2020 Buyer's Guide

ISO Standard for Testing Insulation Materials .... 10 Cooling a Superconducting Accelerator Cavity .. 20

LN2 Enables Greener Tractor Trailers ...... 14 Buyer’s Guide ...... 35-81 Silk Thrives in Cryogenic Temperatures ...... 15 Conference Connect ...... 86

Corporate 2020 Buyer’s Guide Directory

Products and Services

for Cryogenic and Superconductivity Applications Worldwide

LUX-ZEPLIN Cryostat Installed at Sanford Underground Research Facility | 16

Volume 35 Number 6 2019

Join Our Growing Family of CSA Get connected to the cryogenic community worldwide. Let your voice be heard and Corporate Sustaining Members your contributions known.

Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc. Cryogenic Machinery Corporation Janis Research Company LLC Rockwood Composites

Ability Engineering Technology, Inc. Cryoguard Corporation Kadel Engineering Corp. RUAG Space GmbH

Acme Cryogenics, Inc. Cryomagnetics, Inc. Kelvin International Corporation Sauer Compressors USA Scientiﬁ c Instruments, Inc. Ad-Vance Magnetics Cryomech, Inc. Kelvin Technology, Inc. SGD Inc. Advanced Research Systems, Inc. Cryonova, LLC KEYCOM Corporation Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd. Aerospace Fabrication & Materials CryoVac GmbH kiutra GmbH shirokuma GmbH AFCryo/Fabrum Solutions CryoWorks, Inc. Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Sierra Lobo, Inc. Air Liquide advanced Technologies Cryoworld BV Lihan Cryogenics SONICU Alloy Valves and Control CSIC Pride (Nanjing) Cryogenic Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde Technology Co., Ltd. Engineering North America Inc. Space Dynamics Laboratory American Magnetics, Inc. Spaulding Composites Inc. CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science Lydall Performance Materials Amuneal Manufacturing Corp. Spectrum Specialty Valves* CTD—Composite Technology Magnatrol Valve Corporation Argonne National Laboratory Development, Inc. SPS Cryogenics BV Magnus Precision Manufacturing, Inc. Barber-Nichols Inc. Demaco Holland BV STAR Cryoelectronics Marathon Products, Inc. CCH Equipment Company DMP CryoSystems, Inc. Stirling Cryogenics BV Master Bond Chart Inc. East Coast Microwave Sales & Stöhr Armaturen GmbH & Co. KG MetaVista Inc. Distribution LLC Circor Cryogenics Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc. America, Inc. EPSIM Corporation Clark Industries, Inc. MMR Technologies, Inc. Sunpower, Inc. Equigas, Inc. Coax Co., Ltd. Molecular Products, Inc. SuperPower, Inc. Essex Industries CoolCAD Electronics, LLC* Taylor-Wharton Cryogenics NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Facility for Rare Isotope Beams— Test Laboratory Cool Pair Plus Michigan State University Technifab Products, Inc. National High Magnetic Field Technology Applications, Inc. Creare LLC Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Laboratory Tempshield Cryo-Protection Criomec SA Fin Tube Products, Inc. Nexans Deutschland GmbH The Phoenix Company of Chicago Criotec Impianti SpA Gardner Cryogenics Niowave, Inc. Thermal Management Technologies Cryo Industries of America Gas Equipment Company Oak Ridge National Laboratory Thermal Space Cryo Service LTDA GasLab Oxford Instruments NanoScience Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Cryo Technologies Gaztransport & Technigaz Penﬂ ex TRIUMF Cryoco LLC HPD PHPK Technologies TS Italia SRL CryoCoax HSR AG Precision Measurements and Instruments Corp. Universal Cryogenics Cryocomp Hypres Inc. Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc. Vacuum Barrier Corporation Cryoconnect Imtek Cryogenics Quantum Design, Inc. Vacuum Energy Inc. Cryofab, Inc. Independence Cryogenic Engineering, LLC Quantum Technology Corp. Valcor Engineering Corporation Cryogas Tech Sdn. Bhd. Web Industries Indium Wire Extrusion* QuinStar Technology, Inc. Cryogenic Control Systems, Inc. WEKA AG Instant Systems, Inc. Ratermann Manufacturing, Inc. Cryogenic Industries, Nikkiso West Coast Solutions Intelline, Inc. Redstone Aerospace Cryogenic Institute of New England West Warwick Welding, Inc. International Cryogenics, Inc. RegO Cryogenic Limited * New member since last issue Inside This Issue

8 18 22 30

2020 BUYER’S GUIDE 33 Leybold Supplies Space Simulation Technology

35 Products and Services 82 KEK Publishes the International Working Group’s Recommendations for International 49 Alphabetical Listing Linear Collider

61 Supplier Profiles 85 Woman Hospitalized, Loses Gallbladder after Drinking Liquid Nitrogen at Florida Hotel FEATURES 86 Conference Connect 8 Securing Flight’s Clean Future with Cryogenics and Superconductivity COLUMNS

10 Development of an ISO Standard for the Testing of 6 Executive Director’s Letter Insulation Materials under Cryogenic Conditions SPOTLIGHTS 13 Quantum Consortium Holds Workshop on Advances in Cryogenic Technology 24 Phoenix Company of Chicago PkZ System Advances RF Cable Density with Ease 14 Liquid Nitrogen Enables Greener Tractor Trailers 28 RegO Announces Major Expansion of Manufacturing 15 A Filament Fit for Space: Silk Is Proven to Thrive Capabilities at its North Carolina Facility in Cryogenic Temperatures 31 Cryomech Breaks Ground on 16 LUX-ZEPLIN Cryostat Installed at Sanford New Manufacturing Facility Underground Research Facility

18 Cryoline Installation Begins at ITER 91 PRODUCT SHOWCASE

20 Cool and Dry: A Revolutionary Method for Cooling a 92 PEOPLE & COMPANIES Superconducting Accelerator Cavity 93 CALENDAR 22 First Magnet Installed for the ALPS II Experiment at DESY

26 Book Review: Low-Loss Storage and Handling of ON OUR COVER Cryogenic Liquids, 2nd Edition, by Bostock and Scurlock The LUX-ZEPLIN time projection chamber, the experiment’s main 29 New Cryogenic Hardware and Software Technologies detector, is pictured here in a Improve Biorepositories clean room at the Sanford Under- ground Research Facility before it was wrapped and delivered under- 30 Researchers Observe Exotic Radioactive Decay Process ground.

Image: Matthew Kapust, Sanford In all instances, “CSA CSM” indicates a Corporate Sustaining Member of CSA. Underground Research Facility

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 65 cryogenicsociety.org From the Executive Director

Cold Facts Magazine Welcome Coming in Cold Facts for 2020, Executive Editor to the 2020 Cold look for two new columns by out- LAURIE HUGET Facts Buyer’s standing contributors! In response Editor Guide! We to growing interest in hydrogen, in TATE PAGLIA bring you the relation to cryogenics and to its role Advertising Coordinator most compre- in the clean energy future, we are LEA MARTINEZ hensive collec- pleased to welcome James Fesmire, Online Marketing Manager tion of supplier former CSA president and senior JO SNYDER information on principal investigator for NASA Graphic Designer the international cryogenics and Kennedy Exploration Research ISRAEL REZA superconductivity industries avail- and Technology programs, and CSA Board of Technical Directors able. We spend the months after the Jacob Leachman, professor at Board Chairman print edition is in your hands up- Washington State University and JOHN WEISEND II European Spallation Source (ERIC) dating and correcting the listings, 2018 CSA Boom awardee. They will 46 46-888 31 50 checking continually to be sure the provide their distinct insights into President listings are accurate. We know our the hydrogen present and future. PETER SHIRRON, NASA Goddard 818-354-8751 readers keep this issue handy year They will be joining our distin- round for sourcing the products guished columnists John Weisend Past President MELORA LARSON, Jet Propulsion Laboratory and services they need. The online II of ESS (Cryo Bios), John Jurns of 321-867-7557 version will be updated regularly NIST (Cryo Oops) and our rotating as well. Space Cryogenics columnists orga- President-Elect JOHN PFOTENHAUER, University of Wisconsin– nized by Wesley Johnson of NASA Madison| 301-286-7327 This issue also contains some Glenn. Treasurer solid reporting on timely topics RICH DAUSMAN, Cryomech, Inc. 315-455-2555 you’ll want to know more about. We end 2019 with 139 Corporate Sustaining Members and Secretary JONATHAN DEMKO Our feature technology sec- more planning to join in 2020. We LeTourneau University tion focuses on cryogenics around thank our members and advertis- Executive Director the world and accelerators and ers for your loyal support. Without LAURIE HUGET Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708-383-6220 x 302 high energy research. Look for a you there would be no CSA. review of the second edition of Registered Agent Bostock and Scurlock’s “Low-Loss We also thank our board of WERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc. Storage and Handling of Cryogenic technical directors who help steer Technical Directors Liquids.” There are reports on the the society. PETER BRADLEY, NIST, Boulder European Cryogenics Days, the 3rd LANCE COOLEY, Center for Superconductivity, FSU International Workshop on Cooling Wishing all a happy and pros- SCOTT COURTS, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Systems for High Temperature perous 2020! ■

EILEEN CUNNINGHAM, Meyer Tool & Mfg. Superconductor Applications and the First Cryogenic Heat and Mass LUKAS GRABER, Georgia Institute of Technology Transfer Conference. We hope CARL KIRKCONNELL, West Coast Solutions you’ll find a lot to like! PETER KNUDSEN, MSU/FRIB MIKE MEYER, NASA Langley Research Center We have some exciting plans

CHRIS REY, Energy to Power Solutions (E2P) for the magazine for next year.

MARK ZAGAROLA, Creare LLC

Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published six times per year by the Editorial Board Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Contents ©2019 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. Randall Barron, John Pfotenhauer, University of Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to keep the ret. Louisiana Tech University Wisconsin-Madison information contained in this magazine accurate, the Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder information is not guaranteed and no responsibility is Robert Fagaly, ret. Honeywell Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, assumed for errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or merchantabil- Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames ret. University of Southampton ity or fitness for a particular purpose of the information Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab Nils Tellier, EPSIM Corporation contained herein, nor does CSA in any way endorse the Glen McIntosh, individuals and companies described in the magazine or the products and services they may provide. Cryogenic Analysis and Design LLC

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 66 cryogenicsociety.org

CRYOGENICS AROUND the WORLD

Securing Flight’s Clean Future with Cryogenics and Superconductivity

Joshua Feldman, a graduate student in the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign’s Haran Research Group, headed by Professor Kiruba Haran, is currently working to solve a rather lofty problem… literally. He and the Haran team are addressing the uncertain outcome of airline travel in an envirocentric future by developing a superconducting motor with the help of cryogenics. The goal is to produce a fully superconducting motor with an output of roughly 2.5 MW.

