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Vol. 5 Issue 3 & 4 July - Decemberl992
' •l' F :.-. ,V-0 CONTENTS • DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST SANITATION IN INDIA • RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME IN KERALA • WORLD BANK AIDED LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAMME • CAPART ASSISTED PROGRAMME IN KERALA • KWA/SEUNEWS
EDITORIAL It is widely acknowledged that lack of sanitation facilities adversely affects the quality of life of people. In 1943 the first report on sanita tion problems in a national perspective was prepared. Since then a lot of effort have been made in India to improve environmental and sanitary conditions. But even after 50years, we still have a long way to go in realizing these goals. Even in a highly literate state like Kerala the situation is not as encouraging as it should be. Reasons for this may include the density of population and large coastal regions. There is also a misconception among many well-educated Keratites and professionals that due to the high level of literacy, political consciousness and social awareness in Kerala, it is not necessary to carry out education and awareness activities on the proper use and maintenance of sanitary latrines. However, the ex perience with ESP and other programmes reveals that many Keralities are not different from others in using and maintaining latrines. Note, for example, the large number offilled-up and filthy ESP latrines in the State. Several Institutions, both governmental and non-governmental, in Kerala are involved in sanitation programmes. However, no reliable data is available on the magnitude of their operation, strategies and results of their programmes. The article in this issue on "Develop ment of low-cost sanitation in India: an historical review" em phasizes the need for a systematic review of the activities of various programmes. This article also stresses the importance of health education and follow-up monitoring in sanitation programmes, usually neglected by implementors. This issue of Jalasandesh also carries information about various on going programmes in household sanitation carried out in Kerala. While H is pleasing to see that there is substantial work being done in this field, it is also unfortunate that there is no concerted or joint effort. A combined and coordinated effort from each group involved in household sanitation activities can indeed take us a long way toward attaining better health conditions. * An Integrated water supply and sanitatiini-pfiyMmiW""- :_--.3190. 2509 AD THE HAGUE: Tel • +31 70 30 689 p" c , 30O a5 /oC -.«»S To™*? ' -3 « • ©i] DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST SANITATION as the Environmental Sanitation IN INDIA - AN HISTORICAL REVIEW Project (ESP) started in 1957 under the Public Health Engineering Department Dr. K. Balachandra Kurup (PHED). It promulgated a single leach Executive Co-ordinator, SEU - Kerala pit type latrine with a squatting slab and the water seal bowl placed over the pit. Sanitation programme which started in India since 1943, has yet to make much In 1959 there was a scavengers' strike progress. This is more true in the case of increasing the coverage and proper in Trivandrum city and the entire dry bucket type latrines were replaced by use and maintenance of the available facilities. Even in a highly literate state like the PHED with ESP type latrines. Later, Kerala the environmental conditions are not as encouraging as it should be. Many ESP latrines were popularised in other sanitation programmes in Kerala and other states were not able to contribute parts of Kerala through NES blocks meaningfully due to the absence of community participation and education with 75% government subsidy. programmes. There is an urgent need to review and study the experience of ongoing sanitation programmes implemented by various groups for developing Even after independence, con an effective and sustainable low cost sanitation programme for improving the certed efforts for improving the sanita quality of life. tion in rural areas did not acquire the deserved importance. It was only in Safe water and environmental sacrifice. Acharya Vinobhaji, Shri. 1954, the rural sanitation programme sanitation has been considered as two Balkoba Bhave, Shri. Appa Saheb Pat- was introduced in the first five year essential components of sound health. wardhan and Shri. Ishwarbhai Patel plan, as part of the health sector. The Sanitation planning in India is only ap took to scavenging as a part of Ashram programme envisaged assistance to proximately 50 years old. Although, disciplines for bringing out revolution State Governments in the form of 50% prevailing technologies of the west ary changes in the attitude of the grant towards rural water supply and were brought to India after the British people. Different types of latrines were sanitation facilities. By the end of the took over the country, it was only in planned for different regions, based on second five year plan it was realised 1943 that a health survey and develop the socio-cultural and economic condi that rural sanitation was not receiving ment committee, also known as the tions. In 1940 the programme in Bengal due attention. The first five year plan Bhore Committee was appointed to was intensified with the assistance of had a provision of Rs.6 crores for rural look into sanitary problems on a nation the rural centre of All India Institute of water supply and sanitation program al perspective. Even before this some Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta. In mes. However, the provision went on of the then provincial governments 1945, the Bhore committee submitted increasing and currently in the eighth started implementing sanitation its recommendations to the Govern five year plan, the provision for the total ment. Recommendations of the com programmes. In 1928 (in Madras) and water supply and sanitation sector is in mittee included suggestions to provide later in 1935 special provincial orders the order of Rs.16,486.03 crores (com safe and adequate piped water supply were issued by the then government for bined- State and Central provision). a rural latrine construction programme to all towns with a population of 50,000 in some of the provinces. This however, or more within 35 years and installation A Research cum Action Project could not be considered a systematic of drainage within 10 years. Most of (RCA) was established in 1956 by the latrine programme and in actual prac these recommendations went unful Union Ministry of Health with the assis- tice depended more on the initiatives of filled. the district health officers. Provinces The Environmental Hygiene Com like Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Mysore, Editorial Group mittee (1948-49) appointed by the Na Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh tional Government of India to B.F.H.R. Bijli showed great interest in rural latrine undertake the overall assessment and Dr. K. Balachandra Kurup construction. In 1932 Mahatma Gandhi planning of environmental sanitation, P. Harish Kumar established the Harijan Sevak Sangh recommended a 40 year plan to cover for the liberation of scavengers. 