers held key staff Irwin reservation. ( See map on page 4.) positions within the headquarters of the Air Commensurate with other preparatory op- Force forces on either combat side as well as erations by the Neutral Forces, the Riverview with the Director and Controller structure. Airport on the outskirts of Needles was leased The two opposing joint task forces were to provide a tent city for the headquarters of organized and called jt f Phoenix, which de- the Director Controller for the exercise. Here fended the east (Nezona), and jt f Mojave, was located the office of the Chief Controller which defended the west (Calonia). The (Umpire) in near proximity to the Director Phoenix Commander was the Commanding and his key stafF. As the activity of the umpires General, Fifth U.S. Army, Lieutenant General requires minute detail and immediate knowl- Charles G. Dodge, and his deputy was Air edge of the progress of all units to ensure Force Major General Clyde Box of the U.S. effective exercise play, integration of the um­ Strike Command. On the other side Lieuten­ pire forces with the command and operational ant General Charles B. Westover, Vice Com­ element of the Director is considered a pre- mander, Tactical Air Command, commanded requisite. jt f Mojave, and his deputy commander was As it developed, however, this proximity Major General Charles H. Chase, Special As- worked to the disadvantage of the umpires. sistant to the c in c usst r ic o m. Space allocations were at a premium, and pro- An interesting side play—and a most im- fessional interest by the several staff agencies portant one in view of the real-life potential of the Director s headquarters created a minor of Strike Command forces deploying in actual traffic problem and militated toward confu- battle situations—was the simulated national sion within the umpire offices. Future exer- organizational structure devised to achieve cises should isolate the office of the Chief Con­ realism for Exercise Desert Strike. A former troller, yet it should be near enough to the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Director to maintain close liaison. and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Major Army units assigned to the maneu- retired General Nathan F. Twining, acted as 4 AIR UNIVERSITY REVIEW the Foreign Minister of Calonia. General Clyde Calonias mock enemy, the nation of Ne- D. Eddleman, usa (Ret), vvas Calonia’s Min­ zona, had as its Prime Minister General Jacob ister for Defense, and Mr. Henry D. Ramsey, L. Devers, usa ( R et), former head of the Army U.S. State Department Political Adviser to Field Forces. The Nezona Minister of Defense General Adams, was the Foreign Minister. was Lieutenant General Ira C. Eaker, usaf Their military forces defending the nation of (R et); and Mr. Raymond L. Garthoff, Soviet Calonia were knovvn as Joint Task Force Analyst, U.S. State Department, was the For­ Mojave. eign Minister. During May 1964 USSTRICOM forces exercised in the U.S. southwestern desert region. Foi-t I r win Ba vier EdwarAs • A.F6 A R l í O N A LoèÁngeláÊ. UMP1RING EXERCISE DESERT STRIKE 5 These two govemment bodies acted as necessary to evaluate this exercise. Several war cabinets of the two mythical countries schools were established: namely, an Air Base/ and assisted in transforming decisions of the Air Defense Umpire School, a Ground
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