The International Civil Aviation Organization’s Air Transport Bureau re- Artist’s rendering of an advanced commercial transport aircraft concept utilizing CHEETA systems. ports that just over 2% of today’s global Image: Grainger College of Engineering/University of Illinois greenhouse gas emissions come from air travel, and that number is expected to Launched early this year, the Cryogenic “Rising greenhouse gas emissions at least triple in the next 30 years. While Hydrogen Energy Electric Transport are worrying, the rise and volatility of 2% may read as a small impact, aviation Aircraft (CHEETA), a $6 million, three-year fuel prices threatens the global economy is one of the fastest growing polluters on collaboration between the University of by making air travel less economical, and the planet. Some round trips, like New Illinois and several other research institu- noise from jet engines irritates local com- York to London, produce an average of tions, is designing a fully electric concept munities. These problems point to electric 986 kg of carbon dioxide per passenger. airplane for commercial air travel and de- propulsion, using alternative fuels, as our According to Atmosfair, a German non- veloping the technologies necessary for solution,” said Feldman in an interview profit monitoring and fighting the effects the plane’s realization. The group includes with Cold Facts. The proposed alternative of air travel on the environment, that’s Boeing Research and Technology, General fuel? Liquid hydrogen. more pollution from a single individual in Electric Global Research, the Ohio State one trip than a person living in one of the University, Massachusetts Institute of Given that weight and size are critical 56 lowest-emission countries will produce Technology, the University of Arkansas, factors for any piece of aviation equipment, in a year. the University of Dayton Research superconducting motors are an ideal solu- Institute and Rensselaer Polytechnic tion. In addition to eco-friendly emissions, This forecast has been cause for Institute. Including Haran’s group, with the motors will yield two benefits: increases concern among climate activists and en- its superconducting propulsion motors, in both power density and specific power. gineers alike. Groups around the world each of the teams is responsible for a dif- Superconducting motors can output more are investigating alternative propulsion ferent component of the plane including power than non-superconducting motors, methods and research is pointing to a aerodynamics, fuel storage, electronics while weighing less and taking up less promising option. and power systems, among others. space.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 68 cryogenicsociety.org Of course, a superconducting electrical motor is not without its challenges. “Our greatest obstacle will be managing the high AC losses produced by the stationary high temperature superconducting coils in the motor,” Feldman said. “While superconductors do not produce resistive losses, they will produce AC losses when carrying alternating currents in an alternating magnetic field. These losses scale with frequency, magnetic field, flux density and size.”

While a commercial cryocooler may be able to handle low frequency applications like wind turbines, high frequency applications like aircraft propulsion require Haran Research Group, headed by Professor Kiruba Haran, front row, fourth from left, and Joshua Feldman, much more cooling consideration. “Our back row, fifth from left. Image: Jianqiao Xiao motor will spin at 3000 to 4500 rpm,” says containing forced liq- Feldman. “The losses are orders of magni- uid hydrogen flow. tude higher than wind turbines and pose a These pipes would significant challenge. At this frequency, we contact a metal heat expect our motor to produce around 3000 to sink, which would 4000 Watts of heat.” contact the coils, which would then This presents Haran’s group with two conduct heat from the major challenges: how to design the elec- coils into the pipes tromagnetic components so as to minimize where the hydrogen the AC losses and how to keep the whole would absorb it. system cold enough. Feldman is focused on the latter. This simplified overview minimizes Liquid hydrogen has a boiling point of the myriad of consid- 20 K, which happens to be a suitable operat- erations Feldman’s CAD drawing of superconducting motor. Image: Joshua Feldman and Noah Salk ing temperature for the motor. This allows research must ad- the hydrogen to serve a dual purpose. “In dress: “How do we orient the pipes? How to reference. While pioneering the research addition to supplying power to the plane do we bond the coils to the heat sink? How and development, the team must also ac- via fuel cells, the hydrogen will function as a do we size the pipes? How do we integrate count for the lack of infrastructure. The cryogen to maintain the motor at supercon- such a design with our mechanical model, Haran group must reconcile the fact that ducting temperatures,” he said. “Since we including the necessary vacuum chamber? large-scale hydrogen production, manage- will have to heat the hydrogen anyway for it How do we ensure mechanical integrity as ment and commercial storage means are not to reach the required temperature of the fuel the system experiences various forces and yet in place. Add to that the notorious reluc- cell, we might as well heat it using the heat torques? The rotating field coils, while pro- tance of major industries to adopt new tech- generated by the superconducting motor, ducing minimal losses, must also be cooled. nologies and the obstacles begin to stack up. cable conduit and power electronics. This Do we use liquid hydrogen pipes to cool essentially gives us ‘free cooling,’ meaning these coils as well? If so, how do we couple But the CHEETA team remains unde- that we do not need an extra refrigeration or stationary fluid flow to rotating flow?” he terred. They plan on completing component liquefaction system as would be needed in asks in rapid-fire succession. “These con- designs for the airplane by Year Two and other superconducting applications.” siderations should give you an idea of the demonstrating system technologies by Year design process we are undertaking.” Three. For his part, Feldman says their plan In other words, the plane’s supply of is progressing. The team is constructing a 3D cold liquid hydrogen will absorb the heat That design process—and answering model of the system and running thermal produced by the superconducting coils the questions surrounding it—is no small and mechanical simulations over the course in the motor, changing from liquid to gas undertaking. Feldman says superconduct- of the next year. After that, they will build a in the process, before heading to the fuel ing machine technology is “virtually nonex- component-level model demonstrating the cell. Feldman notes that there are differ- istent” today; he and his team are creating design’s viability, then release papers or ent approaches they could take to achieve a considerable amount of the research that conference proceedings documenting their this. One he is evaluating is to use pipes in other areas would be available for them findings. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 69 cryogenicsociety.org Development of an ISO Standard for the Testing of Insulation Materials under Cryogenic Conditions by Sebastien Viale, Technip FMC, [email protected] and Barry Meneghelli, Cryogenics Test Laboratory, Kennedy Space Center, [email protected]

The mission of the International The Liquid Spill (ISO 20088-1) part of The test methods described within Organization for Standardization (ISO) the standard describes a method for de- ISO 20088 are repeatable and reproducible is to create reference standards that termining the resistance of CSP materi- between test laboratories that include the identify requirements, specifications, als due to the release of a large volume following: guidelines and characteristics that can be of cryogenic liquid onto a material like used consistently by manufacturers and deck plating. It covers cryogenic release 1. Liquid release users to ensure that materials, products, scenarios which can lead to pooling con- 1a. Cybernetix Test Laboratory, France processes and services are fit for their ditions for carbon steel work protected 1b. Komeri, South Korea purpose. Working Groups (WGs), whose by CSP as a result of a jet release or low 2. Vapor release memberships include both governmen- pressure release of LNG or liquid nitro- 2a. Cryogenics Test Laboratory, tal and non-governmental international gen (LN2). Kennedy Space Center, US organizations, develop these standards. 2b. Spadeadam Testing and Research In comparison, Part 2 (ISO 20088-2) of Facility, UK During the past several years, a joint the standard simulates the effect of cold 3. Jet Fire WG composed of ISO TC 8[1] and ISO cryogenic vapor on material such as walls, 3a. Spadeadam Testing and Research TC 67[2] members has been focused on flanges, I-beams, etc. In this case, the lique- Facility, UK the development of a new standard (ISO faction of the jet is practically zero. 3b. RISE Trondheim, Norway 20088) for determining the resistance of insulation materials that are used for Finally, the Jet Release (ISO 20088-3) Additional work on this standard is fo- Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) portion of the standard tests the effec- cused on the development of a fourth part facilities to deter cryogenic spillage. tiveness of insulation material when a (20088-4) that discusses testing procedures jet of cryogenic liquid impinges directly to cover those cases where insulation materi- The handling, storage and trans- on insulated ship material as a result of als are subjected to an ignited cryogenic jet. porting of liquefied natural gas (LNG) a pressurized release which does not re- Discussions are ongoing to extend current requires cryogenic insulation of storage sult in the immersion conditions that are cryogenic spillage work to future liquid hy- tanks, piping, valves and various other present in Part 1. drogen use. components to keep the LNG at a temperature of -260 °F (-162 °C). Cryogenic LN2 was used as the cryogenic me- The authors wish to thank all members of the Spillage Protection (CSP) systems of vari- dium during the development of the joint Working Group (TC8 & TC67) for their time ous thicknesses and compositions can be standard since it has a lower boiling and efforts in developing ISO 20088. Additionally, applied on top of the carbon steel of the point than LNG, is not flammable and thanks to all laboratory support personnel at the ship’s hull and around piping, valves, can be safely used for experiments by testing facilities for their assistance in sample etc., as a thermal protective barrier. test laboratories familiar with cryogenic preparation and data collection. safety and the use of proper personal With any of these systems comes the protective equipment when handling References: need for the best materials to mitigate cryogenic liquids. [1] Ships and Marine Technology-Participating the risk of a potential spill or fire. The Members (17): China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, intent of the new ISO standard is to set As much as possible, the procedures Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Republic test parameters that will allow the pro- developed within the standard were de- of Korea, Netherlands, Panama, Russian Federation, ducers of insulation material to test their signed to simulate some of the conditions Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United products and ensure they will stand up to that occur in actual cryogenic spillage, States. Observing Members (13): Australia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, the types of cryogenic spills, leaks, etc., liquid release and vaporization, as well Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia. that may occur on an FLNG. as a cryogenic jet release. Operators fa- [2] Materials, equipment and offshore structures for miliar with cryogenic release scenarios petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries- ISO STANDARD 20088 were consulted to ensure that realistic Participating Members (18): Australia, Belgium, Brazil, temperature and pressure parameters China, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic The new standard is composed of were embedded within the test require- of Korea, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Qatar, Spain, three parts: Part 1-Liquid Spill, Part 2- ments of the standard since it was not Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. Observing Members (4): Argentina, Canada, Romania, Singapore. ■ Vapor Release and Part 3-Jet Release. practical to cover all potential conditions.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 610 cryogenicsociety.org

Quantum Consortium Holds Workshop on Advances in Cryogenic Technology

The Quantum Economic Development are developing quantum-based systems power requirements would enable com- Consortium (QED-C), a cooperative re- that require advanced cryogenic cooling mercial applications that are not feasible search and development effort led by the also participated in the workshop. today. For many at research universities US Department of Commerce’s National and in small companies, cost of the sys- Institute of Standards and Technology “Cryogenics is slowing progress tems that are required for certain applica- (NIST) and SRI International, held a work- toward the establishment of a quantum tions, which can be more than $1 million, shop November 6-7 in Bozeman MT to industry, which will have both economic is a barrier to entry. Finally, the dwindling identify cryogenic technology advances and national security implications, and pipeline of workers educated in relevant that will enable a tenfold improvement in which will create benefits to mankind areas is a growing problem for companies quantum information science and technol- that we can only dream of today,” noted in the field. ogy (QIST) in the next decade via a pro- Luke Mauritsen, founder and CEO of gram called 10X10. Quantum computing Montana Instruments. Workshop par- The workshop, which was supported based on superconducting technologies is ticipants identified cryogenic capabili- by NIST and the State of Montana as well just one example of a quantum application ties that, if realized, would accelerate as QED-C participating companies, will that requires cooling to ultralow tempera- the pace of research and innovation and inform QED-C and NIST on strategies and tures. QED-C participants from across the enable development and deployment of R&D investments for advancing cryogen- quantum ecosystem will use the workshop quantum technologies for sensing, com- ics to enable growth in the quantum indus- output to create a roadmap regarding cryo- munications and computing. try. “There is a chicken and egg problem,” genic technologies for QIST applications. according to Sae Woo Nam, staff scientist “The workshop brought together the at NIST and a leading expert in advanced Representatives from quantum- cryo users in the QIST community and cryo cryogenics. “The quantum market is still related businesses and institutions met makers with the goal of helping manufac- small, so cryo companies can't justify in- to assess needs and develop a roadmap turers better understand the challenging vesting in the necessary R&D, which is for cryogenic technologies to accelerate requirements of quantum systems,” said slowing advances in quantum application QIST R&D and commercialization. Top Celia Merzbacher, QED-C associate direc- development.” US cryogenic companies participated, tor. “Connections that were made may including Advanced Research Systems lead to breakthroughs that can have real This was the first QED-C workshop (CSA CSM), ColdEdge, Creare (CSA impacts.” on an enabling technology for advancing CSM), Cryomech (CSA CSM), HPD (CSA the US quantum industry. Such workshops CSM), Janis Research (CSA CSM), Lake The workshop identified major needs: and roadmaps will guide consortium ef- Shore Cryotronics (CSA CSM), Montana Faster cycle time, which in some cases can forts and provide members insight on the Instruments, and Quantum Design (CSA take days, is needed to increase the rate of quantum industry. For more about QED-C, CSM). A cross-section of companies that research. Reductions in size, weight and go to https://quantumconsortium.org. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 613 cryogenicsociety.org Liquid Nitrogen Enables Greener Tractor Trailers