90% of the population. The fate of this Through this organization many dry commttee's report was just the same as Views expressed in this newsletter do not neceS' latrines have been converted into new sarily reflect opinions of the Kerala Water that of Bhore committee. During 1950's Authority, Donor Agencies or the SEUs. non-scavenging type latrines at rela the World Health Organization (WHO) tively low cost. Subsequently, the sponsored two pilot projects, one in workers of the Harijan Sevak Sangh Type Set by Akshara DTP Centre, Vellayambalam, Lucknow and the other in Trfvandrum Trivandrum and Produced by WHITE Trivandrum took their work as a mission with great Rural. The Trivandrum project known 3 tance of the Ford Foundation. Com India Seminar on water and sewerage Gujarat and Bihar and recommended mendable work was carried out works, suggested the formation of extesive work on leaching pit .models. through the project in three centres at autonomous water and sewerage Similar views were expressed at the Poonamallee (Madras), Singur (West board to deal efficiently with the International seminar on low cost tech Bengal) and Najafgarh (Delhi). The In problems. The National Conference for nologies for disposal of human wastes dian Council of Medical Research drinking water facility, held at (ICMR) initiated similar research in urban communities, which was held Sevagram, Wardha in 1969, resolved projects in Kerala, West Bengal, Bom at Calcutta in 1980. bay and Punjab to study the various that as part of Gandhi Centenary With the onset of the International technology options suitable for dif Celebrations, which were to take place Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation ferent regions. During 1958-62, the later that year, that one lakh from those Decade (IDWSSD), 1981-1990, global Planning Research cum Action Institute 565,000 villages throughout India policies and strategieswere evolved for (PRAI), Lucknow took up a research which were indentified as having water the effective planning, implementation project on rural latrines with the assis supply problems would be provided and monitoring of drinking water supp tance of WHO and Ford Foundation. with drinking water by October 2,1969. ly and sanitation programmes. The Since 1958 research work carried out The reality was that the number of vil IDWSSD programme was launched by by several other organisations such as lages with drinking water problems had Government of India in 1981 with a view the American Friends Service at Lud- not decreased. to provide the population with safe hiana, WHO project at Ramanagaram drinking water and basic sanitation (Mysore), Gandhigram Institute (Tamil Gandhian Institutions in India had facilities, over a period of 10 years. Nadu), Central Public Health Engineer undertaken much work to promote bet While the preliminary exercise of the ing Research Institute (Nagpur), decade programme started in 1978-79, American Mission in Barpali (Orissa) ter sanitation. The national committee the Government of India also launched and the Kerala Government under the for Gandhiji centenary through the a low cost sanitation with the help of Norwegians and WHO project have Gandhi-Smarak Nidhi and Harijan UNDP/World Bank so as to achieve made valuable contributions in this Sevak Sangh launched massive greater progress in the sanitation sec field. In all these resarch projects, ef programmes of Bhangi Mukti (eman tor. A Technology Advisory Group was forts were made to identify the most cipation of the scavengers) and the established in November 1978, for suitable technical model which would Bhangi Kashta Mukti (emancipation of providing technical guidance and sup be affordable and acceptable to the the hardships of scavengers). These port to the Government of India for rural pupulation in India. Apparently, all institutions instigated intensive effectively planning and implementing these efforts were not fully studied and propaganda for the promotion of low the low cost sanitation programme. analysed in a proper manner. cost sanitation. By this time the plan The World Bank supported Technology ners also began to realise that low cost Advisory Group (TAG) took the lead in The Health Minister's conference options should be tried out as a solu preparing a field manual on "Ap held in 1957, gave the highest priority tion to problems. In 1963 Shri. Ish- propriate Sanitation Alternatives". It to the provision of safe drinking water warbhai Patel established the Safai was a blue print of various practices on site disposal of human wastes in dif supply followed by environmental Vidyalaya (Enviornmental Sanitation ferent hydro-geological and socio sanitation. In 1961, the Health Ministry Institute), Ahmedabad for providing economic conditions. appointed the National Water Supply training and guidance to social workers and Sanitation Committee. This com for the promotion of low cost sanitation The multi-lateral and bilateral mittee recommended that a sum of in India and the neighbouring donors came with technical and finan Rs.900 crores be allotted for the com countries. In the year 1970, Dr. Bin- cial assistance for taking new in pletion of water supply and sanitation deshwar Pathak launched a movement tegrated water supply and sanitation programmes. However, in the five year viz, Sulabh movement and set up a non programmes in various states. The im plans, the allotted funds turned out to - profit Voluntary Social Service Or portant multi- lateral donors were be much less than those required