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Food Vessel Pottery from Early Bronze Age Funerary Contexts in Northern England: a Typological and Contextual Study

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Food Vessel Pottery from Early Bronze Age Funerary Contexts in Northern England: a Typological and Contextual Study FOOD VESSEL POTTERY FROM EARLY BRONZE AGE FUNERARY CONTEXTS IN NORTHERN ENGLAND: A TYPOLOGICAL AND CONTEXTUAL STUDY NEIL C.A. WILKIN THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTIQUITY UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Food Vessel Pottery from Early Bronze Age Funerary Contexts in Northern England: A Typological and Contextual Study PhD thesis submitted by Neil C.A. Wilkin (2013) ABSTRACT This thesis demonstrates the significance of Food Vessel pottery and burial in Northern England during the Early Bronze Age (c.2200 to 1800 cal BC). It represents the first original and sustained study of this burial tradition for several decades. It is argued that the inter- woven relationships between Food Vessels, other ceramic types, and trade and exchange networks are both a reason why the tradition has posed interpretative problems for prehistorians, and a central component of its significance during the Early Bronze Age. The chronological relationships between British Food Vessels and other ceramic and funerary traditions are reviewed using the first comprehensive and critically assessed dataset of radiocarbon determinations. Previous approaches to Food Vessel typology are critically reviewed and a new approach based on the ‘potter’s perspective’ and contextual studies is proposed. A contextual approach is applied to Food Vessels from three regions of Northern England: the Northern Counties; North-East Yorkshire, the central lowlands and North-West England; and South-East Yorkshire. Each study reveals significant inter- and intra-regional similarities and differences in how Food Vessels were used and understood. The significance of Food Vessel pottery and burial is then discussed at a national scale. [192 words] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘…you can do without the day if you’ve a lamp quiet-lighted and kind in your heart.’ Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song Although all errors of judgement and fact are entirely my own, the submission of this thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and kindness of a large number of people and institutions. I am particularly grateful to Paul Garwood, who has been the single greatest source of inspiration, support and advice over the past ten years, through the course of undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Birmingham. I am also grateful to the Arts and Humanities Research Council, who provided the funding that made this study possible. Lekky (Alexandra) Shepherd and the late Ian Shepherd offered a vital spark at a crucial stage of the research. Trevor Cowie supplied invaluable advice and valuable books. Alex Gibson kindly answered questions about several sites and arranged access to the English component of the Food Vessel archive and card catalogue belonging to the late Professor D.D.A. Simpson. I must also thank Mrs Simpson for permission to consult and look after that resource. Dr Terry Manby allowed me to visit him at home and showed me the true nature of Yorkshire hospitality: sharing his detailed knowledge of Food Vessels and the archaeology of Northern England, commenting on early drafts of several chapters and providing unpublished radiocarbon dates and illustrations for several important vessels. Without the high quality of his work, carried out over five decades, the scope of this thesis would have been considerably reduced. Stuart Needham and Alison Sheridan kindly supplied news of old and new Food Vessel finds and dates which had eluded me. Ray Kidd offered valuable advice on dealing with the radiocarbon determinations and undertaking Bayesian analysis. Ben Roberts and the staff of the British Museum allowed me to spend three important weeks at Blythe House with the Greenwell Collection and provided access to the British Museum’s Food Vessel card index. Ben Roberts also provided much friendly encouragement and advice throughout the project, for which I am very grateful. I am also grateful to Cate Frieman for the opportunity to read her PhD thesis, unpublished at the time (now published as Frieman 2012a) and to Robert Law for the chance to read his unpublished PhD thesis on Collared Urns (2008). Despite the growing pressures on their time and resources, a number of museum curators, staff and archaeological units very generously allowed me to study Food Vessels in their keeping, sometimes for several days or even weeks. Many thanks are due to: Cameron Moffett at Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery (Shropshire Council); Richard Pollard at Leicestershire County Museums; Adam Gwilt at the National Museum of Wales; Peter Carne at the University of Durham Archaeology Department and Archaeological Services/Unit; Chris Jones at Northumberland National Park; Ben Roberts and the British Museum staff, especially, Marianne Eve, Marta Mroczek, Elena Jones, and all the Museum Assistants who made my visits possible; Paula Gentil at Hull and East Riding Museum (Hull City Council); Adam Jaffer at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (Birmingham City Council); Andrew Parkin at the Great North Museum (Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums on behalf of Newcastle University); Tim Padley at Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery Trust; Deborah Bircham at Grantham Museum (Lincolnshire County Council); Rebecca Storr at The Collection: Art and Archaeology in Lincolnshire (Lincolnshire County Council); Alistair Barclay at Wessex Archaeology Ltd; Kate Devlin at Alnwick Castle Museum; Adam Parker at Yorkshire Museum (Yorkshire Museums Trust); For published and unpublished information and various acts of help, friendship, encouragement and other acts of kindness, I also wish to thank: Iraia Arabaolaza (GUARD Archaeology Ltd.), Paula Beswick, Peter Bray, Kenny Brophy, Neil Carlin, Neil Curtis, Peter Dominiczak, Chris Fowler, Vince Gaffney, Catriona Gibson, David Knight (Trent & Peak Archaeology), Jonathan Last (English Heritage), Henry Chapman, Olivia Lelong (Northlight Archaeology Ltd.), Mark Kincey, Gavin MacGregor (Northlight Archaeology Ltd.), Barbara McNee, Helen Moulden, Gordon Noble, Brendan O’Connor, Sarah Percival, Katie Pope, Thomas Rees (Rathmell Archaeology Ltd.), Bill Risk, Peter Topping (English Heritage), Marc Vander Linden, Samantha Walsh, Robin Weaver and Louise Wheeler. Particular thanks are due to Jennifer Wexler for being a constant and generous source of positivity. My sincere apologies to anyone I have forgotten to mention here. I must also thank my colleagues and employers within the Department of Britain, Europe & Prehistory at The British Museum for their help, encouragement and kind forbearance, particularly Sue Brunning, Richard Hobbs, Jody Joy, Rosie Weetch and especially Roger Bland and Jill Cook. Finally, my parents, Christine and Christopher, and my brother, Stuart, have been constant sources of support, encouragement and patience, despite my thoughts and attention being forever elsewhere. Front page images: (Food Vessels, left to right) Turf Knowe 1; Alwinton 202, Burial 5; Turf Knowe 3; (Background image) Turf Knowe burial cairn (photo credit: Andrew Curtis, licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence) ! TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables of contents .................................................................................................................. i List of Figures .................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... viii Food Vessel terminology ................................................................................................. xii Chapter One: Introduction: Food Vessels in Bronze Age Britain 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 An overview of British Food Vessel deposition ........................................................ 4 1.3 A critical review of British Food Vessels studies ..................................................... 12 1.4 Methodological approaches and theoretical position ................................................ 20 1.5 Summary ................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter Two: British Food Vessels in their chronological and ceramic contexts 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 33 2.2 An assessment of existing radiocarbon dates for British Food Vessels .................... 34 2.3 British Food Vessel chronology ................................................................................ 38 2.4 Food Vessels and Neolithic ceramic traditions ......................................................... 44 2.5 Food Vessels and Beakers ......................................................................................... 49
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