Hyundai Translead and Dearman Engine bulky while releasing six times the emissions of Atlanta, follows a similar pattern. It features a Company, Ltd. are developing liquid nitrogen standard trailers, forcing transportation and lo- 250-gallon LN reservoir under the trailer that

(LN2) alternatives to traditional diesel-powered gistics companies to look for new technologies. maintains the nitrogen at -328 °F and can be compressors in refrigerated tractor-trailers. filled for roughly $100 at today’s pricing. Each These low or zero emission alternatives seek Enter liquid nitrogen. Hyundai and tank lasts from three to four days, depending to reduce the increasing effects of commercial Dearman have independently introduced on the set temperature within the trailer. To and industrial trailer transportation, including refrigerator trailers sans “reefer” units. maintain these temperatures, the trailers had pollution and capital expenses. Dearman has developed what it calls “more to be redesigned without the traditional rivet- efficient, cost competitive, high performing and-post construction technique. Each trailer is According to the US Bureau of and zero emission” units to compete with a collection of foam panels layered together to Transportation Statistics, over 63% of North diesel refrigeration. The Dearman Transport prevent cold loss via aluminum construction American freight is transported by tractor- Refrigeration Unit (TRU) reduces nitrogen materials. trailer. Comparatively, railway transportation, oxides and particulate matter emissions pro- the second most common method, accounts duced by traditional reefer units by 70% and With fewer moving parts and less frequent for 18.5%. This nearly two-thirds of national 90%, respectively. By circulating LN2 instead servicing requirements—Hyundai claims its freight includes the over half a million refrig- of running a diesel unit, the Dearman TRU units require maintenance once every 2,000 erated trailers that are transporting 90% of is quieter, just 60 dB, and faster; it’s able to hours of runtime—operators can expected less American food. “pulldown” to -21 °C in less than 30 minutes overhead needed for service stops and repairs. compared to the minimum of two hours These trailers rely on a diesel-powered needed for today’s trailers. Hyundai also announced a hydrogen- “reefer” unit consisting of a compressor, con- powered tractor at NACVS. The HDC-6 denser and evaporator that takes gaseous re- Hyundai’s HT Nitro ThermoTech trailer, Neptune concept received attention as the frigerant and compresses it into liquid coolant. introduced late in October at this year’s North company’s entrance into a developing market These systems are inefficient, expensive and American Commercial Vehicle Show in occupied by the likes of Toyota and Nikola. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 614 cryogenicsociety.org A Filament Fit for Space: Silk Is Proven to Thrive in Cryogenic Temperatures

In early October, an interna- The scales studied include tional group of researchers at the the micron size of the fiber, the Oxford Silk Group, led by profes- submicron size of a filament sor Fritz Vollrath, of the Oxford bundle, the nanoscale of the fi- Zoology department, discovered brils, the supramolecular level that silk's toughness under cryo- structures and single molecules. genic conditions is based on its Against the backdrop of cutting nano-scale fibrils. Submicroscopic edge science and futuristic appli- order and hierarchy allows silk to cations it is worth remembering withstand temperatures down to that silk is not only a 100% bio- -200 ˚C, possibly even lower. This logical fiber but also an agricul- would make these classic, natural tural product with millennia of fibers ideal for applications in the research and development. depths of chilly outer space. This study has far-reaching The interdisciplinary team, implications that suggest a broad including Chinese and British re- spectrum of novel applications searchers, examined the behavior for silks ranging from new ma- and function of several animal terials for use in Earth's polar Spider webs moving towards positive and negative electrodes. silks cooled down to liquid nitro- Image: Oxford Silk Group regions to novel composites for gen temperatures of -196 ˚C. The lightweight airplanes and kites fibers included spider silks but the study indeed become stiffer as they get colder. The flying in the strato- and mesosphere to, per- focused on the thicker and much more novelty and importance of the results lies in haps, even giant webs spun by robot spiders commercial fibers of the wild silkworm the conclusion that this stiffening leads to to catch astro-junk in space. Antheraea pernyi. increased friction between the fibrils. “We envision that this study will lead In an article published in Materials This friction increases crack-energy di- to the design and fabrication of new fami- Chemistry Frontiers, the team was able version while also resisting fibril slippage. lies of tough structural filaments and com- to show not only that, but also how, silk Changing temperature would also modulate posites using both natural and silk-inspired increases its toughness under conditions attraction between individual silk protein filaments for applications in extreme cold where most materials would become very molecules in turn affecting core properties conditions such as space,” said Vollrath. brittle. of each fibril, which comprises many thousands of molecules. Dr. Juan Guan from the School of Silk seems to contradict the fundamen- Materials Science and Engineering at tal understanding of polymer science by not Importantly, the research is able to Beihang University in Beijing, said, “This losing but gaining durability under cold describe the toughening process on both study provides novel insights into our conditions by becoming both stronger and the micron and nanoscale levels. The team understanding of the structure-property more stretchable. It turns out that the under- concludes that any crack that tears through relationships of natural high performance lying processes rely on the many nano-sized the material is diverted each time it hits a materials which we hope will lead to fabri- fibrils that make up the core of a silk fiber. nano-fibril forcing it to lose ever more en- cating man-made polymers and composites Professor Zhengzhong Shao, of the macro- ergy in the many detours it has to negotiate. for low temperature and high impact appli- molecular science department of Shanghai's Thus, a silk fiber only breaks when the hun- cations.” Fudan University, said, “We’ve concluded dreds or thousands of nano-fibrils have first that the exceptional mechanical toughness stretched, slipped and individually snapped. The next steps of the research will fur- of silk fiber at cryogenic temperatures de- ther test its properties. A spinout company, rives from its highly aligned and oriented, The discovery is pushing boundaries Spintex Ltd., from Oxford University, partly relatively independent and extensible nano- because it studied a material in the concep- funded by an EU H 2020 grant, is exploring fibrillar morphology.” tually difficult and technologically challeng- spinning silk proteins like spiders and fo- ing area that not only spans the micron and cuses on copying the submicron structures In line with traditional polymer theory, nanoscales, but also has to be studied at of bundled fibrils. ■ the study asserts that the individual fibrils do cryogenic temperatures.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 615 cryogenicsociety.org LUX-ZEPLIN Cryostat Installed at Sanford Underground Research Facility

On October 21, crews at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota strapped the cryostat containing the central component of LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ), the largest direct-detection dark matter experiment in the US, below an eleva- tor and slowly lowered it 4,850 feet down a shaft formerly used in gold-mining operations. This final journey of LZ’s central detector to its resting place in a custom-built research cavern required extensive planning and involved two test moves of a “dummy” detector to ensure its safe delivery.

The cryostat is a large tank, assembled from ultrapure titanium, about 5 1/2 feet in diameter. It contains systems with a total The LUX-ZEPLIN time projection chamber, the experiment’s main detector, is pictured here in a clean room of 625 photomultiplier tubes that are po- at the Sanford Underground Research Facility before it was wrapped up and delivered underground. sitioned at its top and bottom. These tubes Image: Matthew Kapust/Sanford Underground Research Facility are designed to capture flashes of light produced in particle interactions. with other cranes to see how it would react during its journey was a high priority—even when suspended. We also completed anal- the slightest traces of dust and dirt could ulti- “This was the most challenging move ysis and testing to ensure it would remain mately affect its measurements. of a detector system that I have ever done nice and straight in the shaft.” in decades of working on experiments,” “From a science perspective, we wanted said Jeff Cherwinka, the LZ chief engineer He added, “The ride was slow, right the detector to come down exactly as it was from the University of Wisconsin, who led around 100 feet per minute. The ride to the on the surface,” she said. “The structural the planning effort for the move along with 4,850-foot level typically takes 13-15 min- integrity is incredibly important, but so is SURF engineers and other support. utes. Today, it took close to 45 minutes. I cleanliness; we’ve been building this detec- rode in the cage, watching it through an in- tor for 10 months in a clean room. Before Jake Davis, a SURF mechanical engi- spection port in the floor. There was a huge the move, the detector was bagged twice neer who worked on the cryostat move, sigh of relief after the move, but there’s still and inserted in the transporter structure. said, “Between the size of the device, the a lot of work ahead to finish LZ.” Then, the transporter was wrapped with confines of the space and the multiple another layer of strong plastic. We also need groups involved in the move, the entire pro- Theresa Fruth, a postdoctoral research to move all our equipment underground so cess required rigorous attention to both the fellow at University College London who we can do the rest of the installation work.” design and the scheduling. Prior to rigging works on LZ’s central detector, said that keep- the detector under the cage, we did testing ing LZ well sealed from any contaminants The central detector, known as the

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 616 cryogenicsociety.org LZ cryostat and time projection chamber, will ultimately be filled with 10 tons of liquid xenon that will be chilled to -148 ˚F. Scientists hope to see telltale signals of dark matter particles that are produced as they interact with the heavy xenon atoms in this cryostat.

The liquid form of xenon, a very rare element, is so dense that a chunk of granite can float atop its surface. It is this density, owing to the heavy atomic weight of xenon, which makes it a good candidate for captur- ing particle interactions.

Pawel Majewski of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK, who led From left: Jack Bargemann, Simon Fiorucci, Alvine Kamaha, Charles Maupin, Jake Davis, Jeff Cherwinka, Pawel the design, fabrication, cleaning and de- Majewski and Doug Tiedt, welcome the arrival of the LUX-ZEPLIN central detector to the 4,850-foot level at the Sanford Underground Research Laboratory. The detector, which is lying on its side, will ultimately be livery of LZ’s inner cryostat vessel for surrounded by several other tanks. Image: Matthew Kapust/Sanford Underground Research Facility the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, said, “It is extremely gratifying the universe, though we don’t yet know 100 times more sensitive than its predeces- to see it… holding the heart of the experi- what it’s made of and have only detected it sor experiment, called LUX, which operated ment and resting in its final place in the through its gravitational effects on normal in the same underground space. Placing LZ Davis campus, one mile underground.” matter. LZ is designed to hunt for theorized deep underground serves to shield it from dark space matter particles called WIMPs, much of the steady bombardment of particles Dark matter makes up about 27% of or weakly interacting massive particles. It is that are present at the Earth’s surface. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 617 cryogenicsociety.org Cryoline Installation Begins at ITER

In September, the installation of the first sections of cryoline began at the low- ermost level of ITER's tokamak building in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.

In the ITER tokamak, several components need to be cooled to extremely low temperatures—sometimes as intense as in the most frigid places in the universe. The massive quantity of cooling fluids that ITER requires is produced in the cryoplant, an industrial installation as high as a seven-story building and with a footprint the size of two soccer fields. Now, this “cold factory” ranks as the most powerful single-platform cryo- The cooling fluids produced by the cryoplant reach their “clients” in the ITER Tokamak by way of cryolines— plant in the world. high-technology components manufactured under Indian Domestic Agency contract partly in India and partly in France. Image: ITER Inside the cryoplant, 5,000 tons of equipment and machines—including cold boxes, compressors, phase separators, dryers and pumps—will process helium and nitrogen in different phases. Liquid nitrogen, at 80 K or -193 °C, will be used as a pre-cooler in the helium liquefaction process. Liquid helium, at 4 K or -269 °C, will cool the magnets and cryopumps, and gaseous helium at 80 K will supply the thermal shield.