to ganisation, Sulabh Sauchalaya UNICEF, World Bank, and UNDP and meet the target. Meanwhile, the Sanstharv(later named as Sulabh Inter the bilateral donors were the Nether problems of sanitation and water supp national). lands, Denmark, Switzerland and ly increased. An All India Seminar held Sweden. The Netherlands support was in 1962 at the Planning Research and The Government of India, World given to Utter Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Action Institute, Lucknow recom Health Organisation and UNICEF joint Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The mended that 500 sanitary latrines be ly conducted a National Seminar on Danish projects were concentrated in constructed in every block every year, Sanitation held in Patna in 1978. This Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, together with extensive work in rural seminar also looked into the effective Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is worthwhile and urban water supply. In 1964 an All ness of the Gandhian programmes in to mention here that in the Kerala 4 projects especially, the socio Chairmanship of Director General of years, CAPART has assisted more than economic component was jointly Health Services, New Delhi in 1984 500 NGOs to take up rural sanitation funded by the Netherlands and Den focussed attention on the need for programmes costing Rs. 18.27 crores. mark. Similarly in Rajasthan the project health education at all levels with a view However, the implementation plan and was jointly funded by the UNICEF and to achieve maximum coverage and follow up activities in many of the States SIDA usage in rural water supply and sanita are weak due to the lack of guidance tion programmes. Since, there was no and monitoring mechanisms from During the same period several provision of funds for health education CAPART. women's organization also came for programmes in the budget, this activity ward for the need for latrines in the rural has not been carried out. During 1988/89, with financial and areas and this has also attracted the technical input from UNICEF, State attention of the Government at the During the Seveth Five Year Plan Sanitation Cells and State Institutes of highest level. Women in the villages, (1985-90) a new programme of con Rural Development were formed in slums and colonies are the biggest suf struction of sanitary latrines was to be selected states in India. The objectives ferers in the absence of toilet facilities. launched in all village level institutions of the cells were: to help the state in the Hence a latrine programme should be like health centres, schools, angan- formulation and planning of sanitation developed as part of the women wadis and so on. Subsequently, con programmes at all levels; to provide development programme. Even more struction of individual household assistance and technical support in pathetic is the situation of women folk latrines under Rural Landless Employ cluding both educationAraining and in the coastal areas and colonies in ment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), construction activities to implementing densely populated States for whom National Rural Employment agencies at state, district and block privacy is possible only before Programme (NREP), rural housing levels; and to co-ordinate the sanitation daybreak or after sunset to carry out projects including Indira Awaas Yojana and related activities of the Govern their daily ablutions. (IAY) was started from 1st January ment departments and non 1986. The Ministry of Welfare (GOI) has governmental organizations. Unfor The late Mrs. Indira Gandhi stressed also been financing projects since tunately many cells seem to be weak the necessity of latrines for the rural 1980-81 to make towns scavenging and have to be strengthened for communities, especially for women. In free. The Ministry of'Urban Develop delivering the intended services. June 1982 she addressed a letter to the ment has been providing funds since Chief Ministers mentioning "...another 1979-80 for low cost sanitaion in the In early 1989 (March 16-17) the problem is that of latrines in rural areas. towns selected under the Integrated Kerala Sanitation Conference was or With the consolidation of land holdings Development of Small and Medium ganised in Trivandrum to bring and expansion of towns as well as cul Towns (IDMST). HUDCO came in a big together a large spectrum of persons tivated areas, people in villages have way to finance similar type of schemes. and organizations associated with the great difficulty in this regard. Women low cost sanitation programmes in specially feel miserable. They can go The national programme known as India to discuss various issues related out only at night time, which is not the Central Rural Sanitation to the planning and implementation of always safe. The State Government Programme (CRSP) was introduced in such schemes. This was organized should take up a programme of build October 1986 with resources being jointly by the Socio-Economic Units, ing latrines where these are not avail shared by the Centre and the States. Kerala Water Authority and the As able or get local organizations to take Rural sanitation was also included as sociation of Public Health Engineers, an interest". While preparing the ap part of the 20 point programme of the Kerala. The conference came up with proach document to the Seventh Five Government in November 1986 and the fruitful recommendations to be fol lowed by the various implementing Year Plan it was realised that during the Minimum Needs programme from the agencies. After this innumerable con last four decades no basic data relating year 1987- 88. in 1986 the Council for ferences, seminars, workshops and so to the sanitation sector was developed; Advancement of People's Action and on were held and all of the events came nor was any effort made to study the Rural Technology (CAPART) was up with similar recommendations with experience, if any, of participation of formed for accelerating the implemen out proper follow up action. The last tation of rural sanitation programmes the community in the whole conference was the one organised by through grassroots level NGOs. The programme. It was also realised that the Department of Rural Development, the health education component was CAPART programme started with Government of India during 16-18 