County Laois Hedgerow Survey Report
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COUNTY LAOIS HEDGEROW SURVEY REPORT N. Foulkes & A. Murray September 2005 This Survey has been carried out for Laois County Council as part of the Laois Heritage Plan 2002-2006 © 2005 All rights reserved. CONTENTS Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................1 1. Summary......................................................................................................................................2 2. Introduction.................................................................................................................................5 3. Background .................................................................................................................................6 3.1 The History of Hedgerows in Co. Laois ..............................................................................6 3.2 The value of hedgerows for County Laois...........................................................................9 4. Survey Rationale and Objectives ..............................................................................................12 4.1 The need for a Hedgerow Survey in County Laois............................................................12 4.2 Aims and Objectives of the County Laois Hedgerow Survey ...........................................13 4.3 Legislation & Policy ..........................................................................................................13 5. Methodology and Field Survey.................................................................................................16 5.1 Defining hedges .................................................................................................................16 5.2 Selecting the sample...........................................................................................................16 5.3 Maps and Aerial Photographs............................................................................................17 5.4 Period of Fieldwork and Fieldworkers...............................................................................17 5.5 Access and Permission.......................................................................................................17 5.6 Structural recordings of hedges..........................................................................................18 5.7 Floristic recordings of hedges............................................................................................18 5.8 Recording the extent of hedgerows in samples..................................................................19 5.9 Target Notes.......................................................................................................................19 5.10 Photography .......................................................................................................................19 5.11 Data Recording ..................................................................................................................19 6. Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................21 6.1 Floristic Classification of hedge types...............................................................................21 6.2 Statistical analyses .............................................................................................................21 7. Results........................................................................................................................................22 7.1 Extent of Hedgerows in County Laois...............................................................................22 7.2 Species Composition of hedgerows in County Laois .......................................................25 7.3 Floristic Classification into hedge types for Laois and Offaly ..........................................37 7.4 General ecological, historical, and agricultural context of hedgerows in Co. Laois. ........43 7.5 Construction of Hedges in Co. Laois.................................................................................46 7.6 Structure and Condition of hedges in County Laois..........................................................48 7.7 Management of Hedges in Co. Laois.................................................................................59 7.8 Quality of Hedges in Co. Laois..........................................................................................64 7.9 Other Observations ............................................................................................................66 8. Discussion..................................................................................................................................68 Hedgerow Extent............................................................................................................................68 Hedgerow Loss ..............................................................................................................................68 Species composition.......................................................................................................................68 Methodology..................................................................................................................................70 Ivy ..................................................................................................................................................71 History and Landscape Context.....................................................................................................71 Hedge Construction........................................................................................................................72 Hedge Structure and Condition......................................................................................................73 Management of hedgerow trees .....................................................................................................74 Roadside Trees...............................................................................................................................74 Hedgerow Management .................................................................................................................75 New Hedges ...................................................................................................................................76 Hedgerow Quality..........................................................................................................................77 9. Recommendations .....................................................................................................................78 9.1 Context...............................................................................................................................78 9.2 National Policy Recommendations....................................................................................80 9.3 Recommendations in relation to Hedgerow Management in County Laois ......................85 9.4 Infrastructural Recommendations......................................................................................87 9.5 Recommendations for Education and Awareness..............................................................89 9.6 Recommendations for future research ...............................................................................90 9.7 Recommendations in relation to hedgerow surveying.......................................................92 10. Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................96 11. References and Bibliography................................................................................................97 12. Appendices...........................................................................................................................100 12.1 Sample Squares................................................................................................................100 12.2 Example of aerial photograph..........................................................................................102 12.3 Example of vector map ....................................................................................................103 12.4 Example of Ordnance Survey Map..................................................................................104 12.5 Blank Field Recording Sheet ...........................................................................................105 12.6 Domin Scale.....................................................................................................................106 LIST OF TABLES Table 7.1.1 Measurement of Hedgerow Extent in Sample Squares in County Laois...................22 Table 7.1.2 Comparison of average hedgerow density.................................................................23 Table 7.2.1 Frequency of species occurrence and mean abundance in Laois Hedges.................26 Table 7.2.2 Frequency of woody climber species occurrence in sampled hedges........................27 Table 7.2.3 Analysis of Species Richness figures in 30m sample strips in Laois and Offaly......30 Table 7.2.4 Comparison of species richness statistics in Midlands Counties...............................30 Table 7.2.5 Relationship between species occurrence and species richness (all species) ............31 Table 7.2.6 Comparison