The cooling fluids produced by the cryoplant will be delivered to an array of Two sections of lines are positioned and ready to be welded. Controlling the alignment is essential, and each some 30 feeders connected to the tokamak. step is carefully monitored by the ITER cryogenics project team (here cryogenic technical engineer Adrien Forgeas). Image: ITER Before reaching the feeders, however, the fluids will need to travel the distance in France, the cryolines form a 2.7-kilo- cryoline sections need to be particularly between the cryostat and the tokamak meter (1.67 miles) network that circles the robust. Not only do they have to carry the building—a 300-meter journey through the bioshield and connects to the feeders at the full weight of the cryolines, but they must insulated piping of the cryolines. lower and upper levels of the machine. also withstand the forces that will be generated when the cryolines contract under the From the outside, a 10-meter-long (32.8 In the lowest basement level of the to- effect of intense cold—when liquid helium feet) cryoline section looks like an ordinary kamak building, the first cryoline sections, at 4 K begins to flow inside the cryolines, a steel pipe. Inside, it is a high technology weighing an average of one to three tons, are 10-meter pipe will shrink in length by three component, ranging from 25 to 1000 milli- now in place. “We have to be very careful centimeters. Although flexible bellows will meters in diameter and hosting up to seven in positioning the sections, with tolerances absorb part of the shrinking, the force ex- inner pipes, each dedicated to carrying a that do not exceed a few millimeters,” says erted on the supports will be in the range of different fluid. David Grillot, the head of ITER Cryogenic a dozen tons. System Section. The cryoline network is a vacuum ves- There are approximately 500 sections sel in its own right, with every inner pipe Once a section is positioned, each indi- to install throughout the entire building carefully and individually insulated to vidual inside pipe must be welded, as must and roughly 50 cryoline sections need to prevent thermal losses through convection, the external jacket and its corresponding be positioned and welded in the gallery at radiation or conduction. inner thermal shield. the basement level of the tokamak building. Once they reached “cruising speed,” Manufactured under Indian Domestic Welded to the embedded plates in the the teams expected to be able install three Agency contract partly in India and partly gallery's ceiling, the supports holding the sections per week. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 618 cryogenicsociety.org

Cool and Dry: A Revolutionary Method for Cooling a Superconducting Accelerator Cavity by Charles Thangaraj, science and technology manager, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, [email protected]

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA CSM) scientists and engineers have achieved a landmark result in an ongoing effort to design and build compact portable particle accelerators. Our group successfully demonstrated a new, efficient way to cool superconducting accelerator components, cutting down on the bulk of the traditional cooling infrastructure needed for this technology.

The importance of this advancement is apparent if you happen to walk around the Fermilab site. You really can’t miss it: particle accelerators built for discovery are big machines. They stretch for hundreds of meters, even kilometers. They also require large and complex in- frastructures, which restrict their use pri- marily to science research laboratories.

And yet particle accelerators are very useful tools outside science research labs. For the first time, a team at Fermilab has cooled and operated a superconducting radio frequency cavity—a They have applications in security, medi- crucial component of superconducting particle accelerators using cryogenic refrigerators—with cryocoolers, breaking the tradition of cooling cavities by immersing them in a bath of liquid helium. It achieved an cine, manufacturing and roadways. Their accelerating gradient of 6.6 million volts per meter. Image: Marty Murphy impact might be even greater if we could make these traditionally giant machines compact. Miniaturize them. Design high This new method, based on a the first successful results by our new power accelerators that could fit, literally, Fermilab idea patented five years ago, method were delivered: an accelerator inside the back of a truck. uses cryogenic refrigerators, or cryocool- gradient of 6.6 million volts per meter. ers, for removing the heat dissipated by That is already sufficient for the applica- At Fermilab, we relish such practical a superconducting accelerator cavity. By tions we have in mind, and still we know physics challenges. And last month, our compressing and expanding helium gas we can do better. team rose to the challenge, achieving a across a regenerative heat exchanger in major milestone in our quest to realize a closed cycle, the cryocoolers produce Superconducting cavities used in powerful, compact accelerators that have cooling without letting the helium out. large accelerators are usually cooled to an impact on our everyday lives. The This closed-cycle operation of cryocool- around 2 kelvins, colder than the 2.7 kel- core team included Ram Dhuley (CSA’s ers makes our system very compact— vins (minus 455 degrees Fahrenheit) of 2019 William E. Gifford Award winner), more than the standard liquid helium outer space. The typical way to achieve Michael Geelhoed, Sam Posen and me. cooling equipment used by traditional this is by immersing the cavities in liq- accelerator cavities. uid helium and pumping on the helium Combining a verve for practical- to lower its pressure, and therefore its ity with cutting-edge science, our team Superconducting cavities are cru- temperature. All of this requires large successfully demonstrated a new, revo- cial components in particle accelerators, and complex cryogenic systems, a factor lutionary method for cooling a supercon- propelling the particle beam to higher that severely limits the portability and ducting accelerator cavity without using energies by giving it an electromagnetic therefore the potential applications of su- liquid helium—counterintuitive for most push. We used a 650-megahertz niobium perconducting accelerators in industrial in accelerator science. cavity, and we all watched with pride as and other environments.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 620 cryogenicsociety.org Celebrating the success of the first results from the conduction-cooling project are, from left: Michael Geelhoed, Ram Dhuley, Sam Posen and Charles Thangaraj. Image: Laura Rogas

Our team broke this barrier by success- innovation that could allow new industries fully realizing a technique conceptualized to emerge. At Fermilab, we will continue to by Fermilab physicist Bob Kephart, now apply our frontier technologies for novel retired. The technique proposed to make applications beyond discovery science. superconducting accelerators practical by This major breakthrough is an exciting step 1) coating a thin layer of a material called in that direction, and we will continue to niobium-tin to the inside of the niobium push the envelope. cavities, and 2) cooling the coated cavi- …………………………………… ties using cryocoolers via conduction links connecting the two. The cryocooler-cavity The project is among three awarded setup dispenses with a bath of cryogenic funding by the DOE to improve accel- liquid and any need for a cryogenic plant erator technologies across a wide range to achieve superconductivity. of applications. The DOE cited this group for “designing an economical, supercon- The demonstration also shows how ducting radio frequency particle-acceler- this method could simplify superconduct- ating structure capable of producing high ing accelerators and make them accessible power, high energy electron beams for for broader needs beyond basic science: environmental applications. A key to the better pavements, wastewater treatment, accelerator’s economy is a new cryocool- medical device sterilization and advanced ing technique, which will significantly sim- manufacturing. plify the conventional accelerator-cooling infrastructure that uses liquid helium. The Applying the scientific breakthroughs partnership will design the accelerating at Fermilab and transforming them to structure and develop plans to demon- solve challenges outside fundamental sci- strate the operation of a prototype struc- ence involves systematic entrepreneurial ture using the cryocooling technique.” thinking—identifying an opportunity and asking and answering a whole host This project is supported by the of questions to validate the opportunity. Laboratory Directed Research and A great value in all of this is converting Development Program at Fermilab. The Department of Energy’s (DOE) invest- work is also supported by the DOE Office ment in science and technology into of Science. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 621 cryogenicsociety.org Artist's impression of the ALPS II experiment. Image: DESY, Scicom Lab First Magnet Installed for the ALPS II Experiment at DESY

The international Any Light Particle will be able to start the search in the first of very lightweight particles with specific Search (ALPS) II collaboration installed the half of 2021.” properties. An example is the axion, which first of 24 superconducting magnets in mid- was originally postulated to explain aspects October, marking the start of the installa- Dark matter is one of the greatest mys- of the strong interaction, one of the funda- tion of a unique particle physics experiment teries in physics. Observations and calcula- mental forces of nature. There are also puz- to look for dark matter. Located at DESY, tions of the motion of stars in galaxies, for zling astrophysical observations, such as the German research center in Hamburg, it example, show that there must be more discrepancies in the evolution of stellar sys- is set to start taking data in 2021 by looking matter in the universe than we can account tems, which might also be explained by the for dark matter particles that literally make for with matter particles known today. In existence of axions or axion-like particles. light shine through a wall, thus provid- fact, dark matter must make up 85% of all ing clues to one of the biggest questions in the matter in the universe. However, we This is where ALPS II comes in. It is physics today: what is the nature of dark currently don’t know what it is. But we designed to create and detect those axions. matter? know that it does not interact with regular A strong magnetic field can make axions matter and is essentially invisible, so it is switch to photons and vice versa. “This “It is very exciting to see the project called “dark.” bizarre property was already exploited in that many of us have been working on the initial ALPS I experiment which we ran for so many years finally taking shape in There are several theories that try to from 2007 to 2010. Despite its limited size, the tunnel,” Axel Linder, DESY’s ALPS-II explain the nature of dark matter and the it achieved the worldwide best sensitivi- spokesman, said. “When installation and particles it may consist of. One of these ties for these kinds of experiments,” said commissioning proceed as planned we theories states that dark matter consists Benno Willke, the leader of ALPS and the

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 622 cryogenicsociety.org laser development group at the Max Planck possible by the increased length of the Institute) and the Institute for Gravitational Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert magnet strings but also by significant Physics at Leibniz Universität of Hanover, Einstein Institute) and at the Institute for advances in optical technologies. “These the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Gravitational Physics at Leibniz Universität advances emerged from the work on the University of Florida in Gainesville and of Hanover. gravitational wave interferometers such Cardiff University. Beyond that, the col- as GEO600 and LIGO, and nicely show laboration is supported by partners world- ALPS II is being set up in a straight how technological advances in one area wide like the National Metrology Institute tunnel section of DESY’s former particle enable progress in others,” said co- (PTB) in Germany and the US National physics accelerator HERA. Twenty-four spokesperson Guido Mueller from the Institute of Standards and Technology. superconducting accelerator magnets, University of Florida in Gainesville. The experiment is mainly funded by DESY, twelve on either side of a wall, house two the Heising-Simons Foundation, the US 120-meter-long optical cavities. A power- ALPS II is also an example of recycling National Science Foundation, the German ful and intricate laser system produces in research: it not only reuses a stretch of Volkswagen Stiftung and German Research light that is amplified by the cavity inside tunnel that once housed DESY’s flagship Foundation (DFG). the magnetic field and will, to a very small particle accelerator, but it also reuses the fraction, convert into dark matter particles. very magnets that drove protons around At DESY, ALPS II might be only A light-blocking barrier—a wall—separates the ring until 2007. These magnets needed the first experiment within a new stra- the second compartment of ALPS II, but is to be reengineered to fit the ALPS purposes: tegic approach to tackle dark matter. no hurdle for axions and similar particles the slight bend needed in an accelerator “International collaborations are pre- that can easily pass through it. In the sec- ring had to be removed to allow photons to paring the IAXO experiment to search ond cavity dark matter particles would con- propagate through them. for axions emitted by the sun as well as vert back into light. The tiny signal will be the MADMAX detector, which will look picked up by dedicated detection systems. The ALPS II collaboration consists directly for axions as constituents of the of some 25 scientists from these insti- local dark matter surrounding us,” ex- The more than 1,000-fold improve- tutes: DESY, the Max Planck Institute for plained Joachim Mnich, DESY’s director ment in sensitivity of ALPS II is made Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein for particle physics. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 623 cryogenicsociety.org SPOTLIGHT ON A NEW CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM) Phoenix Company of Chicago PkZ® System Advances RF Cable Density with Ease