Sep completely neglected by most im- Rs.102 lakhs in 1986/87 and the tember 1992. This conference also plementors. The committee set up by budgeted figure for 1991/92 was Rs. came up with similar recommedations. the Government of India under the 894 lakhs. During the period of six In late 1989, Government of India intro education and persuading peopletodo plementation of the low cost sanitation duced policy level changes including themselves through self help". can be solved. There is also a tendency the community oriented approaches in among some of the funding organiza Conclusion: Now it is high time for the implementation of prodjj&mmes. tions to push their unpalatable global the rural development or the respon The 8th plan approach by the working perspectives without looking into the sible nodal agency in each state to group on rural sanitation in its report of realities and local conditions of the review the recommedations of the past April 1989 lists 15 weaknesses to the areas. The tendency of reinventing the conferences, seminars and workshops current programme. The majqr obser wheel by the organizations, govern and come up with a practical plan of vations were the lack of clear cut ap ment departments and the funding or action, which can be implemented easi proaches, such as the community ganizations has to be stopped for ly with the help of the community. organization, participation and educa developing a. meaningful low cost Similarly the experince of various or tion component while implementing sanitation programme in order to ganizations (those who have done the programme. The working group safeguard the lives of children and im good work) might be reviewed sys stresses the need for decentralised proving the quality of life of women in tematically by the rural development state and district level nodal agencies our society. for the effective implementation of low department, State Sanitaion Cell or the cost sanitation programmes. The work responsible nodal agencies and the ing group report suggests that "except major donors involved in this sector, for for excreta disposal through latrine sharing thek experiences with other construction, the other components potential groups. Then only the should be covered through sanitary problems in the planning and im- RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME IN KERALA 777/s article is prepared by the State Sanitation Cell, Rural Development While some construction of latrines Department, Government of Kerala for preesenting at the National Seminar on took place under ESP and later under Rural Sanitation, organized by the Department of Rural Development, Government NREP and RLEGP, the rural sanitation of India during September 16 - 18, 1992 at New Delhi. The article produces a programme was taken up in a con detailed view on the various types of sanitation programmes implemented in the certed manner only about seven years state. ago. Nearly three quarters of all sickness The total number of households in In Kerala several Departments and and disease is caused by waterborne Kerala is estimated by Survekshana at non-governmental organisations are 40.2 lakhs. According to provisional es sources. This is directly attributable to involved in the sanitation programme. timates of 1991 Census this figure is poor sanitation: Safe drinking water, Departments of Health, Rural Develop 50.9 lakhs. In view of the absence of hygienic habits and use of sanitary reliable data, the State Sanitation Cell, ment, Panchayat and Muncipality, latrines are essential to avoid these dis coordinated by the Rural Development Fisheries, Housing, Scheduled Castes, eases. Department has decided .to adopt a Tribal Welfare, Social Welfare and In Kerala, estimates about the num State-wide study on sanitation. The Kerala Water Authority are some of the ber of households with use of some situation analysis is jointly sponsored State Government functionaries in by UNICEF, Socio Economic Unit and latrine differ widely in the absence of a volved. reliable study so far. They vary from State Institute of Rural Development. around 25-30% (informal estimate of The Indian Market Research Bureau, The number of Katrines constructed Madras has been identified as the Socio- Economic Unit and field staff of by various agencies over the last 5 agency for conducting the study. Rural Development Department) to years is given below: 51.5% (Survekshana, Jan-March While the percentage coverage for 1992). The Survekshana estimate, how i) Rural Development Department Kerala may be somewhat better than ever, seems unreliable because of the most other States in India, it is still quite small size (2063 households and the a) ESP 3000 inadequate. Its value further diminishes amazing findings that the model city of b) NREP 15065 Chandigarh has only 7.5% households by the fact that the need for sanitation c) RLEGP (includ- 62079 with latrines and that the city of Delhi in Kerala is greater owing to its high has less than 5% households with population density and tropical inglAY.) latrines. climate. d) CRSP 2250 6 e) JRY (including 71721 7. Mithra Nikethan, Vellanad level of sanitation in the foreseeable IAY.) future. Hence, a fundamental review of 8. Sri Ramakrishna Ashramam, Sas- approach is required. f) DWCRA 740 thamangalam, Thiruvanantha ii) Through NGOs 14525 puram The three aspects of the problem of assisted by Sanitation are: In addition, over 8000 units have CAPART been constructed by Socio- Economic 1. Education and awareness iii) Socio 8000 Units aided by the Governments of 2. Construction of the actual latrine Economic Units Denmark and Netherlands. A key fea (including its technical aspect) iv) Panchayats/ 5941 ture of these is the emphasis on educa Muncipality tion and awareness and maintenance 3. Maintenance of the latrine and of of the latrines apart from construction. general hygiene Total 183321 The year-wise break up for items (a) Technical Aspects The thrust so far has been on the construction of latrine with little em through (f) is: The UNDP design of Twin-pit Pour phasis on the other two aspects. Since Rush Latrine is accepted in Kerala as 1987-88 25297 limited resources restrict the number of eleswhere in India. For water-logged 1988-89 24572 aided latrines that can be constructed, areas raised construction is suggested. emphasis should be shifted to educa 1989-90 36765 