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Democracy in Social Movements Democracy in Social Movements April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-i 9780230_218833_01_prexiv Also by Donatella della Porta GLOBAL DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD SOCIAL FORUM (co-authored) THE GLOBAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT: Cross National and Transnational Perspectives (edited) THE POLICING OF TRANSNATIONAL PROTEST (co-edited) GLOBALIZATION FROM BELOW (co-authored) SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: An Introduction (co-authored) TRANSNATIONAL PROTEST AND GLOBAL ACTIVISM (co-edited) SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD (co-edited) SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND THE STATE April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-ii 9780230_218833_01_prexiv Democracy in Social Movements Edited by Donatella della Porta European University Institute, Italy April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-iii 9780230_218833_01_prexiv Selection and editorial matter © Donatella della Porta 2009 Individual chapters © their respective authors 2009 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–0–230–21883–3 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-iv 9780230_218833_01_prexiv Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures x Acknowledgements xi Notes on Contributors xii Organizational Structures and Visions of Democracy in the Global Justice Movement: An Introduction 1 Donatella della Porta 1 Global Justice Movement Organizations: The Organizational Population 16 Donatella della Porta 2 Participatory Traditions within the Global Justice Movement 44 Herbert Reiter 3 Consensus in Movements 73 Donatella della Porta 4 Social Movements and Multilevel Governance: The External Dimension of Democracy 100 Donatella della Porta 5 Why Are Social Movement Organizations Deliberative? Structural and Cultural Determinants of Internal Decision Making in the Global Justice Movement 127 Marco Giugni and Alessandro Nai 6 Organizational Size and Democratic Practices: Can Large Be Beautiful? 150 Clare Saunders 7 Forms of Action of Global Justice Movement Groups: Do Conceptions and Practices of Democracy Matter? 171 Dieter Rucht and Simon Teune v April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-v 9780230_218833_01_prexiv vi Contents 8 Unconventional Politics Online: Internet and the Global Justice Movement 194 Lorenzo Mosca and Donatella della Porta 9 The Generational Issue: The Impact of Organizations’ Age on Visions of Democracy 217 Hélène Combes, Nicolas Haeringer and Isabelle Sommier 10 Crossing Borders: Transnational Activism in European Social Movements 234 Mario Pianta, Raffaele Marchetti, and Duccio Zola Democracy in Movement: Some Conclusions 262 Donatella della Porta References 275 Index 296 April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-vi 9780230_218833_01_prexiv List of Tables I.1 Approaches to organizational sociology 4 1.1 Sense of belonging to the movement per country according to the interviews 18 1.2 Perception of the movement per country 19 1.3 Basic themes mentioned in fundamental documents 26 1.4 Participation in movement events per country according to the interviews 29 1.5 Issues of networks/campaigns of the movement per country according to the interviews 30 1.6 Main strategies of the groups by country according to the interviews 31 1.7 Repertoire of action of the groups per country according to the interviews 32 1.8 Typology of democratic internal decision-making according to fundamental documents and interviews 40 1.9 A global social movement: A summary 42 2.1 Delegation in internal decision making by mentioning of participatory values 48 2.2 Movement area by mentioning of participation as a value and degree of delegation in internal decision making 52 2.3 Organizational fields by mentioning of participation as a value and degree of delegation in internal decision making 59 2.4 Mentioning of participatory values and degree of delegation by national networking 65 2.5 Mentioning of participatory values and degree of internal delegation by relations with local, national, or international state institutions 68 3.1 Internal and general democratic values 77 3.2 Association between selected organizational values and organizational structure 86 3.3 Mentions of democratic values by movement area 90 4.1 Relationships with institutions and economic actors according to fundamental documents 104 4.2 Relationship with institutions according to interviews 105 vii April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-vii 9780230_218833_01_prexiv viii List of Tables 4.3 Organizations’ country and relationships with institutions according to fundamental documents 116 4.4 Attitudes of collaboration (unconditioned and selective) towards institutions at different levels per country according to interviews 116 4.5 Relationships with institutions and organizational structure according to fundamental documents 118 4.6 Relations with institutions and organizational resources according to interviews 119 4.7 Relationships with institutions and (selected) organizational values according to fundamental documents 121 5.1 Democratic models by country (%) 128 5.2 Estimate of effects of selected independent variables on two contrasting decision models (odds ratios) 138 6.1 Oligarchic tendencies of large organizations 158 6.2 Oligarchic tendencies of small organizations 158 6.3 Rules for small organizations 159 7.1 Forms of action used by moderate and confrontational GJMOs 179 7.2 Organizational forms and forms of action 181 7.3 Characteristics of GJMOs and forms of action 183 7.4 Measures of formalization 185 7.5 GJMOs’ environments and forms of action 187 8.1 Use of the Internet by GJM activists 198 8.2 Relation between offline and online activity 199 8.3 Evaluation of the role of the Internet 200 8.4 Indexes of Web sites’ qualities 210 8.5 External and internal characteristics’ influence on Web sites’ qualities 211 8.6 Social movement areas’ influence on Web sites’ qualities 213 9.1 Openness of the decision making process: Who participates in the decision-making of an assembly? 222 9.2 The role of consensus: How do organizations make their decisions? 225 9.3 Nature of the group 228 9.4 Relations with public institutions 231 10.1 Distribution of GJMOs by issue of activism and country 240 10.2 Degree of transnational activism of GJMOs by country 245 April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-viii 9780230_218833_01_prexiv List of Tables ix 10.3 Degree of transnational activism of GJMOs by issue of activism 246 10.4 Degree of transnational activism of GJMOs by type of organization 248 10.5 Degree of transnational activism of GJMOs by identity 249 10.6 The determinants of transnational activism 253 10A.1 The determinants of transnational activism in national organizations 259 April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-ix 9780230_218833_01_prexiv List of Figures 5.1 Predicted probability for a deliberative participative democratic model according to movement area and size 140 5.2 Predicted probability for a deliberative participative democratic model according to identification with the Global Justice Movement and size 141 5.3 Predicted probability for a deliberative participative democratic model according to year of foundation and size 141 7.1 Dendrogram depicting results from the hierarchical cluster analysis 178 8.1 Explanatory model 208 x April 22, 2009 14:33 MAC/DELL Page-x 9780230_218833_01_prexiv Acknowledgements This book reports the results of part of the comparative research project Democracy in Europe and the Mobilization of the Society – DEMOS (http://demos.iue.it). The DEMOS project is financed by the European Commission, 6th FP Priority 7, Citizens and Governance in a Knowl- edge Based Society, and (for the Swiss case) the Federal Office for Education and Science, Switzerland. It is co-ordinated by Donatella della Porta (European University Institute); partners are University of Kent at Canterbury, UK, Christopher C. Rootes; Wissenschaftszen- trum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung, Germany, Dieter Rucht; Università
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