The Phoenix Company of Chicago has change in impedance that degrades signal in- freely in any sequence desired. Attenuator developed a complete interconnect system for tegrity. Thermal expansion and contraction values (up to 30 dB) can be replaced without cryogenic-based quantum computing applica- within cryogenic systems further compli- removing the cable assemblies from their tions featuring its patented PkZ technology. cates these axial mating challenges. The PkZ housings. Innovative PkZ contact design and contact has been designed to overcome these the use of specialized housings make these The PkZ system, a drop-in upgrade to issues by providing constant impedance and features possible. the existing RF interconnect set, includes all uninterrupted electrical performance over connections from external microwave cables axial mating tolerances commonly found in The Phoenix Company’s quantum com- through a hermetic header into each level of modular applications. puting-focused designs and processes are the cryostat down to the quantum processor. highly adaptable. Established configurations Semi-rigid CuNi cables transmit the RF signals The chart depicts gated VSWR perfor- can be modified to suit various cable types to the processor, while the contact housings mance of a size 12 PkZ mated pair to 40 GHz and cryogenic tanks or can be reconfigured and hermetic header keeps lines organized, at three stages of mating. The results are quite to meet the requirements of other low tem- connected and properly thermalized. stable from full engagement to a separation perature applications. US-based, in-house of 0.070", making the PkZ an ideal solution capabilities, along with a strong desire to The heart of this system is the blindmate for high density modular applications. With serve customers, facilitates innovative solu- constant impedance PkZ contact. Designed an axial mating tolerance up to 0.110”, PkZ tions to meet specific program requirements. with optional embedded attenuation for contact technology is the primary choice for mass interconnection, the system replaces demanding modular applications. For 50 years, The Phoenix Company of thread-on SMA connectors and attenuators. Chicago has reached success across a wide The PkZ housings fit existing cryostat ports The PkZ contact’s constant impedance range of markets including telecom, medi- and contain up to 64 RF lines; effectively performance facilitates a high density modular cal, defense and aerospace. Their custom doubling the number provided by SMA in- design greatly easing installation and mainte- housings and PkZ contacts can be found stallations, while simplifying mating of all 64 nance. Semi-rigid cable assemblies are snapped in numerous cellular base stations, highly lines with one plug-in operation. into their housings and shipped as complete sensitive MRI equipment, ruggedized 64-line subassemblies ready for cryostat instal- military vehicles and commercial avion- All high density blindmate connectors lation on arrival. Likewise, all 64 lines (within a ics systems, among others. The Phoenix feature slide-on contacts that often operate level) can be removed from the cryostat in one Company of Chicago offers a wide range of in challenging applications involving sys- simple operation. This allows a cable or attenu- flexibility and customization to customers tem tolerance stack-ups, which prevent the ator change to be performed on a stable work by maintaining control of the entire pro- contacts from fully mating. With a typical surface rather than in the confines of the cryo- cess from design through manufacturing at contact, this mating gap alters the dielectric stat itself. Once a subassembly is transferred their integrated facility in Naugatuck CT. constant and ratio of conductors producing a from tank to table, cables can be replaced http://phoenixofchicago.com ■

VSWR performance of a size 12 PkZ mated pair to 40 GHz at three stages of mating. Image: The Phoenix Company of Chicago

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 624 cryogenicsociety.org

Book Review: Low-Loss Storage and Handling of Cryogenic Liquids, 2nd Edition, by Bostock and Scurlock by Mike Garrett, former innovation director for BOC Group, [email protected]

The control of fire was one of mankind’s interesting account of the presence of low solu- earliest achievements; the generation, under- bility impurities and the role of water and ice in standing and use of cold began only a few jet fuel in the Boeing 777 accident at Heathrow. centuries ago. Developments were slow at first, but lately have increased rapidly and Chapter 6 introduces the topic of han- the comprehensive, practical text of the first dling and transfer of cryogenic liquids, in- book on low loss handling and storage from cluding the important difference between 2006 has already reached a second edition subcooled liquids that behave similarly to with valuable new material added. The over- water and those—near the boiling point and all structure has been maintained, featuring with the advent of two-phase flow—which clear contents pages listing headings and do not. Techniques of minimizing flash loss subtopics together with a useful index. Each and efficient cooldown are explained with ex- chapter ends with a summary of the teach- amples, along with safety advice on avoidance ings and a reference list. of excessive flash loss and pressure surges.

The first chapter, Introduction, con- Chapter 7 continues with comments on tains a brief history of the Southampton the design and operation of low loss storage University facility and early work with vessels and other containers and includes cryostats at the Clarendon Lab that led to very pertinent advice on materials, joints the development of baffles utilizing the and metal porosity—especially when the lat- sensible heat of the evaporating cryogenic their importance and usefulness is explored ter is associated with thermal aging. This can liquid. Definitions of single component liq- in the next chapter. avoid repeated expensive attempts to repair uid states follow, as well as the terminology a system that no longer has material integrity. used throughout the text. Chapter 4, Insulation: The Reduction of The designs of 12 different containments of A and B Heat Inflows, examines the practical varying scale are also discussed. Chapter 2, Evaporation of Cryogenic methods of controlling heat leak into a cryo- Liquids, deals with the modes of heat trans- genic system. There is a good description of The final chapter is a valuable review fer within a fluid leading to evaporation. the importance and use of vapor-cooled of safe practices associated with the use and Understanding these modes, and the ac- baffles that have shown spectacular results handling of cryogenic gases. Accidents have companying instabilities often encountered, when used in conjunction with cryocoolers. occurred, including fatalities, which could is an important part of the safe storage and New sections have been added to this chapter have been avoided with better knowledge. handling of cryogenic liquids. The text gives covering enhanced convective heat transfer Reading this chapter and following its guid- a detailed account based on research and and enhanced cooling of superconducting ance is an excellent start to understanding demonstration with a new section added on magnet current leads, as well as distributed and working safely with cryogenics. quasi-homogeneous nucleate boiling that cooling for cryocoolers. leads to violent boiloff even when the liquid This book successfully condenses years superheat is well below that required for homo- More recent studies of the behavior of of experience and reflects both the satisfac- geneous nucleate evaporation to occur. Three multicomponent liquid gases in storage and tion and practicality of working with lique- possible initiators and an example of the dan- handling are analyzed in detail in Chapter fied gases. ■ gerous phenomenon are included. 5. Differences in density and temperature of stratified components can lead to the In Chapter 3, the heat flows into a phenomenon of rollover that can cause an cryogenic liquid, radiation, conduction and extreme hazard in large storage situations. convection are examined in detail. The de- This chapter gives a thorough understanding eBook scription of the convective circulation in a of the causes of this dangerous situation and $91.78 suggested retail price liquid and thermodynamic approach to heat how it may be avoided and controlled. ISBN 978-3-030-10641-6 flows is supported by practical data on latent Hard Cover and sensible heats of cryogens. The distinc- New sections have been added on the be- $115.99 suggested retail price tion of heat inflows between those directly havior of two layers of multicomponent liquid ISBN 978-3-030-10640-9 into the liquid and those through the unwet- mixtures of different densities under isobaric http://2csa.us/iu ted walls into the vapor is also covered, while and isochoric conditions. There is also a very

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 626 cryogenicsociety.org

SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM) RegO Announces Major Expansion of Manufacturing Capabilities at its North Carolina Facility

Employees celebrate RegO's major expansion of its US manufacturing capacity in Whitsett NC. Image: RegO

RegO®, a leading provider of advanced be installed in stages at RegO’s Whitsett valves, and pop action relief valves. Today, valves and controls for liquid and gas in manufacturing facility over the next eight RegO is a global provider to the LPG, LNG, LPG, LNG, cryogenic and industrial gas months. cryogenic and industrial gas industries, industries, began a multimillion-dollar ex- with distribution centers located around pansion of its US manufacturing capacity at “RegO is committed to keeping our US the world. the company’s facility in Whitsett NC. RegO manufacturing facilities at the cutting edge will upgrade several of its machining work of efficiency, reliability and cost-effective RegO products are manufactured in centers with state-of-the-art equipment that operation,” said Mike Lucas, RegO CEO. the US at four facilities in North Carolina will enhance operational efficiency and “By replacing existing machinery with the using the highest quality materials, careful significantly increase machine throughput new automated CNC machining cells, we’ll machining with exacting precision require- across its manufacturing lines. be able to double our throughput capacity ments and stringent quality control—prod- for the parts made on that manufacturing ucts are tested for reliable performance and The manufacturing line upgrade con- line with a 60% increase in efficiency. With feature a 10-year warranty. sists of four new machining stations: two the new transfer machining stations for the automated gantry computer numerical high volume brass product line, we can in- “While many other suppliers in our control (CNC) lathe/saw/washer com- crease production to more than five million industry have chosen to move production bination cells and two automated rotary parts per year with optimum overall equip- offshore, RegO has continued our commit- transfer machines that incorporate several ment efficiency.” ment to maintaining a world class manufac- machining process steps to achieve high turing capability here in the US,” explained volume production of components from RegO has manufactured gas control Lucas. “This latest investment, together bar stock of brass and stainless steel, as products since 1908, with pioneering gas with the skill and experience of our manu- well as forgings of brass, stainless steel control solutions that helped launch the LP facturing team, gives our company the and ductile iron without operators need- gas industry. The company invented the ability to deliver the highest quality parts ing to manually change parts between MultiValve® that combined several valves for our customers at a competitive cost.” different machines. The machines will into one, Chek-Lok®, MultiPort®, filler www.regoproducts.com ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 628 cryogenicsociety.org New Cryogenic Hardware and Software Technologies Improve Biorepositories by Kenneth Drury, Clinical Embryology Specialists managing scientific director, [email protected]

Cryogenics provides the basis for biorepository operations throughout the world. New cryogenic storage units, equipped with specialized inventory systems and robotic specimen manipula- tors, can now safely maintain biological specimens while alerting providers to any system malfunctions.

New hardware and software pack- ages offer more efficient cryogenic storage. Hardware robotic technology by TMRW has introduced automated robotic handling of frozen gametes and embryos to a large state-of-the-art liquid nitrogen storage unit from Brooks Lifesciences (Figure 1). As long as the chain of custody has been established during laboratory procedures, the specimen that is stored in the unit will be the specimen retrieved for the patient.

Another upgrade in cryogenic storage technology comes from software developed by Kustodian. Their software automates tracking, tracing and process- ing of data collection for every specimen Figure 1. TMRW robotic cryogenic storage system. vial, in this case sperm preparations, for Image: TMRW each individual patient. Using patented RFID labelling technology, the entire in- depicting the content of the dewar and ventory of an individual storage dewar sample status can drill down to a specific can be monitored whether in vapor phase asset (straw, vial, etc.) to gather itemized or liquid nitrogen. data about the patient’s specimen. Data can be shared with laboratory informa- The messaging hub will tell users in tion management systems as well as other which dewar the sample is stored and business support systems to manage a where in the dewar the sample is located. storage billing cycle. Each tube/vial or straw will have a glob- ally unique identity based on international These examples of cryogenic hard- GS1 labelling standards. The system also ware and information auditing software records dewar fluid level and identifies are sure to catch the attention of any bio- space for more samples. repository program storing invaluable patient gametes and embryos or multistudy Kustodian performs an audit every tissue samples for clinical research. time the dewar cap is removed and replaced by reading sample tags residing Learn more at www.tmrw.org, in that dewar. The audit takes seconds www.brookslifesciences.com/products/ to complete, verifies expected outcome biostore-iii-190c-cryogenic-storage and and reports anomalies. Graphic analysis www.kustodian.co.uk. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 629 cryogenicsociety.org Researchers Observe Exotic Radioactive Decay Process

Researchers from the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University (MSU) and TRIUMF (CSA CSM), Canada’s national particle accelerator, have observed a rare nuclear decay. Namely, the team measured low kinetic energy protons emitted after the beta decay of a neutron-rich nucleus beryllium-11. The research team presented their results in an article recently published in Physical Review Letters.