Reports from the field, however, indi 1990-91 38587 cate that having merely these two types tion and awareness so that people 1991-92 29634 of designs is rather simplistic and more adopt sanitary habits whether or not Thus on an average well under one study is required bearing in mind the there is external assistance with per cent (only 6%) households are local materials available for construc hardware. covered every year. The impact is tion as well as variation in terrain. It is suggested that schemes with a greatly diluted by growth in population significant element of subsidy should and in the number of households. At the For example SEU holds the view be focused on the poorest sections current rate it will take over 100 years that raised construction is not relevant below the poverty line. Those earning to have 100 per cent coverage. The for water-logged areas in Kerala. ' Simple and less expensive designs are Rs.7500 or less per annum should get picture is dismal feasible. 75% of the cost of the unit as grant, Role of Voluntary Agencies enhanced to 90% for SC/ST. Those Similarly under the UBS scheme in earning above Rs.7500/- but still below A large number of Voluntary Or Alapuzha many latrines have been con the poverty line should get a lesser ganisations including Mahila structed only upto the plinth level and grant of 50% of cost, again increased Samajams (women's organizations) it is left to the beneficiary to have either to 90% to SC/ST. are working in the field of sanitation. a makeshift superstructure (thatched At present about half the population Over the last five years they have con walls) or a permanent one with his own resources at a later date. above the poverty line in Kerala is structed 14528 latrines. Following are without a sanitary latrine. Although this some of the important organisations Whether the construction of one pit represents about 1/3 of the total working in this field. latrines for an initial period of 10 years population there is no scheme to assist to be followed later by a second pit is this segment. We cannot ignore such 1. Indian Red Cross Society, District advisable and also needs considera large number of people if we are to Branch, Kottayam tion. achieve the aims of the sanitation programme. It is suggested that all ex 2. Changanassery Social Service Estimates of cost per unit vary from isting households without latrines Society, Kottayam around Rs. 1,200/- (up to a plinth level owned by people above the poverty 3. 'Rasta', Wayanad only) to Rs. 2,400/- line should be entitled to a grant of 20% of cost, limited to Rs.400/-per 4. Society for Integral Development Analysis household. The scheme can be Action, Kottayam monitored by the State Sanitation Cell. Owing to the enormity of the prob 5. Vinoba Nikethan, Nedumangad lem and the Scarcity of resources, it is The nodal bodies should also con obvious that at the present rate, we centrate on raising funds from non 6. Harijan Sevak Sangh, Delhi cannot hope to achieve a satisfactory governmental resources and in 7 particular, from overseas agencies. It is struct latrines anyway. Availability of The objective should be to motivate felt that financing from overseas credit would help. people to have latrines and adopt charitable bodies is far below the actual Conclusions: better sanitary practices whether or potential. not there is any external assistance. 1. There are various agencies involved The sanitation programme also in the field of sanitation and the ef 5. If the poorest people recovered in needs to be linked to credit schemes forts need to be coordinated better. large numbers coupled with wide instead of relying solely on grants. A In particular, they should learn from spread education among all strata, programme may be drawn up to pro each other's experience. it is hoped that social pressure will vide institutional finance through compel others to construct latrines. nationalised banks and service 2. More technical study is required for 6. Voluntary Agencies and overseas cooperative societies as loan under the appropriate design for a par finance should be tapped in a big DRI rates of interest provided the ticular terrain. Model design for the way to assist this programme. beneficiary can generate enough funds entire country may not be advisable. from existing earnings to repay the 7. Institutional finance at concessional loan. 3. For governmental efforts, emphasis on numbers and figures including rates should be made available to It is felt that once there is overall the achievements of physical and significantly widen the scope of the awareness of the need for proper financial targets should be supple sanitation programme. sanitation and if the vast majority of mented by emphasis on the quality 8. All new constructions for human people among the poorest sections are of the work carried out. covered by significant assistance the habitation or mass public use households that do not have latrines 4. Education and awareness should should be compelled to have usage (i.e. slightly better off people) would be be given more emphasis including of sanitary latrines through legisla compelled by social pressure to con- maintenance of the assets created. tion. These can be part of the new Rs. 10,960 cr outlay envisaged in Eighth Plan for sanitation AN AMBITIOUS Fte. 10,960 crore outlay in manual scavenging and liberate families The Sulabh has already converted 600,000 the state and Central sectors has been en engaged in this inhuman task have not borne dry latrines into the scavenging free-ecology visaged in the Eighth five-year Plan to improve satisfactory results. friendly and stinkless pour flush toilets in 625 towns in 17 states, said Dr. Bindeswar Pathak, rural and urban sanitation in the country. According to a report, the department of social activist and founder of the Sulabh or science and technology also plans to launch a With a renewed pledge for liberating ganisation. scavengers from the ageold practice as well as Rs.200 crore "project good morning" in the checking environmental degradation, the Dharavi slum of Bombay. A total of 30,000 scavengers have also been liberated and resettled in other profession since government for the first time has come out with Urban India consists of 4,700 towns varying 1968, he said. a huge chunk of money for the purpose. in sizes from the smallest district towns to big Sanitation had received a back seat in our metropolis and with 27 per cent of the urban A two-day workshop on the pour flush tech plan approach so far, as was amply reflected in population living below the poverty line, about nology here last week, has called for financial 15 crore people forming 28 per cent of the urban the cutting down of the allocation for sanitation aid from the government to convert dry latrines, population do not have access to sanitary in the Seventh Plan to only Rs.2935 crores. But particulaly in the capital city where there are still facilities. out of this only 22 per cent was finally allocated five lakh homes having the old system. during the Plan period. Referring to the fact that only 232 towns in The workshop attended by high officials, The Eighth Plan projects an outlay of the country have the partial sewerage facility experts, and members on NGOs has also Rs.5026 crore for rural and Rs.5584 crore for after about 120 years of its introduction in the recommended that half of the estimated cost of urban sanitation in the sector alone, Rs.350 country, World Bank consultant on sanitation, Rs.100 crore for conversion could be diverted crore, including Rs.150 crore have been Mr A.N. Ray said "there would never be enough from the Five Year Plan provision for sewerge provided, for urban sector in the centrally spon funds to extend sewerage to all the towns". and treatment work. sored schemes, according to the plan docu Septic tanks were introduced in India about The rest may be arranged from HUDCOand ment. 150 years ago. But, so far less than 20 per cent once the work is over the city would be finally of the houses, even in urban areas, have septic Lately prime minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao, free of scavengers, the workshop observed. tank toilets, according to information available. took up the cudgel against the old scavenger Lt. governor, Mr. P.K. Dave, inaugurating system although Mahatma Gandhi had op Awater saving device designed by the plan the workshop, however, urged the non-govern posed it as an integral part of his crusade ning, research and action institute Lucknow, in ment agencies to become less dependent on against untouchability. 1985 has been put into practice successfully by subsidies. the Sulabh International, a voluntary social or Recognising the failure, the Eighth Plan ganisation. (Courtesy Economic Times, June 30, 1992) document says the earlier efforts to discourage construction or be easily accessible fective and given some autonomy hygiene through education, cheaper in the vicinity. with some fixity of tenure for the designs, lower elements of subsidy and coordinator. He or she should be better coordination and management Frequent transfers of Government appointed by name for a fixed term we could hope to acheive near 100 per officials and inbuilt delays in the of two to three years and should not cent coverage in Kerala in about 15 to style of functioning of the Govern be an ex-officio member. 20 years' time instead of the currently ment adversely affect the im estimated over 100 years. plementation of sanitation schemes With increased resources from at the State level. The State Sanita voluntary organisations, credit tion Cell should be made more ef linkages, geater self motivation for WORLD BANK AIDED LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAMME 1986 -1992 The World Bank appraisal mission in In May 1992, the World Bank ap Vadavucode 490 1984, indentified a low cost sanitation proved construction of 5000 more Puthencruz component under the Kerala Water latrines 5 municipalities viz. Mannar- Kezhmadu 493 Supply and Sanitation Project ghat; Eerattupetta; Perinthalmanna; (KWSSP). Accordingly, a feasibility Kalpatta; Thaliparambu. Total 5943 study for LCS programme in 10 towns Phase III (in progress) and 32 panchayats were carried out by Progress achieved in Rural Areas the Technology Advisory Group (TAG). Phase I (Completed) The execution of the programme com Name of No. of No. of units menced in 1986 underthe control of the Panchayat units completed Director of Municipal Administration Name of No. of units envisaged as of Dec and Director of Panchayats. The estima Panchayat completed 1993 ted cost per unit was Rs. 2500 for urban Vilavoorkal 500 areas and Rs. 2000 for rural areas. Kilikollur 500 Eravipuram 500 102 Progress achieved in Urban Areas Adoor 500 Chithara 500 72 (phase I) Kadakkal 500 2 Kumaraneilur 500 Chadaya- 500 Chellanam 500 Name of No. of units mangalam Municipality completed Total 2500 Vadakkevila 500 Phase II Mayyanad 500 Attingal 1089 Erathu 5 00 Punalur 2399 Purakkad 500 203 Name of No. of units Mavelikkara 993 Punnapra 500 90 Panchayat completed Pala 607 Mararikulam 500 132 Vilappil 500 South Muvattupuzha 627 Sakthikulangara 500 Kuthiathodu 500 165 Thrissur 500 Thrikkadavoor 500 Kunnathunadu 500 100 Shornur 1002 Ezhamkulam 492 Aikaranadu 500 100 Ponnani 873 Vijayapuram 483 Vazhakulam 500 Kizhakka- 500 Vadakara 915 Nattakom 500 mbalam Panachikkad Kasargode 472 492 Total 7500 966 Kumbalangi 500 Total 9477 Works on the remaining units are in Maradu 500 For the above units Rs. 1,95,19,750 progress. So far Rs. 2,10,65,000/- have have already been expended. Thrikkakkara 493 benn expended on the programme. 9 Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) assisted Rural Sanitation Programme in Kerala-1987 -1992 District Name of the Institution No. of latrines Amount sanctioned receiving the funds planned Rs. Thiruvananthapuram (a) NES Vanithakhsema Kendram 150 1,95,200 Perumkadavila (b) Vayalar Memorial Youth Club 100 1,30,100 Anad P.O., Nedumangad (c) Yuvarashmi Mahila Samajam 100 1,30,300 Valiyakattackal, Venjaramoodu (d) Rahi Mahila Samajam, Punnackad, 150 1,95,850 Perumpazhuthur, Perumkadavila (e) Sanathana Mahila Samajam, 100 1,29,900 Muttakkadu, Perumpazhuthur, Perumkadavila (f) Vencode Mahila Samajam, Vencode, 206 2,68,564 Cheriyakolla, Karakonam (g) Mitranikethan, Vellanad 400 4,86,820 (h) Harijan Sevak Sangh, Delhi 450 4,83,630 (for Kattakkada, Thiruvananthapuram) (i) Dale View, Punalal, Poovachal 25 2,94,250 (j) Sree Ramakrishna Ashram, Sasthamangalam 400 4,97,900 (k) Vinobha Nikethan, Nedumangad 400 5,21,600 (1) C.N. Memorial Vanitha Samajam, 100 1,30,400 Pathamkallu, Aralumoodu Total 2706 34,64,514 Kollam (a) Kerala lyka Mahila Samajam, 200 2, 58,940 Muthupilakkad, Poruvazhy