An atomic nucleus with many more neutrons than protons is “neutron-rich” and unstable. It will get rid of excess neutrons to become stable through the beta decay Artist's depiction of the beta-delayed proton Yassid Ayyad, detector systems physicist at the process, a common phenomenon in atomic emission of beryllium-11 measured with the Active NSCL at Michigan State University, is part of the Target Time Projection Chamber, indicating the research team that observed a rare decay in the nuclei. In this process, the nucleus emits a proton track. Image: National Superconducting exotic beryllium-11 nucleus. Image: National beta particle and transforms a neutron into a Cyclotron Laboratory Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory proton, or a proton into a neutron. Researchers did not directly observe Ayyad said, thus confirming the “Hoyle- Less common is proton emission fol- protons coming from the beryllium-11 like” scenario involving the threshold lowing beta decay of a neutron-rich nucleus. decay, which led to speculations involv- resonance. Beta-delayed proton emission, observed ing an extremely exotic decay. Instead of more than 40 years ago, typically occurs in emitting a proton, the halo neutron would The team used the Active Target proton-rich nuclei. For neutron-laden nuclei, be transformed into an undetectable dark Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC) de- it defies laws of energy to emit protons after matter particle: an unseen, seemingly hypo- veloped at NSCL to perform the experi- beta decay unless the neutrons are loosely thetical substance. It may consist of exotic ment. This gas-filled detector has a very bound and essentially free. This condition particles that do not interact with normal large detection probability and provides may be fulfilled in so-called halo nuclei—one matter or light but still exert a gravitational the energy of the particle with high accu- or two neutrons orbit the remaining core at a pull. Ayyad emphasized the significance of racy and precision. The detector delivers considerable distance. this speculation: “This scenario, if confirmed, a three-dimensional image of the charged would represent the first indirect observa- particles emitted in the beryllium-11 “There are few neutron-rich nuclei for tion of dark matter.” decay, including information about their which the elusive proton emission following energy. The TRIUMF Isotope Separator beta decay can happen,” said Yassid Ayyad, The ISOLDE/VERA team suggested and Accelerator facility delivered a beryl- detector systems physicist at NSCL and part of another, less exotic explanation of the high lium-11 beam. Experimenters implanted the research team that observed the rare decay. decay rate. It involves a narrow resonance in the beam in the middle of the detector to "Beryllium-11 is the most promising one. It be- boron-11 close to the energy threshold where capture its decay modes. The beryllium-11 comes beryllium-10 after beta decay to boron- the nucleus is allowed to emit a proton. This decayed into beryllium-10 and a proton, 11 and the subsequent proton emission. The scenario is reminiscent of the discovery of the with a narrow energy distribution only exotic radioactive decay we observed repre- Hoyle state, an excited state of carbon-12 that 0.0013% of the time. The beryllium-10, to- sents a new challenge for the understanding is very close to the alpha-particle separation gether with the decay proton, is thought of exotic nuclei, in particular for halo nuclei.” energy—the threshold about which the nu- to form a boron-11 nucleus with high ex- cleus can emit an alpha particle (helium-4). citation energy that exists during a brief The results of experiments at the Astronomer Fred Hoyle first proposed this period of time. Isotope mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) state in 1954 to explain the production of facility at the European Organization for carbon in stars. The AT-TPC and the intense rare- Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Vienna isotope beams provided by the Facility for Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA) “One of the most exciting outcomes of Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) (CSA CSM) at facility in Vienna indicate that the probabil- this work is that the proton emission pro- MSU will make it feasible to characterize ity of the beta-delayed proton emission in a ceeds through a highly excited, narrow this new resonance and find other, more neutron-rich nucleus is unexpectedly high. resonance state in the boron-11 nucleus,” exotic particle emitters. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 630 cryogenicsociety.org SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM) Look who's NEW in the Cryomech Breaks Ground on Cold Facts Buyer's Guide New Manufacturing Facility Cold Facts Buyer’s Guide is the place to find suppliers in every area of cryogenics and superconductivity. These are our new Corporate Sustaining Members and new suppliers added to the Buyer’s Guide since the last issue of Cold Facts. Find it online at csabg.org.

New Suppliers

Brugg Rohrsysteme GmbH

Flexible single and double- Breaking ground on new 76,000 sq/ft facility in DeWitt NY. Image: Cryomech walled pipe systems: helical cor- rugated flexible pipes for cryogenic Cryomech, Inc. (CSA CSM) recently company hopes to be in the new facility by applications, cryogenic flexible broke ground on a new 76,000-square-foot the end of 2020. vacuum insulated pipes for all cryo- manufacturing facility in DeWitt NY. The genic gases in the range of 1/4 inch custom-designed building will provide During her speech at the groundbreak- to 4 inch. Larger pipes can be pro- space for continued growth and innovation ing ceremony, Kelly Wypych, Cryomech duced on request. in the cryogenics industry. president and CEO, said, “Today stands *CoolCAD Electronics for more than simply putting shovels into The site sits on a 14-acre parcel that the ground. Today represents our commit- A leading electrical test (current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, includes space for future expansion ment to our customers in over 50 countries noise, transients, etc.) and compact plans. Located just blocks away from on all seven continents, most of whom are modeling (spice) service provider for its current location, the new building pioneering groundbreakers in ultra low companies and agencies fabricating at 6682 Moore Road keeps Cryomech temperature technology and research. It and/or designing electronics for op- firmly rooted in the community that has represents our commitment to this region, eration at low temperatures. supported its growth. It is also a con- which has always been our home, and is Magnetic Shield Corporation tinued commitment to the success of its the ground that we want to stand on. It rep- employees, customers and vendors, all resents our commitment to growing local Specializes in engineering, fab- of whom were an integral part of the jobs and to maintaining our position as a ricating, and testing of custom mag- search for a new location. groundbreaking provider of cryogenic tech- netic shields and rooms. Cryo-Netic® nology.” www.cryomech.com ■ is an alloy specifically engineered to Cryomech has been headquartered perform at cryogenic temperatures. Also: Ambient temperature shield- in Syracuse since 1963 and has occupied ing using Co-Netic® and Mu-Metal® the DeWitt location on Falso Drive since alloys. 1995. The company builds a wide range of customizable high performance cryocool- S&S Valve Co., Ltd. ers, helium management systems, custom Cryogenic, high temperature, cryostats and related products supporting and high pressure valves and con- customers in a wide range of scientific ap- trol valves, including ball, gate and plications. butterfly valves, globe and check, Thomson and safety valves. The Cryomech campus is currently *Spectrum Specialty Valves made up of three buildings; the new state- of-the-art facility will bring operations Custom flow control valves under one roof. The new facility is custom and pressure relief devices to con- designed to streamline operations, increase trol gaseous and liquid fluids (LOX, capacity and meet the needs of customers. LN2, LH2, LNG, GOX, Gn2, GH2, and CNG) for operation in severe environments.■ Cryomech also plans to increase staff in R&D, manufacturing and administration. *CSA CSM According to the current build schedule, the

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 631 cryogenicsociety.org

Leybold Supplies Space Simulation Technology Jobs in Cryogenics

Cryogenic Engineer– Commonwealth Fusion Systems

Cryogenic Engineer– Technifab

Cryogenic Mechanical Engineer-National Resource Management, LLC

Mechanical Engineer– HPD UNIVEX vacuum space simulation chamber. Image: Leybold Quality Engineer–Lake Vacuum specialist Leybold presented of the reasons is the poor thermal conductivity its product solutions for the development, of xenon gas, which leads to critical tempera- Shore Cryotronics manufacturing and testing of spacecraft, sat- ture increases in gas transfer vacuum pumps ellites and space-related technologies at Space such as turbomolecular pumps. In addition, Research Faculty I– Tech Expo Europe in Bremen, Germany, in many large turbomolecular pumps would be National High Magnetic November. They offer a wide range of stan- required to achieve the required high pump- dardized and specific system solutions with ing speeds. Field Laboratory integrated fore vacuum and high vacuum pumps individually tailored to respective Leybold has developed an optimized and Research Scientist- requirements. simple cryogenic solution for xenon pump- PowerPollen ing. The strong single-stage cold heads of A major application is the simulation and the Gifford-McMahon type carry metal discs Sample Environment testing of electrical space propulsion systems that condense the xenon gas with a pumping for spacecrafts. For this purpose, ionized gas speed at the edge of the theoretical limit. Experimental Physicist particles are accelerated by an electric field. – Oak Ridge National Modern ion engines generate a gas flow of Since it is necessary to reach a final pres- Laboratory 0.1 to 10 mg/s. In order to maintain a good sure in the range of 5-10 Pa, far below the high vacuum at this considerable flow rate in process pressure, before operating an ion Staff Engineer FRIB/NSCL- the test chambers, a very high suction capac- engine, these applications also require a cor- ity is required, often in the range of 10,000 respondingly powerful system of pre- and Continuing–Facility for to 100,000 l/s. The experimental chamber high vacuum pumps in order to remove Rare Isotope Beams systems required to produce the space condi- residual gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, etc. tions exist in all sizes: from a few liters for the Proper instruments must control the pressure Job openings from CSA Sustaining testing of small objects such as printed circuit throughout the testing process. Leybold pro- Members and others in the cryogenic boards to several thousand cubic meters for vides all the necessary technology, as well as community are included online, with proving space travel capabilities of space- technical consultancy, calculation and design recent submissions listed above. ships. of the systems, from a single source. Visit http://2csa.us/jobs to browse all current openings or learn how to The noble gas xenon is the heaviest sta- The demand for such vacuum test submit your company’s cryogenic job ble noble gas and is used, in most cases, for chambers increases as the number of xenon to our list of open positions. Listings ion engines due to the high resulting thrust. ion engines for different space missions rises. are free for Corporate Sustaining Members. However, the advantage of a large drive mass Flexibility and time-to-market is the key factor is a great challenge for vacuum pumps. One for the success of these missions. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 633 cryogenicsociety.org

KEK Publishes the International Working Group’s Recommendations for International Linear Collider

KEK, the high energy accelerator research organization and laboratory in Japan, has published a document presenting recommendations for the International Linear Collider (ILC), a next-generation particle physics project. The document, based on a report by the International Working Group on the ILC, details some important consid- erations for the implementation of the ILC project.