P.O., Sasthamcottah (b) Edamon Social Service Society, 200 2,58,800 St. Joseph's Church Edamon P..O. (c) Gandhiji Tuition Home Arts & 155 2,35,740 Sports Club, Varinjam, Aduthalai Total 555 7,53,480 Pathanamthitta (a) Secretary, Naranganam Rural Dev. 300 2,63,000 Society, Naranganam West P.O. (b) Kodumon Grama Vikasana Samithy, 200 2,32,800 Ayacadu, Kodumon P.O. (c) Pazhakulam Social Service Society, 100 1,28,400 Pazhakulam P.O., Adoor (d) Nazareth AshramamOthra, Thiruvalla 364 4,42,317 (e) Gandhi Gram Kulanada, Pandalam 300 4,07,250 Total 1264 14,73,767 10 Alapuzha (a) Indiraji Memorial Rural Dev. 300 4,39,350 Trust, Ambalapuzha Kottayam (a) Kottayam Social Service Society, 1408 16,26,700 Arch Bishop House S.H.Mount (b) Indian Red Cross Society Dist. Branch 1307 18,85,230 (c) Jawaharlal Memorial Social Welfare 300 4,34,000 Public Co-operative Centre, Thalayolaparamba (d) Changanacherry Social Service Society, 500 5,75,000 Medical Mission Sisters, Varoor (e) Essen Vanitha Society Essen 150 1,96,100 Bhavan, Kurichy (f) Gramin Udyog Yojana Vikas Works 200 3,03,740 Compound Near Petrol Pump, Erumely (g) Society for intgral Dev. Action 450 4,16,295 (SIDA) Koovappally (h) Association of women for Social 200 2,50,490 Rights & Equality Perumthanam (i) Malanad Development Society, 200 2,45,000 Kanjirappally Total 4715 59,32,555 Idukki (a) Vandanmedu Dev. Society 200 2,99,600 Vandanmedu (b) Anakkara Vlkasana Sangham, 198 2,61,510 Anakkara Total 398 5,61,110 Ernakulam (a) Dibin Charitable Institute of 300 2,71,500 Women Elanthickara Palghat (a) Niveditha Mahila Samajam, 300 3,86,150 Kacheriparamba, Thiruvizhamkunnu (b) Palghat Rural Co-operation 140 1,89,650 Service Society, Kuruppacherry House, Thachampara P.O. Total 440 5,75,800 Kannur (a) Rural Development Centre, Mavilayi 163 2,09,067 Wynad (a) Social Work and Research Centre, 240 3,25,126 Arrivaram, Cambalakadu P.O., Kalpetta Grand Total 10083 12734309 • 11 KWA/SEU NEWS Mr. M.P. Mohan, Technical Member Superintending Engineer, P.H. Circle, and posted as PA to SE, PH Bilateral is appointed as the Managing Director Kochi. Circle, Pavaratty, Trissur. on 22.08.92 in place of Mr. K. Pad- Mr. M. Sabas, Managing Director, manabhan Nair, who has retired. Mr. A. Arunachalam, PA to SE, P.H. Premo Pipe factory is transferred and Bilateral Circle, Pavaratty is transferred Mr. A.K. Sadanandan, Chief En posted as Superintending Engineer, and posted as Executive Engineer, gineer (North) is promoted and posted P.H. Circle, Kollam. Chief Engineer's Office, Southern as Technical Member, KWA HQs. Mr. M. Azad, Superintending En Region, Thiruvananthapuram. Mr. A. Veeran Pillai, Chief Engineer gineer, (Monitoring), KWA HQs is trans Mr. K. Rengasuth, Executive En (Southern Region) is transferred and ferred and posted as Deputy Chief gineer, IPD Shornur is transferred and posted as Chief Engineer (Northern Engineer (Southern Region). posted as PAtoSE, P.H. Circle, Trissur. Region) Kozhikode. Mr. Mohammed Sufi, Executive En Mr. Abdul Majeed, Executive En Mr. G.H. Yacoob Sait, Superintend gineer, Water supply project division, gineer, P.H. Division, Sulthan Bathery ing Engineer, P.H. Circle, Kochi is Thiruvalla is promoted and posted as is transferred and posted as Executive promoted and posted as Chief En Superintending Engineer, (Monitoring Engineer, P.H. Division, Mattannur. gineer (Southern Region) Thiruvanan- & Low Cost Sanitation), KWA HQs. thapuram. Mr. G. Satheesh, Executive En Mr. George Mathew, Executive En Mr. P. Ramachandran Nair, Super gineer (Planning), KWA HQs is gineer is transferred and posted as Ex intending Engineer, P.H. Circle, promoted and posted as Superintend ecutive Engineer, P.H. Division, Thiruvananthapuram is promoted and ing Engineer, P.H. Circle, Thiruvanan Thodupuzha. posted as Chief Engineer (General, thapuram. Mr. N.P. Andrews, Executive En Planning and Services), in place of Sri. gineer, P.H. Division, Thodupuzha is K. Naishadan who has retired. Mr. T.K. Reghunathan Asst. Execu tive Engineer, Central Sub Division, transferred and posted as Executive Mr. K.J. Varkey, Deputy Chief En Thiruvananthapuram is promoted and Engineer, Water Supply Project gineer (Southern Region) is transferred posted as executive Engineer, PMU, Division, Thiruvalla. and posted as Superintending En KWA HQs. Mr." K.V. Eswaran, Assistant Execu gineer, P.H. Circle, Kozhikode in place tive Engineer is promoted and posted of Sri. Abdul Wahab who has retired. Mr. C.N. Prasanna Kumar, Execu tive Engineer is transferred and posted as Executive Engineer, IPD Shornur. Mr. N.S. Renjanan, Superintending as Executive Engineer, WBP Division, Mr. Ravindran, Assistant Executive Engineer, P.H. Circle, Trissur is trans Kollam. ferred and posted as Deputy Chief En Engineer is promoted and posted as gineer (Northern Region), Kozhikode. Mr. M. Radhakrishnan, Executive Executive Engineer, IPD Malappuram. Engineer (Vigilance) is transferred and Mr. M.K. Mohiyudin, Assistant ex Mr. Simon Peter, Deputy Chief En posted as Executive Engineer, P.H. ecutive engineer (Technical Assistant), gineer (Northern Region) is transferred Drainage Division, Thiruvanan P.H. Division, Perumbavoor is and posted as Deputy Chief Engineer, thapuram. IPD, Kochi. provisionally promoted as Executive Mr. K. Vijayakumaran Nair, Execu Engineer and posted as PA to Superin Mr. V.K. Thankappan, Deputy Chief tive Engineer, P.H. Drainage Division is tending Engineer, P.H. Circle, Kannur. Engineer, IPD Kochi is transferred and transferred and posted as Executive posted as Superintending Engineer, Engineer, Interim Augmentation P.H. TRAVEL AND SELECTED P.H. Circle, Kannur. Division, Thiruvananthapuram. MEETINGS Mr. R.V.A. Thampuran, Superin SEU Review Meetings were held on tending Engineer, P.H. Circle, Kannur Mr. G. Kesava Iyer, Executive En 4-6 August 1992 at Kozhikode and 3-5 is transferred and posted as Superin gineer (Southern Region) is transferred November at Trichur. tending Engineer, P.H. Circle, Trissur. and posted as Executive Engineer (Planning), KWA HQs. Mr. K. Padmanabhan Achari, Ex Mr. K. Muraleedhara Panicker, Su perintending Engineer, P.H. Circle, Kol- Mr. K. Bhaskaran, Executive En ecutive Engineer (Purchase), KWA and lam is transferred and posted as gineer IPD Malappuram is transferred Dr. K. Balachandra Kurup, Executive 12 Coordinator, Co-ordinating Office ghese, Programme Officer, SEU South London visited the