In May, KEK established the International Working Group on the ILC to discuss project issues such as international cost sharing for construction and operation, organization and governance of the ILC Laboratory and sharing of the remaining technical preparation. The Working Group consisted of two members from Europe, Artist's rendering of ILC. Image: Rey Hori/KEK two members from North America and three members from Asia, including Japan. Pre-Lab will coordinate the preparatory the ILC will accelerate and collide elec- They held five meetings in a four-month tasks needed before the construction of the trons and their anti-particles, positrons. period and delivered their report to KEK, ILC and assist the intergovernmental nego- Superconducting accelerator cavities op- which summarized their conclusions. KEK tiations, which are expected to take place in erating at temperatures near absolute zero then scrutinized the report and published parallel. KEK will play a central role as the energize particles until they collide in the a document entitled “Recommendations on host laboratory of the Pre-Lab. After an in- detectors at the center of the machine. ILC Project Implementation.” tergovernmental agreement on the ILC, the Pre-Lab is expected to transition into a full At the height of operation, bunches Summary of Recommendations ILC Laboratory. The ILC Laboratory will be of electrons and positrons will collide on ILC Project Implementation responsible for the construction and opera- roughly 7,000 times per second at a total The cost of the construction of the tion of the ILC accelerator complex. collision energy of 250 GeV (half the en- ILC accelerator complex is mainly divided ergy of the original design to make the into three categories, the sharing of which A technical preparation plan is pre- project more cost effective and less time is proposed for each category as follows: sented in response to reports by ILC consuming), creating a surge of new par- Civil engineering will be a responsibility Advisory Panel, organized by the Ministry ticles that are tracked and registered in the of the host state. Accelerator components of Education, Culture, Sports, Science ILC’s detectors. Each bunch will contain will be provided by all member states. and Technology (MEXT) and the Science 20 billion electrons or positrons concen- The ILC Laboratory will manage construc- Council of Japan. The plan identifies tech- trated into an area much thinner than that tion of conventional facilities and the host nical tasks to be carried out through inter- of a human hair. state will provide a significant part of the national collaboration. Based on current conventional facilities. The operational cost expertise present in laboratories around the This system yields a very high collision should be shared among member states, world, potential partners for international rate. The high luminosity, when combined and should be agreed upon before the con- cooperation are proposed. with the very precise interaction of two struction begins. point-like colliding particles that annihilate About the ILC each other, will allow the ILC to deliver a In the main preparatory phase of the The Linear Collider Collaboration is an wealth of data to scientists that will enable project, a preparatory laboratory (Pre-Lab) international endeavor that brings together the properties of particles, such as the Higgs will be established based on a mutual un- about 2,400 scientists and engineers from boson, recently discovered at the Large derstanding of the laboratories around more than 300 universities and laboratories Hadron Collider at CERN, to be measured the world and with the consent of their in 49 countries and regions. Consisting of precisely. It could also shed light on new respective governmental authorities. The two linear accelerators that face each other, areas of physics such as dark matter. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 682 cryogenicsociety.org

Woman Hospitalized, Loses Gallbladder after Drinking Liquid Nitrogen at Florida Hotel

A woman is suing The Don CeSar Hotel dangers presented by liquid nitrogen. “Of in St. Pete Beach FL after allegedly being course I didn’t think it was dangerous at served liquid nitrogen in her drinking water, all; he had just poured it on a dessert.” causing her to be rushed to the hospital for After consuming the mixture, she knew an emergency gallbladder and partial stom- differently. “There was an explosion in my ach removal. Stacey Wagners filed the suit on chest,” she said. “I couldn’t speak. I felt like October 11, nearly a year after the incident I was dying.” took place. While the FDA lists liquid nitrogen as Wagners’ claim states that she and a The Don CeSar Hotel. Image: doncesar.com non-toxic, it warns in a 2018 release that friend were celebrating her birthday at the the cryogen can cause “serious injury from hotel’s Maritana Grille on November 11, and customers immediately. An ambulance eating, drinking or handling food products 2018, when they witnessed a waiter pour was called and she was transported to a prepared by adding liquid nitrogen at the liquid nitrogen onto another guest’s dessert nearby hospital where a cholecystectomy point of sale, immediately before consump- to prompt a smoking effect. After stating that was performed to remove her gallbladder. tion.” Like the Cryogenic Society of America, the smoke “looked cool,” the waiter poured Subsequent investigation of Wagner’s GI they go on to warn consumers of the dan- some into each of their water glasses. tract revealed that areas of her stomach had gers of similar cryogenic trends in products also been burned beyond repair and needed like “Dragon’s Breath” ice cream and “nitro Wagner drank the mixture and fell removal. Her suit claims that she will have puff” desserts and advise customers avoid “gravely ill within seconds,” according to digestion issues for the remainder of her life. the dangers altogether. her attorney, Adam Brum, in an interview with People. She reportedly began throw- In an interview with NBC News, The Don CeSar Hotel has declined to ing up and requesting medical aid from staff Wagner claims she was unaware of the comment pending litigation. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 685 cryogenicsociety.org CONFERENCE CONNECT

Attendees of 3rd International Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications. Image: GE Research 3rd International Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications

Conference chair Dr. Wolfgang To achieve the goals for reliable cooling, cables and electrical drive trains for the Stautner, principle engineer in biology we need to develop dedicated components, aerospace industry and ship propulsion and applied physics, cryogenics and su- pumps, valves, refrigeration systems, cool- to progress in renewables and the most perconductive magnet applications at GE, ers and cooling strategies, as well as safety recent high temperature superconductor welcomed attendees to the International procedures. developments. Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications As we will see from talks on recent Principal speakers include Jim Bray, held at the GE Center for Global Research. advances in this field of engineering, op- chief scientist of electromagnetics at GE The meeting took place October 14-17 in erating at 20 K or higher, replacing helium Research; Venkat Selvamanickham, pro- Niskayuna NY. This was the third bian- as a coolant entirely changes the cryogenic fessor at the University of Houston; Swarn nual international conference. Previously, design envelope as we know it. Kalsi, Kalsi Green Power Systems, Inc.; the event was in Matsue, Japan, in 2015 and Steffen Grohmann, Karlsruhe Institute of Karlsruhe, Germany, in 2017. As a research center, we at GE are Technology (KIT); Yasuharu Kamioka, obliged to anticipate future technolo- ColdTech Associates; Sastry Pamidi, CAPS Stautner had the following comments: gies and to increase technical readiness associate director, professor of electrical en- levels by closing existing technology gineering and chair of the ECE Department We feel there is a continuous need to gaps. This workshop lays the ground- at Florida State University; Jonathan proactively shape the cryogenics for up- work for further mutual collabora- Demko, professor of mechanical engineer- coming high temperature superconductor tions and fruitful exchange of ideas. ing at LeTourneau University; Marcel ter applications, both small- and large-scale Brake, University of Twente; Tabea Arndt systems, like MRI/NMR, tokomaks or the Conference topics range from cryo- from KIT and Michael Parizh, principal sci- renewable and power electronics industry. cooler developments, cooling of power entist at GE Research.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 686 cryogenicsociety.org My thanks go to our partners, the For a complete collection of presentations, Monday evening’s social event started Cryogenic Societies of America, Japan, visit http://2csa.us/io. with a gala dinner and dance and included Europe, the UK and India, the cryogenic an evening lecture on whole body cryo- engineering conference board, the in- First Cryogenic Heat and Mass therapy and cryostimulation by Professor dustry sponsors and the GE conference Transfer Conference Held in the Benoit Dugue. center. Netherlands by Dr. Srinivas Vanapalli , [email protected] To encourage young researchers to We welcome colleagues not only present their work, a session was held from the US but also from 13 coun- The Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer where each speaker had three minutes to tries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, conference, the first topical conference on pitch their research using a maximum of Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, the subject, was hosted by the Dr. Srinivas three slides. This was followed by a poster Switzerland, the Netherlands, Turkey and Vanapalli’s Applied Thermal Sciences lab at session. the UK. Attendees are among the world’s University of Twente in the Netherlands on most important experts, chief technolo- November 4-5, 2019. This event was fully booked with a gists and CEOs in HTS technology, fusion total of 74 attendees—mostly European technology, cryogenic cooling, hydrogen The CHMT 2019 technical program with a few from Korea and North infrastructure, vacuum technology and consisted of 37 presentations addressing America. The delegates were from various thermal insulation. fundamental and applied topics including academic and industrial entities includ- boiling, droplet evaporation, condensation, ing CSA CSMs Air Liquide, CryoVac and The program begins with a brief over- sloshing, cryogenics for aviation, cryogenic Demaco Holland. view of GE’s activities and past and present heat pipes, two-phase flow, liquid hydro- work in superconductivity and continues gen storage, cooling of superconducting More information about the 2019 with typical HTS applications and the most systems, applied cryogenics in life sciences, Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer conference, recent state of HTS conductor development, cryoablation, food freezing, gas-gap heat including copies of presentations, can be found followed by further progress in cooling transfer, cryocooler and cryogenics in elec- at http://2csa.us/in. ■ technologies. tron microscopy.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 687 cryogenicsociety.org Celebrating Cryogenics at European Cryogenics Days 2019 by J. G. Weisend II, Group Leader, Deputy Head of Accelerator Projects - European Spallation Source, [email protected]

Presenters and attendees at the 2019 European Cryogenics Days. Image: R. Ericksson–ESS

The Cryogenics Society of Europe, the High Energy Physics network and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, in collaboration with the European Spallation Source, held the 2019 European Cryogenics Days on October 7-8 in Lund, Sweden.

The workshop started with the annual meeting of the Cryogenics Society of Europe, followed by two days of plenary talks, a poster session and an industrial exhibition concern- ing many aspects of cryogenics. A tour of the European Spallation Source, currently under construction in Lund, and a social program were included in the activities. A significant amount of time was built into the program to allow attendees to meet informally and to view the industrial exhibition. John G. Weisend II presenting on behalf of host ESS. Image: ESS

The technical program consisted of 18 Poster presentations included While the majority of attendees were talks and 19 posters. The program included “Cryogenic System Design for HiAF Linac,” European, there was also significant atten- both descriptions of engineering designs and “The Development of a High Efficiency dance from China and North America. fundamental research in cryogenics and su- Two-Stage Stirling-Type Pulse Tube perconductivity. Talks included “Cryogenics Cryocooler” and “Elusive Transition to the More information about the 2019 for the ESS Sample Environment,” “Cryogenic Ultimate Regime of Turbulent Rayleigh- European Cryogenics Days, including cop- Supply for the Facility for Antiproton and Bénard Convection.” ies of presentations, can be found at: https:// Ion Research,” “State of the Art in HTS indico.esss.lu.se/event/1176/ ■ Superconductors” and “Cryogenics for A total of 121 attendees and 17 indus- Experimental Cosmology.” trial exhibitors attended the workshop.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 688 cryogenicsociety.org

Product Showcase This Product Showcase is open to all companies and related manufacturers offering new or improved products for cryogenic applications. We invite companies to send us short releases (75 words or fewer) with high resolution JPEGs of their products. [email protected]

THERMONICS CORP. a thermal capacity of 25 kW in a small 2’ x 2.5’ x 5.5’ frame. LN2-cooled fluid chiller Thermonics has launched a new low Pump capacity is 5 GPM at 50 psi, and temperature process chiller that cools the chiller is configured with a state-of-the-art Novec 7100 fluid down to -90˚ C at an af- controller with touch screen, graphing, data fordable price. The new chiller uses the logging and remote Ethernet communications cooling power of liquid nitrogen to provide capability. http://thermonics-chillers.com ■

WEB INDUSTRIES Multilayer Insulation (MLI)

Web Industries custom designs MLI blankets to fit complex satellite and other spacecraft geometries and manufactures them using automated cutting systems that provide consistency and reliability. 3D models are converted into flat patterns for thermal insulation blankets that are delivered with integrated snaps, grommets, to stock various MLI components on fasteners and other sewn features directly site allowing spacecraft manufacturers to the launch pad for easy installation. to issue a single PO per order, instead Vendor-managed inventory services re- of multiple POs for different vendors. duce the need for spacecraft manufacturers www.webindustries.com ■ attocube systems configurable vacuum shrouds for reflection attoDRY800 and transmission experiments, combined with a range of patented low temperature attoDRY800, attocube’s optical closed- positioners, scanners and cryogenic apochro- cycle cryostat, constitutes a flexible platform matic objectives enable a multitude of ex- for quantum optics experiments with un- periments, ranging from photoluminescence obstructed optical access. In contrast to any measurements and Raman spectroscopy to other product on the market, its coldplate is high pressure experiments combined with directly integrated into an optical table. Freely optics. www.attocube.com ■

CRYO FIELDS Liquid Nitrogen Containers

Cryo Fields is a high- and new-tech en- terprise that specializes in R&D, manufacturing and selling liquid nitrogen tanks. The tanks are made of high strength, lightweight aluminum alloy that contain multilayer insulation to make them safe, lightweight and efficient.