Co-ordinating Office visited Easland Combines, Coimbatore attended the Participatory Training and the activities of SEU South in the for inspection of Waste - not - Taps on Workshop organised by ACDIL, GOA Vakom-Anjengo scheme on 17th 5-7 July 1992. from 19-24 October, 1992. August, 1992. Ms. Elizabeth Zachariah (Head of Ms. Kathleen Shordt, Socio Ms. S.V. Anitha, Sociologist, Danida the SEU North) was attended a Con Economic Advisor attended the Supported Water and Sanitation ference organised by NAWDA in Auran- DANIDA advisors meeting at New Delhi Project, Bangalore visited during 17-21 gabad on 20-22 August 1992. from October 27-31,1992. August in order to familiarise with Socio-Economic activities in all the Ms. Elizabeth Zachariah (Head of All Kerala drawing / painting and three units. the SEU North) and Mr. George Var- elocution competition for school ghese (Programme Officer SEU South) children on Water and Environment The Review Mission consisted of attended the Participatory Rural Ap was jointly organised by the Jala Messers. Erik Sjorslev Jensen - Civil Authority Cultural arid Sports Samithi, praisal (PRA) Training organised by the Engineer, Maarten Blokland - Engineer, Socio-Economic Units, and State Bank MYRADA and Danida water project in Jens Sjorslev - Sociologist, David Todd of Travancore in Thiruvananthapuram Mysore during 2-4 September, 1992. on 18 October 1992. The winners of the - Institutional Development Expert, competitions were given prizes and Joanne Harnmeijer - Community Dr. K. Balachandra Kurup, Execu certificates by Dr. D. Babu Paul, Com Health, Jens Bjerre - Sanitation Expert, tive Co-ordinator, attended the Nation missioner and Secretary, Cultural Af Vijayakumar - Hydrogeologist, V.R. 'yer al Seminar on Rural Sanitation orga fairs, Government of Kerala. (financial / sanitation expert) visited the nised by the Rural Development Depa Low Cost Sanitation Workshop was bilateral funded projects and the ac rtment, Government of India during 16- held at Mascot Hotel Thiruvanan tivities of Socio - Economic Units, from 18 September, 1992. thapuram during 7-8 December, 1992. September 22 to October 8, 1992. Co-ordinating Committee Meeting This was attended by senior colleagues Ms. Mette Jacobsgaard, Attache was held at KWA HQs on 8th Oct. 92 at from the KWA, Panchayats, (Development), Danida Mission, New Thiruvananthapuram. Municipalities and SEU. Participants Delhi visited Kerala during 7-8 October from SEU side were Ms. Kathleen Mr. P. Harish Kumar, Finance Of 1992. Shardt, Dr. K Balachandra Kurup, Mr. ficer, SEU Co-ordinating Office and K.A. Abdulla, Mr. Issac John, Mr. Mr.Vasudevan Namboodiri, Office Su Mr. Peter Flik, First Secretary (Water Damodaran Nambiar, Kolacherry perintendent, SEU North attended the Supply and Sanitation Sector) Royal Panchayat President, Mr. P. Mohanan, Accounts Seminar organised by Netherlands Embassy, New Delhi Executive Officer Kolacherry DANIDA from 13-18 October 1992 at visited during 7-8 October 1992 and Panchayat Mr. Rameshan, Executive Bhuvaneswar. 22-26th November 1992. Officer, Puthenchira Panchayat and Mr. Mr. H.S. Gireesh, Project Director, Ms. Sosamma Chacko, State Mass K.K. Pushpan, Ward Water Committee Indian Market Research Bureau, Media Education Officer, Directorate of Secretary, Kaipamangalam Panchayat. Health Services, Ms. Thresiamma Madras visited the Co-ordinating Office Mathew, Programme Officer, SEU VISITORS on 28th December 1992 in connection Central, Mrs. Rema Devi, Programme Officer and Mr. George Kutty, Asst. En Dr. Majumdar, Mr. Subash Chandra with the study on low cost sanitation in gineer, SEU North, and Mr. George Var- and 12 trainees of Bradford University, Kerala. Our contact address Socio-Economic Units, Kerala Socio-Economic Unit (South) Socio-Economic Unit (central) Socio-Economic Unit (North) Co - ordinating office Kerala Water Authority Office of the P.H. Circle Office of the Chief Engineer Kerala Water Authority Kollam - 691 001 Kerala Water Authority Kerala Water Authority Post Bag 6519, Tel: (0474) 78391 Opp. Sakthan Tampuran Market Malaparamba Vikas Bhavan P.O. Thrissur - 680 001 Kozhikode - 673 009 Thiruvananthapuram - 695 033 Tel: (0487) 40490 Tel: (0495)50410 Tel: (0471)437907 12 flooxroc} 4-6 OTfknxa>1«e>§l(33 nJ6)©>s^rar3)j. 6nj(3 13-18 633C06XZ103ca3 G£JOc0>6nj<)©>l6X$ (T\)aOO(n)COT3)06)S (DSo-jteJOce^CirD 6)3J£lCU]€a>l06(?SVS) &> l984-a8 cGJO«s>6nj3«9>l6)q§ anfl js1 aftfcaalasoaS cejo roTtnj<6>gtejjo n®§jfijo oajagoajjano ©1OT>1 (/aartnlAjgsaBO 500 6T1I089> <3raO"ty2WJ>1 CTX!#<8>1 RJlJ cBi5>eirt|2* (a) gooflaoefl sxaaaaootorai 3O0 4.39,350 (c) ssainrxieicxsi offlaaaoritorai erruonuyoi 300 4.34,000 OOKOSOnJOCQxii nJSnJgfl<& OAO-flajjGOglOJ 6XT\Xg<3, OT)GJOCQ)0eJrkJnJO (e) nfljqjjaS fuoDlrtno 6xroo6>6xrug1 n4)q^a8 easab, «a>j(%j1 150 1.96,100 (f) lUXxrflflT) gca^xn oanoKO) oil&oaro ai(3<&oru fyjjojaaeil 200 3,03.740 (g) 6XTlX>6)SKru^l Cn£XX3 gX$(C/) (i) aejaws anx>ojejnJ6WK$ »aruo©6xn)g1 «9>osT3TO)lOfvj22l 200 2,45,000 (3l^i£ka> 4715 59,32.555 gos^l (a) (USTBdJoas »aixuejnj©ffl<$ oorvofflsxrufll rusnerrtaas 200 2,99,600 (b) (uacnsexi a$&>cr\xrm>onGio amm (3t§)»<8> 398 5.61.110 n(J)OSTT>0Jgo ru5)sru1o8 ajoal^snjlaj ffiofiorojfl^l 6ionQ nilacA, 300 2.71,500 n^)GKTOl <\Joeid*>os (a) nriksruolrtr) anolgooruaoeJo, 300 3,86,150 (b) nJoei cai^fl 440 5,75.800 OJOQ10DOS oa\)0nS^(58 ajf3<9£> t3T§|C$ 0)a <3t5i6) €6xrjD<3§1oa^ uxrxru<*rxxr»c(3T3>06>s c«ft»0g(3ra)k33 cnscaojcm u/xxnlsm djolaruo a^aAasoaro rtjolrtJDslca>a3 1987-1992 (3)1(aj (b) ajooieio(8 sKDonaortooS ca>j«sra> «gj«nj 100 1,30.100 (TOOXJS (vfl^U SXDSJOSanOS (c) cmjcuoajl awolgoavxMEJo 100 1.30,300 (d) Onril anrflgaonxaocio 150 1.95,850 (e) cnxnoflncn amnTgooroaotao 100 1,29.900 aj§ (f) 6KIXT3OC9>OS flkvolgocaxBoao 206 2,68,564 fixuatoaos, 6>3joto6><0>osi$}, &o®a (g) aniRJxxrflcc&Rnai 6>(ug£KT>os 400 4,86,820 (h) <\0©1S3flS C0TIXH& (TUonGJo ODfl&tO) 450 4,83.630 (i) oawoSlraSftj} njjaiejocoS. njjnjijfflS 25 2,94,250 (j) ccrtf! ooauaj^ «jra>(.c/B (k) aikJOD06mooni1o (j) orol« (tna>a 2706 34.64,514 ©0£)o (a) (b) gosasnS amxJrfayt&nxSanoro ocruoooorofll 200 2.58.800 (c) axxruflefl s^-^c^ oaooo 155 2.35.740 «3i5)*§fro & o(njo(3§oro ^snj ajolsraraxi, crosjOTei <3fb)S><&> 555 7.53.480 n-KoraxDoRiflg (a) ©avKo&gol, axaoaxxno, ojotoS oaixuejajoaiql 300 2,63,000 6KT\)06)6>(ru^), (DOotftOfOo OOKTOfl aJLO. 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