With 15 years of experience, Cryo Fields products are sold in more than 30 countries. www.cryofields.com ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 691 cryogenicsociety.org People, Companies in Cryogenics

At the recent Annual General Meeting advance knowledge of the universe at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry was of the Cryogenics Society of Europe held in most fundamental level and is expected to honored “for pioneering studies of hy- Sweden, Dr. Beth Evans, Chair of the British include experimental work on neutrinos drides, a new family of high Tc materials, Cryogenics Council, and Cryogenics Group at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and for the discovery of sulfur hydrides Leader at the Joint European Taurus (JET) (CSA CSM), the search for dark matter with record value of Tc.” Along with his at Culham, was elected to the CSE Board. with the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment one mile colleagues, he discovered high tempera- Evans graduated in physics before earning below the Black Hills of South Dakota (see ture superconductivity in hydrogen sul- a PhD from the Institute of Cryogenics at article on page 16), the analysis of observa- fide with the critical temperature of 203 K the University of Southampton. She worked tory data relating to dark energy and the (-70° Celsius), and then in other hydrides in cryogenics while a student at CERN and expansion of the universe and investigation up to the record value of 250 K (-23° later worked at AS Scientific and the ISIS of data from proton-proton collisions at the Celsius) in lanthanum hydride. Neutron Source at the Rutherford Appleton Large Hadron Collider at CERN. …………………………………… Laboratory before moving to Culham. …………………………………… …………………………………… The CERN Council has selected Fabiola Acme Cryogenics Gianotti as the organization’s next director- Chart Industries, Inc. (CSA CSM) has hired Jim Daly as general, for her second term of office. The and Energy Capital Vietnam (ECV) Cryogenic Sales Engineer appointment will be formalized at the signed a Memorandum of Understanding in San Diego. He will be December session of the Council; Gianotti’s to promote the distribution of liquefied responsible for support- new five-year term of office will begin on natural gas within Vietnam, with Chart ing existing customers January 1, 2021. This is the first time in supplying the downstream equipment and adding new cus- CERN’s history that a Director-General has into ECV’s terminal projects. ECV, a Image: Acme Cryogenics tomers to the expanding been appointed for a full second term. Vietnam-focused project development vacuum jacketed piping …………………………………… and asset management company, works business. Daly received his mechanical closely with Vietnam’s Office of the Prime engineering degree from Virginia Tech Yingzhe “Roger” Wu started a new Minister and the Ministry of Industry and University. Previously, he was a technical position as Hydrogen Technology and Trade, the key authoritative body that sales engineer at Diakont, FLW, Inc. and Cryogenic Engineer at FTXT Energy oversees the energy sector. With a popu- Mersen USA. Technology Co., Ltd., responsible for relation of nearly 100 million, the country’s …………………………………… search and development tasks including total LNG demand is estimated to reach analysis of novel hydrogen liquefier and re- 10 million tons per year by 2030, much of The International Society of fueling stations and liquefaction devices for which is expected to be via US imports. Cryosurgery (ISC) held its elections at the laboratorial use. Wu will also contribute to …………………………………… 20th World Congress of the ISC in Haifa, the development of the Chinese hydrogen Israel, in early September. Dr. Yeuyong refueling protocol for passenger vehicles TOMCO2 Systems has hired Xiao was elected 21st president of ISC and help provide standards in Chinese Chris Schmoeckel as vice president of with vice presidents Dr. Yaron Har-Shai codes related to hydrogen. CryoSystems. Schmoeckel spent 18 years and Dr. Oleksiy Dronov. Executive mem- …………………………………… with Chart Industries, where he most re- bers of the ISC Board of Governors are Dr. cently held the role of President-Americas. Lizhi Niu, Dr. Sutedja Barlian, Dr. Chengli On November 7, a liquid nitrogen He holds a bachelor of science in mechani- Li, Dr. Juana Elida Mauro, Dr. Eisuke leak at the University of Pennsylvania’s cal engineering from the University of Fukuma, Dr. Patrick Le Pivert, Dr. Alexey Chemistry Building caused a chemical spill Minnesota-Twin Cities and a master of V. Chazhao, Dr. Christos C. Zouboulis, Dr. alarm to sound, leading to an evacuation. science in management of technology from Juozas Prusinskas, Dr. Hiroaki Nomori, Investigations identified a ruptured supply the University of Minnesota-Technological Dr. Andrew Williams, Dr. Yoed Rabin and line leading into the building. The supply Leadership Institute. Dr. Israel Barken. Esther Law Poh and Dr. tank was shut down and repairs were made …………………………………… Hongwu Wang were elected as secretary on the pipe. A joint operation between Penn generals with Dr. Xiaofeng He as secretary. Police, the university’s Division of Public The US Department of Energy an- http://is-cryosurgery.com Safety, Fire and Emergency Services and nounced a plan to provide $100 million …………………………………… the Environmental Health and Radiation over the next four years for new experimen- Safety departments evacuated the building, tal and theoretical research in high energy The American Physical Society identified the issue and repaired the equip- physics. Research is expected to focus on (APS) has awarded Mikhail Eremets the ment in half an hour following established such topics as the Higgs boson, neutrinos, 2020 James C. McGroddy Prize for New emergency procedures. dark matter and dark energy in an effort to Materials. Eremets, a researcher at the ……………………………………

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 692 cryogenicsociety.org Meetings CSA regrets to report that Dorothea Infrastructure project, NextDecade Corp’s Frederking, widow of the first CSA new Rio Grande LNG site and Rio Bravo & Events Fellow, T.H.K Frederking, has died. She Pipeline and Corpus Christi’s Stage 3 LNG was a founder and generous contributor Project in Texas. Each of these projects 2020 International Workshop on has a pending application with the US Nb3Sn SRF Science, Technology, and Department of Energy to export LNG to Applications non-Free Trade Agreement countries. March 30-April 1, 2020 Ithaca NY …………………………………… http://2csa.us/ip

Lydall, Inc., parent company of Lydall 8th European Space Cryogenics Workshop Performance Materials (CSA CSM), has ap- April 15-17, 2020 pointed Sara A. Greenstein president and Noordwijk, The Netherlands chief executive officer. She will succeed http://2csa.us/iq Dale G. Barnhart, who will be retiring after 7th International Conference on more than 12 years. Greenstein has exten- Superconductivity and Magnetism– sive operational expertise and ability to lead ICSM2020 large, multifaceted global organizations. April 19-25, 2020 Milas-Bodrum, Turkey …………………………………… http://2csa.us/ih

Kelvin Technologies, Inc. (CSA CSM) Space Tech Expo & Conference May 18-20, 2020 will be discontinuing their US operations Long Beach CA in 2020. We thank them for their dedicated http://2csa.us/ij contributions to both CSA and the cryogenic Dr. Traugott H. K. Frederking and his wife, International Cryocooler Conference Dorothea, with the certificate naming him the first industry at large. ICC21 CSA Fellow. …………………………………… June 15-18, 2020 Orlando to the T.H.K. Frederking Space Cryogenics The Society for Cryobiology held elec- http://2csa.us/ij Workshop Student Scholarship. A memorial tions in November. Greg Fahy has become Neutrino 2020 service was held February 2 at Harleshausen the president-elect while Steve Mullen and June 21-27, 2020 Cemetery in Kassel, Germany. James Benson have been elected treasurer Chicago …………………………………… and secretary, respectively. Three governors http://2csa.us/ht have also been elected: Yuksel Agca, Dani ASC 2020 Fermilab’s Martina Martinello and Ballesteros and Harriette Oldenhof. June 28-July 3, 2020 Yuriy Pischalnikov have received the DOE …………………………………… Tampa Office of Science’s Accelerator Stewardship http://2csa.us/ig Awards for their high performance, me- India’s Goodwill Cryogenics has CRYO2020–Society for Cryobiology dium velocity superconducting cavities for produced and shipped the first-ever “Cryo- July 21-24, 2020 linear hadron accelerators. The results of Founders Calendar.” Dr. Vinod Chopra, Chicago this R&D will directly reduce the size and Goodwill’s founder, designed it as a tribute to http://2csa.us/im cost of superconducting accelerators, such 12 legends of cryogenics. Each month features IIR Rankine 2020 Conference–Advances as Fermilab’s PIP-II accelerator or Michigan a different leader in the field with a short bio in Cooling, Heating and Power State University’s Facility for Rare Isotope and list of notable achievements. Included in Generation July 26-29, 2020 Beams (CSA CSM), benefiting both discov- this group are some familiar faces like William Glasgow, Scotland ery science and medicine. Winners also in- Gifford, founder of Cryomech (CSA CSM) and http://2csa.us/ik clude Fermilab’s Ram Dhuley and Charles namesake of CSA’s William E. Gifford award. Advancements in Thermal Management Thangaraj (see article on page 20). Calendars are free of charge with payment of conference …………………………………… postage from India. For more information, August 6-7, 2020 contact [email protected] ■ Denver LNG Global reports that the US Federal http://2csa.us/is Energy Regulatory Commission approved 29th International Conference on Low four LNG export projects on November 21. Temperature Physics The approvals include three Brownsville August 15-22, 2020 Ship Channel projects under Texas LNG Sapporo, Japan http://2csa.us/ha Brownsville, the Annova LNG Common

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 693 cryogenicsociety.org Index of Advertisers

Acme Cryogenics, Inc...... 11 AF Cryo/Fabrum Solutions ...... 87 American Magnetics ...... 25 Chart Industries ...... 90 Join CSA and start receiving Cold Facts! Cryo Industries of America...... 21 Rates: circle $ amount Cryo Technologies ...... Inside Front Cover In US: Individual $80 • Student or retiree: $35 Cryoco LLC ...... 27 Outside US: Individual $120 • Student or retiree $75 CryoCoax ...... 34 Lifetime: In US $650; Outside US, $835 Cryocomp...... 23 Corporate, in US, number of employees: 1-10, $470 • 11-25, $660 • 16-50, $870 • 51-100, $1,290 Cryoconnect, Div of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd...... 32 101-500, $2,340 • 501-1,000, $5,250 • 1,000+, $7,350 Cryofab, Inc...... Inside Back Cover Corporate, outside of US, number of employees: 1-10, $525 • 11-25, $725 • 16-50, $940 • 51-100, $1,330 Cryogenic Control Systems ...... 29 101-500, $2,455 • 501-1,000, $5,450 • 1,000+, $7,615 Cryogenic Machinery Corporation ...... 32 Government/Non-profit: $450. Cryomech, Inc...... Back Cover Outside the US, please remit in US $ on US bank. No bank transfers. CryoWorks ...... 25 Charge your membership Gardner Cryogenics ...... 19 __Discovery __Visa __MasterCard __AmEx gasworld ...... 31 Account number Expiration Security code HPD ...... 32 He Is For Helium, a book by John Weisend ...... 13 Signature HSR AG ...... 27 Please print International Cryogenics ...... 12

Janis Research Co., Inc...... 27 Name Title

kiutra GmbH...... 84 Company Lake Shore Cryotronics ...... 83 Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde Engineering Address North America Inc...... Inside Back Cover City State/Country Zip + 4

Magnatrol Valve ...... 7 Email Website Master Bond ...... 7 Phone Fax Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc...... 89 PHPK Technologies ...... Inside Front Cover Send to: RegO...... 85 New Memberships • Cryogenic Society of America SGD Inc ...... 14 218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609 Fax: 708-383-9337 STAR Cryoelectronics ...... 60 Sumitomo SHI Cryo America ...... 3 Join CSA online! Technifab...... 12 Tempshield Cryo-Protection ...... 89 http://2csa.us/join Vacuum Barrier Corporation ...... 89 Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. 218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609 Vacuum Energy, Inc...... 12 Phone: 708-383-6220 Ext. 302 • Fax: 708.383.9337 Email: [email protected] • Web: cryogenicsociety.org WEKA AG ...... 17 A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenics West Warwick Welding ...... 7 & 25 SSN 1085-5262 • CSA-C-3895 • December 2019 Printed in USA

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 694 cryogenicsociety.org